玉米赤霉烯酮生物脱毒与降解的研究进展

玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）是由镰刀菌属（Fusarium. sp）产生的污染范围比较广的一种毒素,它在自然界中广泛存在。物理、化学脱毒法成本高且对人类、动植物有一定的损害,生物法因其具有高效性、无污染且降解率高而被科学界关注。该文概述了玉米赤霉烯酮的物理、化学和生物脱毒方法,并对脱毒后的产物进行了简要介绍,对不同降解菌株的降解机制以及降解酶基因的表达和产物毒性进行了综述。     

臭氧降解玉米赤霉烯酮及其降解产物细胞毒性

臭氧处理玉米赤霉烯酮标准溶液后,产生了4种降解产物,其质荷比分别是335.184 1、351.190 7、321.186 8和367.175 3。应用CCK-8法研究细胞生长抑制率发现,玉米赤霉烯酮经臭氧处理后,肝癌细胞的增殖抑制率明显下降,但玉米赤霉烯酮降解产物对肝癌细胞生长仍存在抑制。作者通过超高效液相色谱串联质谱建立了一种在臭氧处理玉米赤霉烯酮过程中,同时检测玉米赤霉烯酮及其两种主要降解产物的方法。该方法在臭氧处理玉米赤霉烯酮污染的玉米粉中,能够检测出与臭氧处理玉米赤霉烯酮标准溶液时相同的两种主要降解产物,并在90 min臭氧处理后,玉米赤霉烯酮质量分数减少95.1%。     

合理运用各种检测方法 准确测定饲料及食品中玉米赤霉烯酮

正玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)又称F-2毒素,是一种由禾谷镰刀菌以及雪腐镰刀菌等菌种产生的一种有毒代谢物,会从赤霉病玉米中分离并且影响到食品的质量。玉米赤霉烯酮具有雌激素作用,主要作用于生殖系统,可使家畜、家禽和实验小鼠产生雌性激素亢进症。     

玉米赤霉烯酮生物脱毒及关键酶作用机理的研究进展

玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN,ZEA)是由镰刀菌属产生的一类具有类雌激素生物活性的霉菌毒素,广泛存在于玉米、小麦等谷物及其制品中。本文综述了各类微生物降解ZEN的研究现状,重点比较其脱毒效率及产物毒性,尤以不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.SM04)、粉红粘帚菌(Gliocladium roseum IFO 7063)、毛孢子菌(Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans)和假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.ZE-1)研究较为全面,进一步总结了ZEN降解的关键酶及其作用机制,为微生物降解玉米赤霉烯酮的研究提供依据,也为大环内酯化合物和芳香族化合物的降解开拓更广泛的途径。     

真菌毒素降解菌&酶制剂应用技术

正本成果根据国家,特别是粮食行业对防控和削减真菌毒素危害确保国家粮油质量安全的急需,经过长期攻关,取得一系列技术突破,获得了包括黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、呕吐毒素、伏马毒素、赭曲霉毒素等真菌毒素的降解专用菌株多株及降解酶多种,完成了降解机理解析、降解产物鉴定和毒性评价。相关菌制剂和酶制剂已完成产业化示范评价。本成果中的降解菌/酶及降解产物安全无毒,可高效降解小麦、玉米及其制品中的呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和伏马毒素     

拮抗酵母菌控制玉米赤霉烯酮的研究进展

玉米赤霉烯酮是一种有毒的真菌次生代谢产物,是世界上污染粮食范围最广泛的真菌毒素之一,它不仅具有生殖毒性,还具有细胞毒性、免疫毒性以及致癌作用。传统控制玉米赤霉烯酮的方法主要有物理法和化学法,但上述两种方法都具有局限性,近年来,采用拮抗酵母菌控制谷物中玉米赤霉烯酮展现出良好的应用前景。本文对拮抗酵母菌控制玉米赤霉烯酮的机制研究进行了综述,包括酵母菌细胞壁对玉米赤霉烯酮的吸附作用,酵母菌对玉米赤霉烯酮的降解作用,进一步探讨了相关作用对粮食污染生防效果的影响。     

蜜环菌对玉米加工副产物中玉米赤霉烯酮降解效果

以蜜环菌Am-07-22 为发酵菌株,以玉米皮和玉米黄粉为主要研究对象,以玉米赤霉烯酮的降解率为指标,考察不同发酵时间、发酵温度、料液比、接种量对玉米皮和玉米黄粉中玉米赤霉烯酮降解率的影响,并研究蜜环菌Am-07-22 对玉米皮和玉米黄粉不同比例混合物的毒素降解效果及产物中蛋白质和多糖的含量变化。结果表明：蜜环菌降解玉米皮中玉米赤霉烯酮的最佳条件为发酵温度27 ℃、料液比1∶1.5（g/mL）、接种量10%,玉米赤霉烯酮的降解率为93.63%,蜜环菌降解玉米黄粉中玉米赤霉烯酮的最佳条件为发酵温度27 ℃、料液比1∶2（g/mL）、接种量12.5%,玉米赤霉烯酮的降解率为96.60%。蜜环菌Am-07-22 固态发酵不同质量比的玉米皮、玉米黄粉（1∶1、1∶2、2∶1）中玉米赤霉烯酮的降解率分别为95.93%、96.62% 和96.97%,质量比为2∶1 的玉米皮、玉米黄粉中蛋白质和多糖含量提高,分别提高91% 和52%。蜜环菌Am-07-22 不仅对玉米加工副产物中玉米赤霉烯酮有良好的降解效果,同时提高产物中蛋白质和多糖含量。     

玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶ZLHY6的包埋及稳定性研究

确定了玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶ZLHY6的包埋工艺,并以相对酶活力为考察指标,研究包埋后酶对温度和pH的耐受性,对玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶ZLHY6包埋后的酶活力稳定性进行评价。结果表明,玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶ZLHY6包埋后的最适反应温度为35℃,在50℃条件下放置4 h后相对酶活基本不变;降解酶ZLHY6包埋后的最适pH为8.0,pH为5.0的环境中放置2 h后仍保留80%的相对酶活力。对该包埋酶进行猪胃肠液的体外模拟实验,结果显示,该包埋酶在经过4 h胃液消化和2.5 h肠液消化后,其相对酶活力仍保留61%。玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶ZLHY6经过包埋后可提高其温度、pH及在模拟胃肠液中的耐受性。     

玉米赤霉烯酮内酯水解酶的鉴定、改造及应用

玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)及其衍生物是世界范围内污染最严重的一种真菌毒素,对人类生命和财产安全构成了极其严重的威胁。传统的物理和化学脱毒方式因存在脱毒不彻底、破坏食品质构以及导致营养成分流失等弊端而无法满足实际生产应用。近年来,生物酶法降解真菌毒素因微生物来源广泛、酶反应条件温和以及脱毒效率高等诸多优势而逐渐被研究和报道。特别地,玉米赤酶烯酮内酯水解酶(lactonase)因具有较高的ZEN降解活力、明确的脱毒机理、不可逆的脱毒过程和阐明的晶体结构等优点而被广泛研究。文章对微生物来源的内酯水解酶的基因挖掘、性质鉴定、分子改造以及应用探索方面进行了综述。旨在阐明目前内酯水解酶在玉米赤霉烯酮脱毒工业应用中存在的优势与挑战,并为其未来在玉米赤霉烯酮生物降解方面的研究提供参考。     

玉米赤霉烯酮降解的研究进展

真菌毒素广泛存在于世界各地的谷物及其副产物当中.玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone)作为镰刀霉毒素的代表,是影响食物安全的重要因素之一.传统的毒素清除方法包物理和化学方法.物理方法能部分清除毒素,但易破坏食物的营养物质,化学方法随着化学试剂的添加会引入不确定的危害因素.生物降解作为目前的研究热点,可在温和条件下微生物将毒素转化为无毒产物.报道了物理、化学和生物方法清除玉米赤霉烯酮的研究进展,重点对生物降解进行了综述.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the