电沉积Ni-Mo镀层不同温度退火前后微观组织与力学性能研究

目的 提高Ni基镀层的高温热稳定性与硬度。方法 在酸性条件下,通过直流电沉积的方式,在黄铜基体表面制备不同Mo含量的Ni-Mo镀层,研究不同浓度的二水钼酸钠(20、40、60 g/L)以及不同温度的退火处理(300、400、500 ℃)对Ni-Mo镀层微观组织及硬度的影响规律。通过XRD、SEM、EDS以及纳米压痕仪等设备对镀层的微观组织与性能进行表征。结果 随着镀液中钼酸钠含量的增加,镀层中Mo含量也会逐渐提高,晶粒尺寸减小,结晶度下降。随着退火温度的提高,晶粒尺寸增大,镀层开始从非晶态向晶态转变。同时物相分析表明,镀层中Ni、Mo是以固溶体的形式存在,起到了固溶强化的作用,增加了材料的硬度。通过纳米压痕试验,发现镀层的硬度随着钼含量的增加而提高。Mo含量较低时,镀层硬度随着退火温度的升高而降低;Mo含量较高时,镀层硬度随着退火温度的升高出现先升高后降低;但两种情况下镀层的硬度均远高于基体铜片。结论 与沉积态相比,经300 ℃退火处理后,Ni-Mo镀层硬度未呈现显著变化;500 ℃退火处理后,镀层硬度则有所降低。因此,Mo元素的加入可以提高Ni基镀层的热稳定性与力学性能。     

镀液pH值和钼酸根浓度对化学镀Ni-Mo-P沉积速度及镀层结构的影响

确定了化学镀获得不同结构Ni—Mo-P镀层的最佳工艺参数及镀液配方，探讨了络合剂、pH值、钼酸根浓度以及添加剂等参数对化学镀Ni—Mo—P合金镀层成分及结构的影响。结果表明，以柠檬酸钠作为主络合剂、醋酸钠作为辅助络合剂的络合剂体系对Ni、Mo实现共沉积有着较好的作用；Ni—Mo-P合金镀层中Mo和P含量有一定的制约关系，随着镀层中Mo含量的提高，镀层结构由非晶态向晶态转变；镀液pH值在一定范围内(pH值6．5～10)时，pH值的升高可提高沉积速度；镀液的钼酸根浓度和pH值对沉积速度的影响呈波浪形，存在一个极大值；随着沉积速度的提高，镀层的耐蚀性能也会有所改善。     

纳米SiC颗粒对微米Ni-SiC复合镀层性能的影响

采用双脉冲复合电镀技术,在瓦特型镀液中,制备了含微/纳米SiC颗粒的Ni基复合镀层,研究镀液中纳米SiC添加量对复合镀层微观形貌、摩擦性能和抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明:在SiC颗粒(5μm)浓度为10 g/L的镀液中,添加纳米SiC和Ni-SiC复合镀层镍择优取向由晶面(200)转变为晶面(111);当SiC(40μm)浓度为4.0 g/L时,复合镀层显微硬度最大,为456 HV;复合镀层摩擦因数最小,平均值为0.28,为微米复合镀层的1/2;经900℃氧化100 h后,氧化质量增加为6.025 mg/cm2,为微米复合镀层的1/3。     

电刷镀工艺对 Ni-Mo 合金镀层表面形貌与硬度的影响

目的优化电刷镀制备Ni-Mo合金镀层工艺,并分析对镀层表面形貌和硬度的影响。方法改变电极相对速度和工作电压,获得不同电刷镀条件下的Ni-Mo合金镀层。采用金相显微镜观察镀层的表面形貌,采用显微硬度计测试镀层的显微硬度。结果最佳工艺为:工作电压14 V,电极相对速度11.3m/min。镀层光亮致密,显微硬度达到503.90HV。结论适当提高电极相对运动速度、工作电压,能有效改进Ni-Mo合金镀层的沉积速度、表面形貌及显微硬度。     

化学镀Ni-Cu-P合金工艺及性能研究

研究了化学镀Ni-Cu-P合金镀液组成及操作条件对镀层厚度及硬度的影响.筛选出了体系的最佳工艺条件,获得了82.391%Ni-10.298%P-5.297%Cu的合金镀层,其硬度在450～500HV之间.X射线衍射表明:Ni-Cu-P合金镀层在镀态下为非晶态结构,但镀层经400℃和600℃热处理后,其结晶区域有Ni3P、Cu3P等特征的衍射峰出现,表明镀层为晶态结构.此外,研究表明:镀层厚度随硫酸镍浓度、次亚磷酸钠浓度、镀液温度及pH值的升高而增加,随硫酸铜浓度、络合剂浓度的升高而降低.     

镁合金化学镀Ni-W-P合金的研究

为了在镁合金表面得到保护性镀层,研究了镁合金化学镀Ni-V-P的镀液组成和操作条件对镀速的影响,测定了镀层的厚度,显微硬度和结合力,利用X射线衍射(XRD)研究了镀层镀态的结构组织,镀层具有较高的硬度和优良的结合力,镀速由镀液组成的浓度控制.     

化学复合沉积镍磷—碳纤维的性能研究

研究了镀液纤维浓度对镀层纤维含量的影响规律 ,探讨了碳纤维提高Ni P合金复合镀层的硬度和耐磨性的机理。结果表明 ,镀层碳纤维含量随镀液碳纤维浓度的增加先提高后降低 ,当镀液中碳纤维含量为 6 g/L时 ,镀层中碳纤维含量达到最高值(2 4 1% ,体积分数 )。碳纤维的加入使镀层硬度和耐磨性显著提高 ,镀态下和经 40 0℃× 1h时效处理后的镀层硬度分别为6 34HV和 1319HV ,比同一状态下Ni P镀层的硬度分别高 35 %和 6 1% ;5 0 0℃× 1h时效后的耐磨性是Ni P镀层的 6倍 ,是38CrMoAl钢氮碳共渗层的 7倍     

钨合金电镀

从含有Cr～（6+）的铬电镀液中可以获得镀层厚度约为0.5～50μm的高硬度、耐磨和耐蚀的功能性铬镀层,也可以获得镀层厚度很薄的（约为 0.001～0.1μm）的装饰性铬镀层,这些铬镀层大多数镀覆在装饰性Ni、CO或者含有Ni、CO的合金上,镀层呈现青白色（blue-whitecolor）外观。然而随着环境保护管理的日益加强,对含有Cr～（6+）的有毒废液和废气的排放管理,Cr～（6+）镀液的使用已经受到越来越多的限制。于是人们正在致力于获得与Cr镀层的特性和色泽相近的可以取代Cr镀层的研究。结果发现,从含有钨（w）盐和Ni～（2+）、Co～（2+）、Fe～（2+）或它们的混合盐等组成的镀液中,可以在各种导电性基体上形成耐磨性、润滑性、硬度和外观色泽等性能良好的、钨含量为50％的钨合金镀层。然而这种钨合金镀层中应力很高,延展性较低,容易产生裂纹,因此它还不足以取代Cr镀层,只能适用于薄镀层或者允许有镀层裂纹的部分用途中。鉴于上述状况,本文就含有柔软剂的钨合金镀液和电镀工艺加以叙述。     

硫酸盐体系电沉积镍钨合金工艺研究

目的探究硫酸盐体系镀液中柠檬酸浓度、钨酸钠浓度及镀层热处理工艺,对镍钨合金镀层中钨含量、镀层硬度、镀层微观形貌和物相组成的影响。方法采用合金电沉积方法,以低碳钢为基体,在不同成分的镀液中制备了一定厚度的镍钨合金镀层,然后用不同的热处理工艺进行后处理。用扫描电镜(SEM)及其自带的EDS能谱观察镀层的微观形貌,检测镀层的钨含量。使用X射线衍射(XRD)分析镀层的物相组成、晶粒大小和晶格畸变情况。使用显微硬度计对合金镀层的硬度进行了测试。结果随着镀液中钨酸钠浓度的增大或者柠檬酸浓度的减小,镀层中的钨含量提高,晶粒尺寸减小,维氏硬度增大。热处理氛围对镀层硬度的影响不大,但会改变镀层微观形貌,镀层硬度随热处理温度先增大后减小,也随保温时间先增大后减小。结论当镀液中含有钨酸钠45 g/L,柠檬酸45 g/L,电镀完成后将镀层在400℃氩气保护下热处理1.5 h,得到的镀层是以镍为溶剂、钨为溶质的置换型固溶体Ni_(17)W_3,其具有表面平整、无裂纹,硬度达894HV0.1的优良性能。     

温度对Ni—P化学镀层结合力影响的研究

用弯曲法、划痕法研究了镀后加热温度对Ni-P化学镀层结合力的影响,结果表明:镀后退火温度越高,镀层结合力越好,但温度过高时,镀层硬度将下降。用金相观察及电子探针分析,探讨了镀后退火温度影响结合力的机理。结果指出:退火时将在镀层和基体界面上发生Ni与Fe的互扩散,形成Ni-Fe合金扩散层,从而提高了结合力。为了能在保证镀层硬度的前提下提高结合力,本文提出了二次镀覆的设想,获得较好试验结果。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。