Effect of policies directed at youth access to smoking: results from the SimSmoke computer simulation model

OBJECTIVES: To develop a simulation model to predict the effects of youth access policies on retail compliance, smoking rates, and smoking attributable deaths. METHODS: A model of youth access policies is developed based on empirical research and a theory of perceived risk. The model incorporates substitution into other sources as retail sales are restricted, and is used to project the number of smokers and smoking related deaths. Various policies to limit youth access to cigarettes are evaluated, and we explore how efficient policies may be developed. RESULTS: The model predicts that a well designed and comprehensive policy that includes sufficient compliance checks, penalties, and community involvement has the potential to reduce the number of young smokers. Because smoking related deaths occur later in life, the effects on health are largely delayed. CONCLUSIONS: A well designed youth access policy has the ability to affect youth smoking rates in the short term, and will lead to savings in lives in future years. The ability of retail oriented policies to reduce youth smoking, however, is limited. Other tobacco control policies, including those directed at non-retail sources of cigarettes, are also needed.     

羊毛在室内空气净化中的应用

羊毛是一种天然的蛋白质纤维,当受到摩擦时会通过织物表面的毛羽向周围空气放电,从而加剧空气电离产生负离子.文章介绍了负离子的产生机理,着重对羊毛产生负离子的方法加以说明,并通过实验对羊毛纤维产生负离子净化空气的原理及净化效果进行了探讨和研究.实验结果表明,羊毛纤维负离子的发射量可达5 000个/cm3以上,羊毛本身和通过摩擦羊毛产生负离子均对甲醛具有较好的净化效果.     

Examining the effects of tobacco treatment policies on smoking rates and smoking related deaths using the SimSmoke computer simulation model

OBJECTIVES: To develop a simulation model to predict the effects of different smoking treatment policies on quit rates, smoking rates, and smoking attributable deaths. METHODS: We first develop a decision theoretic model of quitting behaviour, which incorporates the decision to quit and the choice of treatment. A model of policies to cover the costs of different combinations of treatments and to require health care provider intervention is then incorporated into the quit model. The policy model allows for the smoker to substitute between treatments and for policies to reduce treatment effectiveness. The SimSmoke computer simulation model is then used to examine policy effects on smoking rates and smoking attributable deaths. RESULTS: The model of quit behaviour predicts a population quit rate of 4.3% in 1993, which subsequently falls and then increases in recent years to 4.5%. The policy model suggests a 25% increase in quit rates from a policy that mandates brief interventions and the coverage of all proven treatments. Smaller effects are predicted from policies that mandate more restricted coverage of treatments, especially those limited to behavioural treatment. These policies translate into small reductions in the smoking rate at first, but increase to as much as a 5% reduction in smoking rates. They also lead to substantial savings in lives. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco treatment policies, especially those with broad and flexible coverage, have the potential to increase smoking cessation substantially and decrease smoking rates in the short term, with fairly immediate reductions in deaths.     

Effect of smoke-free policies on the behaviour of social smokers

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that proposed amendments to the Occupational Safety and Health Act making all enclosed workplaces in Western Australia smoke free would result in a decrease in cigarette consumption by patrons at nightclubs, pubs, and restaurants without adversely affecting attendance. DESIGN: Cross sectional structured interview survey. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Patrons of several inner city pubs and nightclubs in Perth were interviewed while queuing for admission to these venues. OUTCOME MEASURES: Current social habits, smoking habits; and how these might be affected by the proposed regulations. Persons who did not smoke daily were classified as "social smokers." RESULTS: Half (50%) of the 374 patrons interviewed were male, 51% currently did not smoke at all, 34.3% smoked every day, and the remaining 15.7% smoked, but not every day. A clear majority (62.5%) of all 374 respondents anticipated no change to the frequency of their patronage of hospitality venues if smoke-free policies became mandatory. One in five (19.3%) indicated that they would go out more often, and 18.2% said they would go out less often. Half (52%) of daily smokers anticipated no change to their cigarette consumption, while 44.5% of daily smokers anticipated a reduction in consumption. A majority of social smokers (54%) predicted a reduction in their cigarette consumption, with 42% of these anticipating quitting. CONCLUSIONS: One in nine (11.5%) of smokers say that adoption of smoke-free policies would prompt them to quit smoking entirely without a significant decrease in attendance at pubs and nightclubs. There can be few other initiatives as simple, cheap, and popular that would achieve so much for public health.     

低压供气式射流器的性能研究

设计加工了一套供气式射流曝气器清水充氧性能测试装置,并利用该装置对新型的低压供气式射流曝气器进行清水充氧性能研究。清水试验表明：低压供气式射流曝气器氧利用率达16．34％;理论动力效率达2．65～3．05kgO2／kWh。优于其它形式的曝气设备,能有效降低能耗。     

Effects of preoperative smoking cessation on the incidence and risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications in adult smokers: a systematic review

Objectives

To establish the effect of preoperative smoking cessation on the risk of postoperative complications, and to identify the effect of the timing of preoperative cessation.

Data sources

The Cochrane Library Database, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Medline, and CINAHL databases were searched, using the terms: “smoking”, “smoking‐cessation”, “tobacco‐use”, “tobacco‐abstinence”, “cigarett$”, “complication$”, “postoperative‐complication$”, “preoperative”, “perioperative” and “surg$”. Further articles were obtained from reference lists. The search was limited to articles on adults, written in English and published up to November 2005.

Study selection

Prospective cohort designs exploring the effects of preoperative smoking cessation on postoperative complications were included. Two reviewers independently scanned abstracts of relevant articles to determine eligibility. Lack of agreement was resolved through discussion and consensus. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria.

Data extraction

Methodological quality was assessed by both reviewers, exploring validation of smoking status, clear definition of the period of smoking cessation, control for confounding variables and length of follow‐up.

Data synthesis

Only four of the studies specified the exact period of smoking cessation, with six studies specifying the length of the follow‐up period. Five studies revealed a lower risk or incidence of postoperative complications in past smokers than current smokers or reported that there was no significant difference between past smokers and non‐smokers.

Conclusions

Longer periods of smoking cessation appear to be more effective in reducing the incidence/risk of postoperative complications; there was no increased risk in postoperative complications from short term cessation. An optimal period of preoperative smoking cessation could not be identified from the available evidence.     

Effect of woven fabric structure on the air permeability and moisture management properties

In this study, six different woven samples were produced on air jet loom with two different weave designs (i.e. 3/1 twill and 1/1 plain), three different picking sequences (i.e. single pick insertion (SPI), double pick insertion (DPI) and three pick insertion (3PI)). All the woven samples were singed, desized, bleached and finished together at industrial scale, as a single lot. The effect of these factors on the wetting, wicking and air permeability (AP) of the fabric samples was analysed. It was revealed that the fabric weave design and picking sequence has statistically significant effect on fabric wetting time, water spreading speed and AP of the fabric. It was found that fabrics woven in twill weave design and with simultaneous 3PI give significantly better AP, shorter wetting time and better water spreading rate as compared to plain woven fabrics and those with double or SPI. It could be concluded that the thermophysiological comfort of woven fabrics may be significantly improved simply by selecting a suitable weave design and picking sequence.     

热风干燥技术对贮存期大曲质量的影响

通过测定热风干燥大曲在贮存期的理化指标、生化指标、酶系指标、挥发性风味成分指标和微生物指标等的变化,探究热风干燥技术对大曲贮存期质量的影响。研究发现,经热风干燥后大曲的水分和水活度显著降低,在贮存期间对氨态氮的形成有一定抑制作用,在贮存后期对酯类和2,6-二甲基吡嗪含量有促进作用;实验室贮存条件下,热风干燥在大曲贮存后期也能促进其酒化力、液化力、糖化酶活力提高和增加细菌的数量;而热风干燥对大曲在贮存期淀粉的分解、酯化力、发酵力、蛋白酶活力没有影响。      

Effect of microwave vacuum drying and hot air drying on the physicochemical properties of durian flour

Unripe durian cv. Monthong was subjected to microwave vacuum drying (MVD) at 1200, 1600 and 2200 W and hot air drying (HAD) at 40, 50 and 60 °C to produce durian flour. Drying rate of MVD and HAD was 0.34–0.58 kg water kg dry solid^?1 min^?1 and 0.02–0.06 kg water kg dry solid^?1 min^?1, respectively. An increase in drying rate by either increasing hot air temperature or increasing microwave power decreased the degree of crystallinity from 21.95% to 2.31% and from 7.72% to 4.05%, respectively. Moreover, the increased drying rate caused a decrease in endothermic enthalpy (ΔH_gel) and pasting properties. Starch content of the durian flour was 41.40–47.03%. The starch granule morphology of durian flour was disrupted which indicated gelatinisation of flour during drying. Due to a short drying process, the MVD flour had less a*‐value (P ≤ 0.05) than the HAD flour.     

Influence of process parameters on air speed in fibre transport duct of the DREF-III machine: Part I

Abstract

The present work deals with the measurement of air flow in the transport duct of the DREFIII friction spinning machine. In this work, the direction and speed of air inside the transport duct was measured with the help of a three-hole probe. Turbulence in the air flow was assessed with the help of a tuft probe. The influence of opening roller speed, drum speed difference and suction air pressure was studied on air speed inside the transport duct. The results show that air flow near the inlet zone of the duct is highly turbulent and there are large deviations in air velocity and direction of air flow. The middle zone of the inlet of the duct has much more streamlined flow. However, the variation in air speed and direction of air flow is comparatively less near the duct. It is also observed that air velocity in the duct is mainly influenced by the opening roller speed followed by suction air pressure. Drum speed difference does not have significant influence on the air velocity in the duct.     

基于空气(普通包装)和真空包装条件下鲈鱼片脂肪氧化指标建立鲈鱼货架期预测模型

建立鲈鱼片在空气和真空包装条件下基于脂肪氧化指标的货架期预测模型。将鲈鱼片经空气和真空包装后分别置于微冻(-2 ℃)、冰温(0 ℃)和冷藏(4 ℃)下贮藏,测定各温度下鱼片的酸价(AV)、过氧化值(POV)和硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)值,并进行感官评价。结果表明:真空包装可以有效的延缓鱼片在贮藏期间脂肪的氧化,且腹部鱼片比背部氧化更显著。基于空气和真空包装条件下鱼片脂肪氧化指标建立的鲈鱼货架期预测模型具有较高的拟合精度,预测值和实测值之间的相对误差均在±10.60%以内,且真空包装组所建立的三个值的预测模型平均相对误差较小,但普通包装组所得的货架期模型平均相对误差也在允许的范围内,这表明该模型能够很好地预测鲈鱼的剩余货架期。本研究结果为不同包装方式下鲈鱼剩余货架期的预测提供了理论依据。     

Effects of salt-induced changes in protein network structure on the properties of surimi gels: computer simulation and digestion study

Surimi is considered a new base ingredient in special dietary foods because of its excellent gel formation properties and nutritional value. Cross-linked network structures are the basis for the formation of protein hydrogels. In this work, protein network structure induced by NaCl was investigated to evaluate its effects on texture property and digestibility of surimi gels. Micro-protein frameworks were investigated by scanning electron microscope combined with computer simulation, which indicated that the network structure became fine and smooth as a result of salt treatment. The digestibility of surimi with NaCl was higher than that of blank samples in simulated gastric juice in first 30 min, whereas the digestibility showed no significant difference (P = 0.257) in intestinal juice after 180 min. This work aids in understanding of the contribution of salt to the mechanism of surimi gels formation, and its effects on digestion, thus supporting potential applications in special dietary food.     

Effect of seed treatments on the chemical composition and properties of two amaranth species: starch and protein

The seeds of two Amaranth species were studied. The starch contents were 543 and 623 g kg^?1 while crude protein contents were 154 and 169 g kg^?1 for Amaranthus caudatus and Amaranthus cruentus seeds, respectively. The effect of several treatments, including cooking, popping and germination and flour air classification on the protein and starch properties were studied. Air classification decreased the starch content and increased the protein content, while heating increased the protein but did not affect the starch content. Germination decreased both starch and protein contents. Amylose content was increased by air classification and heating, but was not affected by germination. It was found that all treatments increased the starch swelling power and reduced the falling number. The resistant starch content was increased in the high protein flour (HPF) fraction and germinated flour compared with the raw flour, while its content decreased in the heat treated seed flours. These processes also affected the starch gelatinization temperature and peak viscosity. The thermal properties of the starch flour were not affected by air classification while gelatinization energy was decreased significantly (by 52.0 and 90.0% and by 70.0 and 95.0%) in cooked and popped A caudatus and A cruentus seed flours, respectively. The gelatinization energy was highest in germinated seeds dried at 90 °C with values of 2.67 and 3.87 J g^?1. Air classification reduced the level of all protein fractions. Thermal treatment decreased the water‐soluble fraction (albumins + globulins) and alcohol‐soluble fraction (prolamins) in both species. The levels of all fractions except the water‐soluble fraction (albumins + globulins) were reduced significantly in both species by germination, which mainly increased the amount of aspartic acid, serine and alanine, while the amounts of threonine, arginine and tyrosine decreased in both species. The polypeptide bands of the HPF in both species were unchanged compared with the raw seed flours, but more intensive coloured bands were observed. Thermal treatments eliminated major and minor bands above 35.0 KDa in both species. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

真空气流细胞破壁技术对橄榄总黄酮提取的影响

以橄榄为原料,通过单因素及Box-Benhnken中心组合法研究橄榄切片厚度、质构保护液浓度及真空气流细胞破壁技术（VAPB）对橄榄总黄酮提取率及破果率的影响。结果表明,切片橄榄最适宜厚度为4⁵ mm;质构保护最佳处理工艺为:首先在浓度为0.20 g/100 m L的海藻酸钠溶液中浸泡20 min,接着在浓度为0.15 g/100 m L的氯化钙溶液中浸泡60 min;真空气流细胞破壁前处理最佳工艺为:泄压温度110℃、压力差122 k Pa、停滞时间16 min、泄压重复次数3次;最后采用亚临界水提取,其总黄酮提取率为64.93%,破果率20.60%,相比切片后直接进行亚临界水提取对照组,总黄酮提取率提高了21.23%,而破果率仅增加了3.89%。提取过总黄酮的橄榄切片79.40%结构保持完整,可以作为广式凉果原料。      

A new approach to the control of autolevelling for drafting process: part 1: theoretical model based on the discrete-event simulation

This paper presents a new approach to control the autollevelling process to decrease the output unevenness. A discrete autolevelling model is set up based on the balance of the fiber distributions in the drafting zone. The relationship between the velocity of rollers and fiber distributions is pointed out in the light of the discrete autolevelling formula. This model can keep the number of fast-floating fiber constant to eliminate the input unevenness and improve the output quality of strands. By autolevelling the input forms of rectangular wave, sinusoidal wave and random wave, the advantages of this model are illustrated. It is shown that this discrete autolevelling model can decline the abrupt, dramatical or sequential input unevenness and lower the value of output CV more effectively.     

Effect of seed treatments on the chemical composition of two amaranth species: oil,sugars, fibres,minerals and vitamins

The effects of seed treatments, including cooking, popping, germination and flour air classification on several components of Amaranthus caudatus and A. cruentus seeds, including oil, sugars, fibre, minerals and vitamins were studied. The lipid, crude and dietary fibre, ash, and sugar contents were 71, 43, 140, 30 and 18 g kg^?1 in raw A. caudatus and 85, 39, 134, 40 and 22 g kg^?1 in raw A. cruentus seeds, respectively. Sucrose was the dominant sugar in the raw and thermal treated seeds of both species, while glucose and galactose were the dominant ones in the high protein and the germinated seed flours. Phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium were the dominant minerals in the raw seeds of both species. Air classification increased the content of minerals by more than 35% while thermal treatments did not affect their content and germination increased the calcium and zinc contents. The ascorbic acid contents were 0.030 and 0.023 g kg^?1 sample in raw A. caudatus and A. cruentus seeds, respectively. All the treatments reduced the ascorbic acid content, with a high effect for the air classification and the germinated seeds dried at 90 °C. The levels of vitamin B complex, including niacin, niacinamide, pyridoxine and riboflavin were increased in the high protein flour fraction (protein contents of these fractions of A. caudatus and A. cruentus were 263.9 g kg^?1 and 246.6 g kg^?1, respectively) and decreased in the thermal treated flours. Germination mostly increased the amounts of those vitamins while drying reduced their amounts. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of clinical mastitis on the lactation curve: a mixed model estimation using daily milk weights

The objective of this study was to estimate the milk production losses associated with clinical mastitis using mixed linear models and correlation structures that have not been available previously. Data used included computer-recorded daily milk yields and detailed and accurate recordings of clinical mastitis cases. Two commercial Holstein dairy farms in New York State participated in the study, one with 650 lactating cows and another that began the study with 830 lactating cows and increased to 1120 cows by the end of the study. Cows on both farms were housed in free stall barns and milked 3 times daily in milking parlors. Electrical conductivity was used as a diagnostic aid for clinical mastitis on both farms. Date of clinical onset was recorded for every episode of clinical mastitis as well as for 8 other diseases defined using standardized case definitions (dystocia, milk fever, retained placenta, metritis, ketosis, displaced abomasum, lameness, and cystic ovarian disease) during the study period of October 1, 1999 to July 31, 2001. The mixed linear model for explaining variation in the outcome variable daily milk yield relative to non-mastitic herdmates found the terms for all 9 diseases studied, including clinical mastitis, significant. The model with an autoregressive correlation structure was preferred based on -2 * log likelihood, Akaike's information criterion, and Bayesian information criterion as well as savings in degrees of freedom. Separate analyses were run for first lactation cows and for second-plus lactation cows because their lactation curves were shaped differently. Adjusting for the effects of the other 8 diseases, milk production loss from clinical mastitis during the whole lactation was estimated as approximately 598 kg for second-plus lactation cows. However, cows that contracted mastitis had a daily production advantage of 2.6 kg over their herdmates until they contracted the disease. When compared with this potentially higher milk production, the total loss from clinical mastitis was estimated as 1181 kg.