食用油加工过程中3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯生成及脱除研究

研究了12种共计74批次市售食用油中3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPDE)和缩水甘油酯(GE)污染情况,及脱臭条件对二者生成的影响,以及吸附剂和分子蒸馏对二者脱除的影响。结果发现,12种食用油中3-MCPDE和GE的检出率为100%,其中3-MCPDE含量范围为0. 234～12. 212mg/kg,GE含量范围为0. 196～10. 891 mg/kg,米糠油中3-MCPDE和GE含量最高,其次为棕榈液油。脱臭温度对3-MCPDE和GE的影响显著,3-MCPDE和GE大量生成的脱臭温度分别为大于220℃和大于200℃,并且随着脱臭时间的延长3-MCPDE和GE含量增加。GE可以通过活性炭、活性白土、硅胶和凹凸棒土等吸附剂吸附脱除,脱除率可达96%以上。3-MCPDE难以通过吸附剂吸附的方式脱除。分子蒸馏可同时脱除3-MCPDE和GE,蒸馏温度230℃时3-MCPDE和GE脱除率分别达到88%和94%。     

大豆油吸附脱色过程氯离子含量变化及对脱臭油中 3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的影响

参照土壤中氯离子检测方法,对常见油脂脱色吸附剂中氯离子的超声提取时间进行优化,并对其氯离子含量进行检测。利用常见的吸附剂对大豆油进行吸附脱色,检测吸附脱色前后油脂中氯离子含量,对不同吸附剂脱色后的油脂进行蒸馏脱臭,检测脱臭油中3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPD酯)和缩水甘油酯(GEs)含量,分析研究不同吸附剂对油脂吸附脱色过程氯离子含量的影响以及对脱臭油中3-MCPD酯和GEs的影响。结果表明:吸附剂中氯离子的最佳超声提取时间为30 min,10个吸附剂样品中氯离子含量为11. 93～187. 881 mg/kg,差异很大;几种吸附剂在油脂吸附脱色过程对氯离子有不同程度的脱除作用,其中脱除效果最好的YS-900活性炭能使油脂中氯离子含量降低83. 21%。对比未进行吸附脱色处理的大豆油,经吸附脱色的大豆油再经脱臭后3-MCPD酯与GEs生成量均有所降低,并且随吸附过程氯离子降低幅度不同,脱臭油中3-MCPD酯与GEs生成量不同:当脱色油中氯离子含量降幅较小时,经脱臭过程GEs生成量明显低于3-MCPD酯;当脱色油中氯离子含量降幅很大时,经脱臭过程3-MCPD酯的生成量低于GEs。以同时降低脱臭过程3-MCPD酯和GEs的生成量为目标,H-2活性炭作为吸附剂是最好的。     

分子蒸馏脱除玉米油中3-氯丙醇脂肪酸酯和缩水甘油酯效果的研究

研究了分子蒸馏法脱除玉米油中3-氯丙醇脂肪酸酯(3-MCPDE)和缩水甘油酯(GE)的效果。结果表明:蒸馏温度和进油速度是影响3-MCPDE脱除效果的显著因素;在进油速度160mL/h、刮膜速率240 r/min的条件下,玉米油中3-MCPDE的含量随着蒸馏温度的升高而降低,当蒸馏温度达到230℃时,玉米油中3-MCPDE的含量即可从2. 90 mg/kg降低到0. 82 mg/kg,脱除效率达到71. 7%;在蒸馏温度210℃、刮膜速率240 r/min的条件下,玉米油中3-MCPDE的含量随着进油速度的减缓而降低,3-MCPDE的脱除效率在15. 9%～60. 3%之间;在蒸馏温度210℃、进油速度160 mL/h的条件下,刮膜速率的改变对玉米油中3-MCPDE的含量影响不显著。在所有实验中,分子蒸馏可以使玉米油中的GE含量从4. 73 mg/kg均降至0. 5 mg/kg以下,脱除效率均超过91. 8%。     

两级分子蒸馏深度脱除油脂中3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯

对3-氯丙醇（3-MCPD）酯和缩水甘油酯（GEs）含量超标幅度大的1个玉米油和2个稻米油样品分别进行两级分子蒸馏,研究两级分子蒸馏对油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs的脱除效果,同时测定其对油脂中VE、甾醇和谷维素含量的影响。结果表明：3个油脂样品中3-MCPD酯含量为6169~16.008 mg/kg,超出欧盟建议限量（1.25 mg/kg）的3.94~11.81倍,GEs含量为7.004~56.399 mg/kg,超出欧盟限量（1.00 mg/kg）的6.00~55.40倍;经一级分子蒸馏,油脂中3-MCPD酯的脱除率为49%~68%,GEs脱除率为42%~90%;经二级分子蒸馏,油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs的脱除率分别达到93%~96%和91%~98%,含量分别降低至0.368~0.932 mg/kg和0.545~0900 mg/kg,均明显低于欧盟限量;经二级分子蒸馏,3个油脂样品VE保留率为11%~14%,甾醇保留率为59%~75%,稻米油中谷维素保留率为88%~89%。采用两级分子蒸馏能实现油脂中高含量3-MCPD酯和GEs的深度脱除,但同时也会造成油脂中VE、甾醇等活性成分的较严重损失。因此,可根据油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs的超标程度合理选用一级分子蒸馏或两级分子蒸馏。     

植物油精炼过程中缩水甘油酯和3-氯丙醇酯的形成及脱除研究进展

缩水甘油酯(GEs)和3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPDE)是植物油精炼过程中产生的主要污染物之一。GEs和3-MCPDE伴随食用油摄入人体后,经脂肪酶水解产生的缩水甘油和3-氯丙醇具有肾脏毒性和遗传毒性。植物油中GEs和3-MCPDE主要产生于油脂精炼脱臭工段,脱臭温度、脱臭时间对GEs和3-MCPDE的生成影响巨大。从油脂精炼加工过程中GEs和3-MCPDE的形成及脱除等方面进行了综述,指出脱色和脱臭工段可促进GEs和3-MCPDE的生成,当前可通过抑制及脱除其前体物质、优化植物油脱臭条件、脱除精炼油中的GEs及3-MCPDE等方式降低植物油中GEs和3-MCPDE含量。酶制剂具有安全、无污染等优点,通过酶法酯交换降低待脱臭油脂中的甘油二酯和甘油单酯,进而减少脱臭过程中GEs及3-MCPDE的生成是降低GEs和3-MCPDE的发展趋势。     

玉米油脱臭条件对3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯影响的研究

以玉米油为原料,研究水蒸气蒸馏脱臭过程以及脱臭条件对玉米油中3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯生成的影响。结果表明:脱臭过程造成3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量的大幅升高,脱臭温度越高、脱臭时间越长,3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的增加量越大,其中脱臭温度比脱臭时间对二者生成的影响更大;在脱臭温度不超过230℃时,60~120 min的脱臭时间,3-氯丙醇酯含量仅增加了0.047~2.581 mg/kg,缩水甘油酯含量仅增加了0.300~3.883 mg/kg,当脱臭温度达到250℃时,即使脱臭时间仅为60 min,3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量均显著升高了5.039 mg/kg和8.354mg/kg,尤其在270℃、120 min的极限脱臭条件下,3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量更是分别上升至13.004 mg/kg和34.864 mg/kg,达到待脱臭玉米油中其含量的4倍和15倍左右。为防范和控制玉米油脱臭过程3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的生成,降低脱臭温度是非常必要的。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定食品中的氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯

建立了一种气相色谱-串联质谱仪(GC-MS/MS)同时测定多种油脂类食品中3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPDE),2-氯丙醇酯(2-MCPDE)和缩水甘油酯(GE)的检测方法。通过试验对样品提取、酯交换、衍生化,以及GC-MS/MS检测条件进行了优化,采用建立的GC-MS/MS方法对植物油、焙烤类食品、油炸膨化类食品以及奶粉四类食品中3-MCPDE,2-MCPDE和GE进行检测,方法的定量限在四类食品中分别为10、20、50和100μg/kg。方法的总体平均回收率范围为68.9%~116.5%,相对标准偏差(RSDn=6)为2.11%~13.90%,结果表明样品在较宽的线性范围内,呈良好线性相关,相关系数(R)大于0.99。本方法提取效率高,净化效果好,检测灵敏度和准确度高,能够满足日常工作中植物油类、奶粉类、油炸膨化食品类和焙烤食品类等基质中3-MCPDE、GE和2-MCPDE的定性定量检测。     

油脂脱臭过程氯离子含量对3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的影响

对油脂脱臭用直接蒸汽水源中氯离子含量和待脱臭油脂中氯离子含量进行检测分析,并采用不同氯离子含量的直接蒸汽对油脂进行蒸馏脱臭,检测脱臭前后油脂中3-氯丙醇酯（3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol ester,3-MCPD酯）和缩水甘油酯（glycidyl esters,GEs）含量及氯离子含量,研究油脂脱臭过程氯离子含量对脱臭油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs的影响。结果表明：油脂脱臭用直接蒸汽中氯离子含量随其水源中氯离子含量增加而升高,水源中氯离子含量在对应饱和蒸汽中的保留率约为0.1%;当油脂脱臭用直接蒸汽水源中氯离子质量浓度达到50～200?mg/L时,脱臭油脂中3-MCPD酯含量大幅升高至低质量浓度氯离子水源（1～10?mg/L）脱臭油脂中含量的2.6?倍,但脱臭油脂中氯离子含量并未升高;待脱臭油脂中氯离子含量升高会导致脱臭后油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量的升高。在待脱臭油脂中添加质量浓度为100?mg/L的氯化钠溶液0.5～5?mL时（相当于油脂中添加量1～10?mg/kg）,脱臭后油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs生成量分别为4.49～7.84?mg/kg和14.88～19.84?mg/kg,是待脱臭油脂含量的5.5～9.5?倍和5.8～7.7?倍。因此,控制和减少油脂脱臭过程氯离子含量对降低脱臭油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量有重要作用。     

分子蒸馏脱除美藤果油游离脂肪酸及其对3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的影响

目的 研究采用分子蒸馏技术脱酸处理后对美藤果油中3-氯丙醇酯(3-chloropropanol esters,3-MCPDE)和缩水甘油酯(glycidyl esters,GEs)的影响.方法 在蒸馏温度、进料速率、刮膜转速等单因素实验的基础上,对美藤果油分子蒸馏脱酸工艺进行正交实验优化.结果 最佳工艺条件为:蒸馏温度...     

不同油脂精炼过程中氯离子、3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量的变化

从6个油脂加工企业的精炼生产线采集各工序油脂样品,对其中氯离子、3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPD酯)和缩水甘油酯(GEs)含量进行检测分析,研究不同油脂精炼过程这3种成分的变化规律和差异。结果表明:所有毛油样品中均含有不同程度的氯离子、3-MCPD酯和GEs,氯离子含量为0.412～1.087 mg/kg,3-MCPD酯含量为0.084～0.863 mg/kg,GEs含量为0.028～0.721 mg/kg;经精炼过程的脱胶、脱酸和吸附脱色工序,油脂中氯离子含量基本呈下降趋势,经水蒸气蒸馏脱臭后含量或升高或降低,没有明确的规律性,脱臭油中仍含有0.088～0.310 mg/kg氯离子;在油脂脱臭之前的各工序,3-MCPD酯和GEs含量均保持在较低水平波动,经脱臭后油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量均大幅升高,其含量分别达到1.306～10.021 mg/kg和0.978～4.774 mg/kg,分别为待脱臭油的2.48～25.89倍和2.26～24.30倍,待脱臭油中氯离子含量最高的花生油也是经脱臭过程3-MCPD酯和GEs含量升幅最大的油脂品种(分别从0.060、0.053 mg/kg增加至1.543、1.288mg/kg)。脱臭是导致成品油中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量大幅升高的最关键工序,脱臭过程中待脱臭油中氯离子含量会影响3-MCPD酯和GEs的形成量,此外脱臭用直接蒸汽中氯离子含量、待脱臭油的甘油酯组成(甘一酯和甘二酯含量)及脱臭工艺条件等因素也对3-MCPD酯和GEs形成量产生影响,为了有效防范和控制油脂脱臭过程3-MCPD酯和GEs的形成、减少脱臭油中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量,必须对上述各因素及各因素之间的相互作用进行持续系统研究,这是基于食用植物油质量安全提升的油脂精炼工艺技术发展的重要内容。     

Occurrence of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in edible oils in the United States

Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) and glycidol are processing contaminants found in a wide range of edible oils. While both 3 MCPD and glycidol have toxicological properties that at present has concerns for food safety, the published occurrence data are limited. Occurrence information is presented for the concentrations of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in 116 retail and/or industrial edible oils and fats using LC-MS/MS analysis of intact esters. The concentrations for bound 3-MCPD ranged from below the limit of quantitation (<LOQ) to 0.09 mg kg^?1 (ppm) in 22 unrefined oils and from 0.005 to 7.2 mg kg^?1 (ppm) in 94 refined oils. The concentrations for bound glycidol ranged from <LOQ to 0.03 mg kg^?1 (ppm) in unrefined oil samples and from <LOQ to 10.5 mg kg^?1 (ppm) in processed oil samples. The highest concentrations for both 3-MCPD and glycidol were seen in refined palm oil and palm olein samples. Palm olein samples also contained a higher percentage of 3-MCPD in mono-ester form than any other type of oil.     

Washing bleached palm oil to reduce monochloropropanediols and glycidyl esters

The formation of toxic compounds, potentially carcinogenic, during food processing has been considered an important food safety issue. Among them, particular attention has been given to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE), 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters (2-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE), which can be formed during vegetable oil refining, especially palm oil. These substances may pose a health risk to humans due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of washing bleached palm oil (BPO) with different solvents, and evaluate the reduction of 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and GE as well as assess the quality parameters of the final product. For this purpose, we used two types of washing with different solvents. A single washing was carried out in one step and a double washing in two steps using a solvent gradient. Single washing had a limited reduction in the levels of 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE and resulted in an increased level of GE, whereas double washing slightly reduced 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE and resulted in a significant reduction of GE levels. The reduction achieved in this study was up to 17.1% for 3-MCPDE, 56.4% for 2-MCPDE and 76.9% for GE levels. The reduction of 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE might be due to the removal of part of the ethanol-soluble chlorinated precursors from the oil which suggests that highly lipophilic forms of these substances are present in BPO. The substantial reduction on GE levels might be associated with the removal of the precursors present in the oil such as diacylglycerols. Thus, the washing treatment could be used as a supplementary strategy to reduce processing contaminants from palm oil, especially GEs.     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定食用油中3-MCPD脂肪酸酯

本研究在德国油脂科学协会(DGF)标准检测方法的基础上进行方法优化,利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,建立了油脂中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-MCPD)脂肪酸酯的分析方法。根据结果可知,该方法线性相关性良好,检出限为0.022 5 mg/kg,定量限为0.076 0 mg/kg,线性范围为0.05~5.0 mg/kg,回收率为95.36%~101.18%,相对标准偏差为1.36%~8.14%。试验中同时利用该方法对7种常见油脂中3-MCPD脂肪酸酯进行了检测。结果表明:该分析方法定性定量准确、灵敏度高、重现性好,能满足油脂中3-MCPD脂肪酸酯分析检测的要求。     

高油酸葵花籽油煎炸过程中MCPD酯及缩水甘油酯的变化

以高油酸葵花籽油为煎炸用油对鱼排、鸡块和薯条进行煎炸实验,探究3-氯丙醇(3-MCPD)酯、2-氯丙醇(2-MCPD)酯和缩水甘油酯在煎炸过程中的变化。结果表明:原油中3-MCPD酯、2-MCPD酯及缩水甘油酯含量分别为0.26、0.05 mg/kg和0.58 mg/kg;在煎炸过程中2-MCPD酯含量与3-MCPD酯含量呈现极显著相关(p0.01);煎炸油中的MCPD酯在煎炸后有明显的生成;受煎炸材料的影响,3-MCPD酯含量在煎炸鱼排和鸡块体系煎炸12 h时达到最大值,分别为2.22 mg/kg和2.05 mg/kg,而后逐渐下降;3-MCPD酯含量在煎炸薯条体系中变化不大;缩水甘油酯含量则在所有体系中均下降,受煎炸材料的影响,缩水甘油酯分别在煎炸24 h(鱼排)、60 h(鸡块)和96 h(薯条)中基本降解完全。     

Updated occurrence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPD) and glycidyl esters in infant formulas purchased in the United States between 2017 and 2019

ABSTRACT

Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and glycidol are potentially carcinogenic and/or genotoxic processing contaminants that are formed during the process of edible oil refining. Because of their toxicological properties, the presence of these compounds in refined oils and foods containing these oils, particularly infant formula, poses a potential food safety concern. For this reason, recent research efforts have focussed on the development of methods for the analysis of MCPD and glycidyl esters in infant formula in order to estimate levels of exposure. This work presents occurrence data for 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in 222 infant formulas purchased in the United States between December 2017 and January 2019. The results of this study show a wide range of contaminant concentrations across four different manufacturers, with average bound 3-MCPD concentrations ranging from 0.035 µg g^?1 to 0.63 µg g^?1 and average bound glycidol concentrations ranging from 0.019 µg g^?1 to 0.22 µg g^?1. The data suggest that manufacturers B and C source palm oil produced with mitigation measures, leading to reduced amounts of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in their infant formulas. Additionally, comparison with a previously published study in our laboratory of the occurrence of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in infant formula purchased in the U.S. between 2013 and 2016 revealed that, since 2016, contaminant concentrations have decreased in products produced by manufacturers A, B, and C, while contaminant amounts in formulas from manufacturer D have slightly increased.     

Estimated US infant exposures to 3-MCPD esters and glycidyl esters from consumption of infant formula

A dietary exposure assessment was conducted for 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) in infant formulas available for consumption in the United States. 3-MCPDE and GE are food contaminants generated during the deodorisation of refined edible oils, which are used in infant formulas and other foods. 3-MCPDE and GE are of potential toxicological concern because these compounds are metabolised to free 3-MCPD and free glycidol in rodents and may have the same metabolic fate in humans. Free 3-MCPD and free glycidol have been found to cause adverse effects in rodents. Dietary exposures to 3-MCPDE and GE from consumption of infant formulas are of particular interest because formulas are the sole or primary food source for some infants. In this analysis, US Food and Drug Administration data on 3-MCPDE and GE concentrations (as 3-MCPD and glycidol equivalents, respectively) in a small convenience sample of infant formulas were used to estimate exposures from consumption of formula by infants 0–6 months of age. 3-MCPDE and GE exposures based on mean concentrations in all formulas were estimated at 7–10 and 2 µg/kg bw/day, respectively. Estimated mean exposures from consumption of formulas produced by individual manufacturers ranged from 1 to 14 µg/kg bw/day for 3-MCPDE and from 1 to 3 µg/kg for GE.     

食用植物油中3-MCPD酯GC-MS测定方法研究

建立了甲醇钠-甲醇水解,固相萃取柱净化,HFBI衍生结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)方法对食用植物油中3-MCPD酯含量进行测定。该方法在0.50～2. 50 mg/L范围内线性关系良好(r~2=0.988 5),检出限为0. 025 5 mg/kg,定量限为0. 093 3 mg/kg。3-MCPD酯的平均加标回收率在94. 80%～104. 62%之间,RSD 1.47%～5.23%。本方法操作简单、灵敏度高、重复性好,能够很好地适用于食用植物油中3-MCPD酯的检测。采用该方法对新疆几种市售食用植物油中的3-MCPD酯进行测定。新疆市售的几种食用植物油中均检测出浓度不等的3-MCPD酯。其中菜籽油、亚麻籽油、番茄籽油、花生油以及葡萄籽油受3-MCPD酯污染严重,3-MCPD酯含量都高于0.4 mg/kg。而核桃油、大豆油、红花籽油中3-MCPD酯的含量都低于0.4mg/kg。