精炼工艺对葵花籽油品质的影响

研究了精炼工艺对葵花籽油品质的影响。系统分析了葵花籽毛油、脱胶油、脱酸油、脱蜡油、脱色油、脱臭油的常规指标、微量成分的变化情况。结果表明:精炼使葵花籽油色泽变浅,酸值、过氧化值显著降低;葵花籽油中脂肪酸和甘油三酯组成变化不大;生育酚、角鲨烯、甾醇含量显著降低,损失率分别为11.43%、48.82%、32.52%,反式脂肪酸含量增加,增长率为576.92%。     

精炼过程对米糠油氧化稳定性的影响概况

毛糠油中富含天然抗氧化成分——维生素E和谷维素及其抗氧化增效成分——磷脂.毛糠油经过脱胶、脱酸、脱色、脱臭等精炼过程,V_E和谷维素含量降低,而且不同的精炼过程,V_E与谷维素损失比例差别很大,分别考察毛油、脱胶油、脱酸油、脱色和脱臭油在贮存期间的抗氧化稳定性,结果表明:在精炼过程中V_E与谷维素含量降低越多,其氧化稳定性越差.这几种油的氧化稳定性顺序如下:毛油≥脱胶油>脱色油=脱臭油>脱酸油、本文简要介绍国外油脂工作者对不同精炼阶段的米糠油V_E和谷维素含量测定结果,     

不同精炼方法对玉米油中呕吐毒素脱除效果的研究

分别以高、低质量浓度呕吐毒素(DON)含量的玉米毛油为原料,以DON脱除率及残留量为考察指标,研究不同精炼方法对玉米油中DON的脱除效果,并与工厂实际生产效果进行对比。采用优化的脱除工艺条件,高质量浓度DON玉米毛油(1 745.43μg/kg)和低质量浓度DON玉米毛油(456.73μg/kg)在经过水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸、吸附脱色和高温蒸馏脱臭后均可以达到较为理想的DON脱除效果。精炼方法中以水化脱胶和碱炼脱酸的脱除效果较好。对高质量浓度DON含量的玉米毛油,水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸的DON脱除率可分别达到88.94%和90.07%,脱除后DON含量分别为193.06μg/kg和173.29μg/kg。低质量浓度DON含量玉米毛油水化脱胶和碱炼脱酸的脱除率可分别达到59.54%和58.23%,脱除后DON含量分别为184.79μg/kg和190.79μg/kg。与工厂实际玉米油精炼脱除效果相比,本实验的DON脱除率有明显提高。研究结果为玉米油精炼工艺条件优化和技术改进提供了参考和技术支持。     

精炼过程对油茶籽油品质影响的研究

研究了精炼过程对油茶籽油品质的影响。结果表明:脱胶脱酸工序中油茶籽油酸值降低;脱色工序中油茶籽油色泽变浅、酸值上升、过氧化值降低;脱臭工序中油茶籽油中甾醇、α-生育酚、角鲨烯含量显著降低,分别降低了32.1%、16.6%、40.0%;冬化工序中因饱和脂肪酸结晶析出而使得油茶籽油碘值、不饱和脂肪酸含量和三油酸甘油酯含量升高;精炼过程中,油茶籽油脂肪酸组成和甘油三酯组成变化不大。     

精炼过程对大豆油回色的影响

从大豆油精炼生产工艺出发,考察γ-生育酚、磷、金属离子等影响大豆油回色的微量成分在精炼过程中的含量变化及其与辅料添加量、脱臭条件对储存期成品大豆油回色的影响。结果表明：γ-生育酚在脱臭工段损失最大,建议脱臭温度在250 ℃以下,而辅料和汽提蒸汽压力的微调对其影响不大;水化磷脂基本在脱胶工段可以彻底脱除,酸炼脱胶主要脱除非水化磷脂,建议将磷含量控制的关键环节设置在脱胶工段,以降低脱色工段白土吸附除磷的压力和生产成本;金属离子基本可以在正常的脱酸、脱色工段利用皂脚和脱色剂吸附脱除;γ-生育酚损失率、脱臭油的磷含量与储存期成品大豆油的回色呈正相关,而金属离子与回色无相关性;脱色剂种类配比对不同产地大豆油的回色无显著影响;而高柠檬酸添加量对储存1个月的大豆油回色有抑制作用,但随储存时间的延长,抑制作用不明显;脱臭温度、汽提蒸汽压力对美国大豆油的回色影响不大,但对巴西大豆油回色影响较明显。     

玉米油精炼过程氯离子含量变化及其对3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量的影响

对取自安徽、河北、山东等地玉米油加工厂的玉米油毛油、待脱臭油和成品油中的氯离子、3-氯丙醇（3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol,3-MCPD）酯和缩水甘油酯（glycidyl esters,GEs）含量进行检测,并在实验室明确可控的条件下对玉米毛油进行精炼,检测精炼过程氯离子、3-MCPD酯和GEs含量,与玉米油加工厂实际精炼过程的含量变化情况进行对比分析,研究玉米油精炼过程中氯离子含量变化及其对3-MCPD酯和GEs含量变化的影响。结果表明：所检测的所有玉米油样品中均含有氯离子、3-MCPD酯和GEs,其中毛油中氯离子含量最高,为0.628～2.029 mg/kg,毛油中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量分别为0.547～1.083 mg/kg和0.246～0.721 mg/kg;待脱臭玉米油中氯离子含量为0.110～0.374 mg/kg,较毛油中含量明显降低,3-MCPD酯和GEs含量分别为0.933～1.422 mg/kg和0.246～0.432 mg/kg,3-MCPD酯较毛油中含量有所升高,GEs含量变化不明显。脱臭油中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量分别为3.523～4.541 mg/kg和1.501～13.584 mg/kg,较待脱臭油中含量大幅升高,其中一个油样中含量分别增加3.5 倍和32.1 倍,同时该油样中氯离子含量的降幅也最大（0.287 mg/kg）。对实验室精炼过程及工厂精炼过程的玉米油样品检测分析显示,无论是实验室精炼还是工厂实际生产,氯离子含量均随精炼过程逐渐减少,其中降幅最大的是水化脱胶和碱炼脱酸工序（降幅为76.1%～81.3%）;3-MCPD酯和GEs在水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸及吸附脱色过程的含量变化不大,经脱臭后含量大幅升高,同时伴随脱臭过程氯离子含量的降低,并且氯离子含量降幅越大3-MCPD酯的升幅越高。研究结果明确了玉米油精炼过程氯离子和3-MCPD酯及GEs含量的变化规律,以及待脱臭玉米油中氯离子含量对脱臭油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量的影响,对玉米油精炼乃至其他植物油生产中3-MCPD酯和GEs的风险防范和控制都具有指导意义。     

高酸值小麦胚芽油的精炼工艺

采用传统脱胶、中和、脱色和连续喷射脱臭精炼小麦胚芽油，并测定加工条件对油脂的影响。毛小麦胚芽油含磷1428mg／kg，游离脂肪酸(FFA)15．7％，生育酚总量2682mg／kg，过氧化值(PV)：10mmol／kg。脱胶不能明显降低磷含量。在脱胶、中和、脱色过程中，生育酚总量无明显变化。采用三个脱臭温度和三个保留时间的因素实验设计，测定脱臭过程中油脂变化。高温长时脱臭油脂的FFA．PV．色泽较低。在250℃脱臭9min不能明显降低生育酚含量，但在290℃脱臭30min，生育酚明显降低。改变传统的油脂精炼方法可生产优质的小麦胚芽油。     

精炼对大豆油和菜籽油抗氧化活性的影响

研究了大豆油和菜籽油在精炼过程中酸值、过氧化值、生育酚含量和甾醇含量的变化,以及由此引起的氧化稳定性和抗氧化能力的变化。结果表明:随着精炼的进行,油脂中酸值、过氧化值、生育酚含量及甾醇含量均不断降低;酸值和过氧化值分别在脱酸和脱色阶段急剧下降;生育酚尤其是γ-生育酚和δ-生育酚,主要在脱臭阶段损失,而甾醇在脱酸阶段急剧降低;生育酚和甾醇的不断损失导致油脂的氧化稳定性指数降低,而脱臭后由于游离脂肪酸的进一步除去又有所增强;精炼中微量物质的损失对油脂的自由基清除能力并无显著影响,但油脂的总还原能力在脱酸之后显著降低,这一变化与其中生育酚含量和甾醇含量的变化趋势密切相关。     

改性膨润土无水精炼油茶籽油工艺研究

提出了改性膨润土无水精炼油茶籽油工艺,该工艺先用活性白土脱色,然后用碱性钙基膨润土脱酸,在脱色及脱酸的同时进行了脱胶,并对脱色与脱酸工艺的条件进行优化。结果表明:改性膨润土无水精炼油茶籽油工艺能满足油茶籽油的脱色、脱酸、脱胶要求,过氧化值与杂质含量也有一定的下降,极大地简化了油品的精炼工艺,降低了生产成本。     

樱桃仁油的精炼工艺研究

对樱桃仁油的精炼方法和工艺条件进行了研究,采用水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸、活性炭脱色和真空蒸汽脱臭的方法制得了精炼樱桃仁油。樱桃仁油精炼后,其酸价和磷脂含量显著降低,过氧化值有一定升高,精炼油澄清透明,有宜人的香味。     

Optimization of the refining process of camellia seed oil for edible purposes

Processing conditions during degumming, alkaline refining, bleaching, and deodorization of crude camellia seed oil were optimized to obtain high-quality edible camellia oil. Physicochemical properties of camellia oil were monitored during refining steps. RBD (refined, bleached, and deodorized) camellia oil obtained using optimized refining conditions fully satisfied Korean quality standards for edible oil. The iodine value of camellia oil was 84.2 mg I₂/100 g of oil. Camellia oil contained an exceptionally high level of oleic acid (83.1%), along with minor quantities of other fatty acids (8.9% palmitic acid, 4.8% linoleic acid). The total saponin content in crude oil was 437 ppm, as determined by gravimetric analysis. Most (99.8%) of the saponin in crude oil was removed during the refining process. The physicochemical properties of camellia oil were similar to olive oil. RBD camellia oil is virtually colorless and bland tasting and is suitable for edible purposes.     

Refining of high oleic safflower oil: Effect on the sterols and tocopherols content

The purpose of this work was to study the influence of the industrial process steps on free fatty acids, peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (PAV), trans fatty acids, tocopherols and sterols (free, esterified and total) in high oleic safflower oil. Degumming, bleaching and deodorization steps removed 91.4% of free fatty acids, 96.31% of oxidation primary products (PV), and 54.57% of oxidation secondary products (PAV), from crude high oleic safflower oil. Degumming neither affected the content of sterified sterols nor its proportion with respect to the crude oil. A significant increment (p<0.05) in the content of free sterols was observed during degumming and bleaching due to the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of steryl esters. A significant reduction (p<0.05) in the content of total sterols during bleaching was observed, which is attributed to a reduction in the sterified sterol fraction. During deodorization, free sterols were distilled from oil, with a gradual reduction in the total sterol content as a function of the deodorization temperature. α- and γ-tocopherols represented 93.3% of the total tocopherols in high oleic safflower crude oil. The refining process removed 28.5% of the tocopherols. Deodorization was the main step which increased the level of trans fatty acids as an effect of temperature and heating time.     

Effect of refining on the physical and chemical properties of cashewkernel oil

Crude cashewkernel oil was subjected to refining by degumming, alkali-refining, bleaching and deodorization. The crude as well as the oil at every stage of refining was characterized. Results indicate an improved quality oil on refining mainly in terms of increased stability. The polyunsaturated fatty acid level and some of the identity characteristics of the oil were not significantly altered by the refining process.     

芝麻油生产工艺对细辛素形成的影响研究

通过对不同制油工艺制得的28个芝麻油样中芝麻木酚素组分含量(尤其是细辛素含量)进行的检测分析,研究制油工艺对芝麻油中细辛素含量的影响。结果发现：2个浸出精炼芝麻油样中细辛素含量平均119.45 mg/100g,其他26个油样中仅有3个检测出少量细辛素,分别为17.25 mg/100g、7.43 mg/100g、0.58 mg/100g,冷榨芝麻油中未检出细辛素。对不含细辛素的冷榨芝麻油进行水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸、吸附脱色、蒸馏脱臭等精炼处理,并对处理后的芝麻油进行细辛素含量检测分析。结果表明：添加磷酸进行水化脱胶和添加活性白土进行吸附脱色能造成芝麻油中细辛素的形成,且随脱胶时磷酸添加量和脱色时白土添加量的增加,细辛素含量增加(磷酸添加量1%时为131.22 mg/100g,白土添加量5%时为50.73 mg/100g);碱炼脱酸、活性炭脱色、水蒸汽蒸馏脱臭过程只降低了芝麻木酚素总量,没有细辛素形成。据此,细辛素可作为区别冷榨芝麻油和其他芝麻油尤其是浸出精炼芝麻油的特征指标。     

Behaviour of tocopherols,heavy metals and stability of some vegetable oils from Egypt and Iraq during refining

Samples of crude, neutralized; bleached and deodorized cotton seed oil (Egypt), safflower oil (Iraq) and sunflower oil (Iraq) were analyzed for their total tocopherol and their contents of iron and copper, The stability of oils under investigation was measured by the Active Oxygen Method. The crude oils investigated contained from 1.22 to 1.87 ppm of iron and from 0.083 to 0.956 ppm of copper. These values for completely refined oils used were found to range from 0.626 to 1.01 ppm for iron and from 0.051 to 0.576 ppm for copper. The total tocopherol decreased from a range of 77.8 to 113 mg/100 g oils in crude oils to a range of 62.8 to 91.3 mg/100 g oil when the crude oils were completely refined. Studies on oils differing in the degree of refining used in this work evidence that neutralization and bleaching cause great decrease in total tocopherol, iron and copper. Meanwhile, deodorization had no pronounced effect on iron and copper, whereas its effect on total tocopherol was slight. The stability of the vegetable oils investigated decreased markedly during refining.     

Effects of post-drying methods on pomelo fruit peels

Process conditions of alkali refining, bleaching, and deodorization of crude chufa oil extracted from chufa (Cyperus esculentus L.) tubers grown in Korea were optimized to obtain an edible grade vegetable oil. The overall scope of refining conditions was similar to other vegetable oils. The degumming process, however, could be omitted since phospholipids were removed during alkalirefining and bleaching processes. RBD (alkali-refined, bleached, and deodorized) chufa oil fully satisfied Korean quality standards for edible vegetable oil. Chufa oil contained a high level of oleic acid, along with palmitic acid and linoleic acid. Physicochemical properties of chufa oil were similar to olive oil. The order of oxidative stability of chufa oil was crude>deodorized>degummed>refined>bleached oil. RBD chufa oil was virtually colorless and bland tasting, and was considered suitable for edible purposes.     

精炼工艺对浸出亚麻籽油的理化特性和营养成分的影响

研究精炼工艺对浸出亚麻籽油质量品质的影响,探讨每个精炼工序阶段中亚麻籽油的物理化学特性、脂肪酸和VE 组成及含量的变化规律。结果表明,整个精炼过程中,磷脂含量和酸价明显下降,磷脂含量从1.541g/100g 下降到 0.163g/100g,酸价由初始2.826mg KOH/g 降低到0.635mg KOH/g,碘价、皂化值和折光指数等理化指数变化不明显。色谱分析表明,亚麻籽油含有4 种饱和脂肪酸(主要是棕榈酸和硬脂酸)和6 种不饱和脂肪酸(主要是亚麻酸、亚油酸和油酸),精炼过程对脂肪酸组成及其总体含量影响甚微,但α- 亚麻酸含量下降明显,尤其在脱色和脱臭阶段。生育酚总含量在精炼过程中损失率达到了49.19%,说明精炼工艺对浸出亚麻籽油营养活性成分影响很大。     

化学精炼对稻米油谷维素和总酚含量及清除自由基能力的影响

稻米油因具有高营养价值、良好的稳定性而备受关注。精炼过程直接影响稻米油性质及伴随物,选取毛油及脱胶、脱蜡、脱酸、中和、脱色、脱臭和脱脂7个精炼工序的稻米油,研究精炼工序对稻米油酸值、过氧化值、谷维素和总酚含量的影响。采用4种方法评估精炼过程中稻米油清除自由基能力,并采用Pearson相关性分析研究酸值、过氧化值、谷维素、总酚与清除自由基能力之间的关系。结果表明:化学精炼使稻米油的谷维素和总酚含量分别损失了82%和94%;与毛油相比,在精炼过程中ABTS、FRAP、ORAC和DPPH 4种方法测定脱脂稻米油清除自由基能力分别损失了91%、47%、92%和58%,且这4种方法对稻米油清除自由基能力评估的结果均与谷维素及总酚含量呈显著相关(P 0.05),ABTS法、ORAC法和DPPH法的评估结果均与酸值呈显著相关(P 0.05)。