超声喷丸强化产生残余应力的有限元分析

将超声喷丸过程简化为单个丸粒撞击试件的模型,应用ANASYS/LS-DYNA软件对过程进行有限元仿真.分析了残余应力产生过程,并改变丸粒的直径和材料,对比不同丸粒直径及材料下的残余应力分布,得出的结论是:丸粒直径增大可以使残余应力层深度和最大残余压应力值增加,丸粒密度增大也可以实现最大残余压应力值增加.     

喷丸强化对轿车用新型齿轮钢表面应力状态影响的研究

应用单变量及正交试验,并配经X射线应力仪等系统地研究的喷丸工艺参数（丸粒速度、密度及喷丸时间）对工件表面残余应力及其分布的影响规律,试验结果表明：随着三种喷丸工艺参数值的提高,工件表面残余应力增大,尤其是在工件次表层峰值应力增大更明显,且内移,但当丸粒速度接近设备所产生的最大值时,则工件表层应力值几乎不再增加,并讨论了有关机理。     

喷丸三维残余应力场的有限元模拟

运用大型有限元计算软件ABAQUS建立了模拟喷丸残余应力场的三维有限元模型,预测了在相同喷丸强度下玻璃丸和钢丸两种类型弹丸喷射所产生的残余应力场。模拟过程中,分析了线性减缩积分单元的沙漏参数、材料的应变硬化率、喷丸覆盖率以及初始残余拉应力等因素对304不锈钢靶材残余应力分布的影响。从计算结果可以看出,钢丸喷丸产生的残余压应力层较深,但在高覆盖率时,玻璃喷丸产生的残余压应力的平均值比钢丸喷丸处理后产生的大。在有初始残余拉应力(250 Mpa)存在的情况下,两种类型的喷丸处理均能使304不锈钢靶材表面形成残余压应力层,这说明喷丸工艺可以提高奥氏体不锈钢焊接构件的抗应力腐蚀开裂能力。本研究成果为进一步探讨喷丸强化不锈钢焊接头抗应力腐蚀性能的机理奠定了基础。     

摩擦因数与弹丸形变对超声喷丸纯铜的影响研究

在已有的超声喷丸有限元模型中，绝大多数都忽略了弹丸的弹性、塑性变形对数值模拟结果的影响。同时，关于弹丸表面与受喷材料表面之间的摩擦因数对超声喷丸数值预测结果的影响规律，目前也鲜有报道。为此，以纯铜试样为研究对象，结合超声喷丸实验和数值模拟过程，研究了摩擦因数与弹丸形变对超声喷丸纯铜的影响规律。首先，基于ABAQUS平台建立了单丸粒超声喷丸三维有限元模型；然后，设计了单丸粒超声喷丸实验，依据实验条件分析了喷丸距离对速度的影响，将实验工况输入仿真模型，并分别从弹丸速度、凹坑形貌两方面比较了实验与仿真结果；最后，分别采用刚性丸、弹性丸、弹塑性丸，在摩擦因数为0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5的工况下，对纯铜试样进行了超声喷丸数值模拟，对受喷表面的形貌、残余应力进行了分析。研究结果表明：当弹丸与纯铜表面之间的摩擦因数大于0.2时，摩擦因数对超声喷丸纯铜形成的凹坑形貌和残余应力的影响不再显著；超声喷丸纯铜形成的凹坑尺寸、残余压应力深度、最大压应力和表面残余拉应力随弹丸与纯铜之间接触刚度的增大而增大。该研究结果对超声喷丸的数值建模具有重要的指导意义。     

前混合水射流多弹丸喷丸模型及残余应力场的数值模拟

针对前混合水射流的液固湍动特性与喷丸过程多重非线性耦合作用行为,提供一种射流喷丸强化残余应力场的有限元分析法。采用液固两相流动理论与计算流体动力学方法分析喷嘴内流特性,建立射流多弹丸喷丸模型;基于弹丸速度冲击载荷加载制度,利用多线性各向同性强化弹塑性模型,应用动态接触对称罚函数法,运用ABAQUS软件模拟不同弹丸数量作用下射流喷丸在45钢材料表层产生的残余应力场,获得残余应力场的分布规律及残余应力沿深度的变化规律;得出射流喷嘴内流呈均质流流型,不同弹丸数量射流喷丸在材料表层产生的径向残余应力沿深度的变化规律相同,但在材料表面产生的径向残余压应力值受喷丸模型影响较大,对弹丸分三层排列、相邻弹丸之间径向和周向中心距离均为弹丸半径的多弹丸喷丸模型,数值模拟获得的表面径向残余压应力值与射流喷丸试验数据基本吻合。     

基于正交试验法的喷丸工艺多目标参数优化

结合正交试验法和显式动力学分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA对不同工艺条件下的喷丸过程进行模拟分析,运用综合评分法对喷丸后的工件表面层残余压应力层深度、表面残余压应力、最大残余压应力值深度及最大残余压应力值4个目标值进行综合评判。通过对综合目标值的极差分析,确定弹丸直径、冲击角度、冲击速度、搭接率、同一位置的冲击次数、弹丸与工件的摩擦因数,以及弹丸材质7个喷丸工艺参数对综合目标值的影响程度,通过综合评判结果分析得出最优的喷丸工艺参数组合方案,并对该工艺参数组合方案进行模拟验证。     

基于FEM-DEM的粗糙表面喷丸数值模拟与试验研究

考虑试件喷丸前粗糙度的影响,提出了粗糙表面喷丸的有限元与离散元(FEM-DEM)耦合模型.制备喷丸与未喷丸两类45#钢试件,测量了试件喷丸前后表面与亚表面的残余应力.根据测量结果验证耦合模型,研究了喷丸工艺参数对试件亚表面残余应力的影响规律.结果表明,提高表面覆盖率和喷丸强度,均可增大残余压应力峰值,其中,喷丸强度的影...     

喷丸试件表面粗糙度与残余应力相关性分析

为通过喷丸处理提高材料抗疲劳性能,开展了喷丸试件表面粗糙度与残余应力测量试验,并建立数值模型进行仿真分析,确定了粗糙度与残余应力的相关性。对照试验结果完成模型验证发现,粗糙度与残余应力线性相关。通过增加弹丸直径、喷丸速度及试件覆盖率,能够在提高残余应力的同时减小粗糙度,取得了较好的喷丸加工效果。     

不同喷丸工艺对螺母表面残余应力分布的影响

喷丸强化会使零件表面产生残余压应力,可以提高零件抗疲劳能力。试验采用正交试验法对螺母表面进行喷丸强化,沿着螺母轴向方向取三个截面进行残余应力测试分析。试验表明喷丸强化后螺母表面的残余应力均为压应力,有利于提高螺母的抗应力腐蚀和抗疲劳能力;螺母直段截面和大圆弧截面的残余压应力分布在（400～500）MPa,大于小圆弧截面的残余压应力;通过SPSS软件对螺母不同截面以及整体残余应力分布进行显著性分析,表面喷丸流量对螺母整体残余应力分布影响较为显著,并且得出了较为优异的喷丸强化工艺参数。     

喷丸强化残余应力对疲劳性能和变形控制影响研究进展

作为机械表面强化技术之一,喷丸强化使工件表层发生形变硬化,引入较高的残余压应力,减少了疲劳应力作用下微裂纹的萌生并抑制其扩展,从而显著提高零件的抗疲劳断裂和抗应力腐蚀开裂的能力。基于喷丸残余应力解析计算模型,从余弦函数模型、接触应力模型和球腔膨胀模型三个方面介绍喷丸强化残余应力的产生,进而对喷丸残余应力的仿真预测及影响规律进行论述。为了提高试件疲劳强度而引入的残余压应力会带来影响形位精度的变形,基于此阐述了喷丸残余应力对疲劳性能的影响及其在疲劳过程中的演化,同时论述了喷丸残余应力变形预测及控制的研究现状,最后对喷丸残余应力未来的研究内容与发展方向进行展望。     

Shot peening simulation based on SPH method

Shot peening is a complex surface-treating process which is usually employed to improve the fatigue strength of metallic part or members. In dealing with shot peening simulation, existing literatures apply finite element method (FEM) to establish only a single shot or several shots models, thus the effect of a mass of shots impacting repeatedly and the interaction among adjacent shots are ignored. To overcome these defects of FEM models, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) coupled FEM modeling is presented, in which the shots are modeled by SPH particles and the target material is modeled by finite elements. Contact algorithm is used to simulate the interaction between shots and target. Utilizing this model, material model for shots is established, the relationships between compressive residual stress and peening frequencies, coverage, and velocities are analyzed. Steady compressive residual stress can be gotten by multiple peening; higher coverage can improve the compressive residual stress; faster velocities can induce greater and deeper maximum residual stress in target subsurface. The simulation results agree well with the existing experimental data. The study will not only provide a new powerful tool for the simulation of shot peening process, but also be benefit to optimize the operating parameters.     

Simulation on Residual Stress of Shot Peening Based on a Symmetrical Cell Model

The symmetrical cell model is widely used to study the residual stress induced by shot peening. However, the correlation between the predicted residual stresses and the shot peening coverage, which is a big challenge for the researchers of the symmetrical cell model, is still not established. Based on the dynamic stresses and the residual stresses outputted from the symmetrical cell model, the residual stresses corresponding to full coverage are evaluated by normal distribution analysis. The predicted nodal dynamic stresses with respect to four corner points indicate that the equi-biaxial stress state exists only for the first shot impact. Along with the increase of shot number, the interactions of multiple shot impacts make the fluctuation of the nodal dynamic stresses about an almost identical value more and more obvious. The mean values and standard deviations of the residual stresses gradually tend to be stable with the increase of the number of shot peening series. The mean values at each corner point are almost the same after the third peening series, which means that an equi-biaxial stress state corresponding to the full coverage of shot peening is achieved. Therefore, the mean values of the nodal residual stresses with respect to a specific transverse cross-section below the peened surface can be used to correlate the measured data by X-ray. The predicted residual stress profile agrees with the experimental results very well under 200% peening coverage. An effective correlation method is proposed for the nodal residual stresses predicted by the symmetrical cell model and the shot peening coverage.     

喷丸强化与应力因素对2E12铝合金晶间腐蚀行为的影响

为有效控制2E12铝合金的晶间腐蚀失效行为,采用浸泡腐蚀试验、金相分析技术、扫描电镜分析技术和X射线衍射分析技术等研究了喷丸强化和应力因素对2E12-T3铝合金晶间腐蚀行为的影响规律,并探讨了作用机理。研究结果表明:2E12-T3铝合金具有很高的晶间腐蚀敏感性,拉应力会明显增强其敏感程度,而压应力则会降低其敏感性。采用合理的喷丸强化处理(喷丸强度取0.15 mmN,覆盖率取100%)能够明显降低2E12-T3铝合金的晶间腐蚀敏感性,因为喷丸在铝合金表面引入合理分布的残余压应力,同时使表层晶粒细化,铝合金的电化学活性降低,晶间的选择性腐蚀得到有效控制。然而,喷丸强度过高或喷丸覆盖率过大时,铝合金表面会存在较严重的脱层等损伤性破坏,反而会使2E12-T3铝合金的晶间腐蚀敏感程度提高。     

Effect of shot peening coverage on fatigue limit in round bar of annealed medium carbon steel

Shot peening is an effective and economical technique for improving the fatigue strength of metallic components by inducing compressive residual stress and hardening the layer near the surface. The effect is generally evaluated by main two parameters: coverage and peening intensity. However, the valuable coverage for improving the fatigue strength depends on the shape of the target material. In this study, the effect of coverage on fatigue limit in round bar of annealed medium carbon steel was experimentally studied. The fatigue limits for shot peened round bar specimens with 140–2300% coverage increased 14–25% by comparing those for non-peened round bar specimens. The valuable range of coverage was 280–60% in the used material and shot peening condition for improving the fatigue limit in short time. The result indicates that the valuable coverage of the round bar material is higher than full coverage to improve the fatigue limit of the material due to the effect of incident angle on round bar, even though the degree depends on the materials and shot peening conditions.     

Kinematic modeling and deformation mechanics in shot peening of functional ceramics

The applications of functional ceramics are significantly limited by the brittleness and low reliability. Recent studies have shown that compressive residual stress can be created in ceramics by shot peening, which improves the contact strength and fatigue of ceramic components. However, the formation mechanism of residuals stress in shot peening is yet to understand. In this study, a pressure-dependent plasticity model has been incorporated into a finite element simulation model of shot peening to understand the process mechanism underpinning the residual stress formation. Since shot velocity is the key process parameter to dominate the impact energy which determines the deformation state of the peened surface and the resultant residual stress, a new kinematic model of shots has also been developed by incorporating air drag and travel distance inside and outside the peening nozzle. The results have shown that the shot velocity model can be used to predict shot velocity. The experiment-based model may help understand the process mechanism underpinning the residual stress formation.     

A numerically low-cost and high-accuracy periodic FE modeling of shot-peened 34CrNiMo6 and experimental validation

This paper proposed a numerically low-cost 3D FE modeling method for multi-shot shot peening. The low computation cost and high prediction accuracy of shot peening are realized at the same time by the incorporation of random multi-shot with defined spacing between the adjacent simultaneously impinging shots, periodicity, and coverage rate of 100%. With this modeling method, one-step and dual-step multi-shot peening of 34CrNiMo6 steel target is modeled and the produced residual stress is predicted. In order to make the predicted residual stress depth profile more comparable with the measured one by XRD method, the redistribution of residual stress due to the layer removal by electrochemical polishing is simulated using Model Change technique. And the comparison between the prediction and experiment indicates that this improved 3D periodic FE modeling of multi-shot impingement provides very accurate simulation models for one-step and dual-step shot peening. It can substitute for the costly and time-consuming optimization experiments of the shot peening process, especially the multi-step shot peening process. Finally, the evolution of residual stress depth profile in dual-step shot peening process is investigated by using the simulation model and a variation of residual stress towards a more uniform distribution on the finished surface taking place in the second step is discovered by RMS analysis.     

A non-local fatigue approach to quantify Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al fretting cracking process: Application to grinding and shot peening

This paper presents an experimental study on the tribological behaviour and cracking response of a Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al titanium alloy under fretting loading with a cylinder on plane configuration. Three types of surfaces were investigated: a polished one considered as the reference, a ground one and a shot peened surface. Surfaces were compared with respect to residual stress, hardness and roughness. The first step of this study was to determine sliding conditions and coefficient of friction of the three contact types. Next, fretting tests under stabilized partial slip regime were carried out to investigate crack nucleation and propagation. Results show that whatever surface roughness or residual stress in the material, tribological behaviour is the same. These latter confirm that sliding condition and coefficient of friction in partial slip regime is due to material effect and not to roughness or surface hardness. Then, residual stress induced by grinding or shot peening have no influence on the crack nucleation threshold under fretting solicitation because crack nucleation is only induced by a sufficient tangential loading. The crack nucleation threshold is formalized by applying the Crossland criterion taking into account the stress gradient and the ensuing “size effect”. As expected, cracks propagation is influenced by residual stress under the surface. Compared to the reference case, for a same loading parameters set, residual stress induced by grinding is not sufficient to decrease the crack length reached whereas effects of shot peening decrease highly these latter. So, there is a threshold of residual stress from which residual stresses are useful against cracking.