THERMAL STRESSES IN A PARTIALLY ABSORBING FLAT PLATE SYMMETRICALLY HEATED BY THERMAL RADIATION AND COOLED BY CONVECTION

The stresses due to “thermal trapping” of internally absorbed radiation in solid materials are analyzed for a flat plate symmetrically heated by radiation and cooled by convection for finite values of the heat transfer coefficient. The thermal-stress state consists of an initial transient followed by a steady-state stress at t -> ∞ and involves a reversal in the sign of the stresses. The maximum value of the transient stress increases with optical thickness, whereas the maximum value of the steady-state stress occurs at an optical thickness μa = 1·3 with zero stresses at μa. = 0 and ∞.     

THERMAL STRESSES IN A PARTIALLY ABSORBING FLAT PLATE ASYMMETRICALLY HEATED BY CYCLIC THERMAL RADIATION AND COOLED BY CONVECTION

Abstract

An analysis is presented for the temperatures and thermal stresses in a partially absorbing flat plate subjected to normally incident cyclic thermal radiation on the front face, and cooled by convection on the rear face.

The resulting temperature and stress responses are cyclic in nature, with the temperatures and stresses in the center and the back face lagging behind those in the front face. The amplitude of the temperature fluctuation is found to be a maximum in the front face. During the initial thermal cycles the maximum stress in the plate is compressive. In contrast, when the plate approaches thermal equilibrium after many cycles, the maximum stress is tensile. The values of the maximum tensile and compressive stresses were found to depend on the frequency of the incident cyclic radiation.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERMAL SHOCK STRENGTH BY LASER IRRADIATION TECHNIQUE AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS FOR CERAMICS

The traditional water quenching technique used to evaluate the thermal shock resistance of ceramics is accompanied by an unstable heat transfer coefficient in the quenching process. This leads to an unreliable result of the value of the thermal shock strength of ceramics. Our purpose is to establish a new method using the laser irradiation technique by which the thermal shock strength of ceramics could be evaluated. Defining the laser power density, the so-called critical power density P L at which the ceramic specimen fractures, the method was evaluated both theoretically and experimentally for several structural ceramic materials. Since thermal shock fractures are caused by the induced thermal stress, the thermal shock strength must be correlated to the fracture toughness of ceramics. This study presents a relationship between the thermal shock strength P L , which corresponds to the critical powerdensity, by laser irradiation and the fracture toughness K IC by the indentation fracture technique for ceramics as a means to investigate their fracture mechanism. The thermal shock strength P L can be used as a fracture criterion corresponding to the critical temperature difference in the quenching method. The thermal shock strength for several ceramics was obtained by the irradiations with CO 2 lasers. On the other hand, their fracture toughness was measured by the indentation technique using a micro Vickers hardness tester. It was concluded that these two quantities, the thermal shock strength and the fracture toughness, were closely correlated; a linear relation was shown in a semi-log plane.     

THERMAL STRESSES IN A PARTIALLY ABSORBING FLAT PLATE ASYMMETRICALLY HEATED BY CYCLIC THERMAL RADIATION AND COOLED BY CONVECTION: ADDENDUM

This article is devoted to model and analyze the transverse deflection and thermal moment of transverse vibrations in a transversely isotropic, thermo-elastic beam resonator under the action of time harmonic concentrated load. The governing equations of flexural vibrations and thermal moment in a transversely isotropic, thermo-elastic Euler–Bernoulli beam have been derived in a closed form. A time harmonic point load is assumed to act on the beam at a given distance from the origin. The beam is assumed to be at either clamped-clamped (CC), simply supported-simply supported (SS), clamped-simply supported (CS), or clamped-free (CF) conditions at its ends. The Laplace transform technique has been used to find the transverse deflection and thermal moment in the transform domain due to the action of concentrated load in a beam under above conditions in case of both free and forced vibrations. The analytic expressions obtained in the physical domain after inversion of Laplace transforms have been computed numerically with the help of MATLAB software for silicon material beam. The results for coupled thermo-elastic, elastic, and isotropic beams have been deduced as special cases. The computer-simulated results have been presented graphically. The study may find applications in development and design of resonators (sensors), precision thermometers, and energy harvesters.     

TEMPERATURE RESPONSE OF SILICON MEMS CANTILEVERS DURING AND AFTER Nd:YAG LASER IRRADIATION

This article reports a two-dimensional, finite-difference heat transfer model for calculating the transient temperature distribution in a polycrystalline silicon cantilever during and after irradiation by a Nd:YAG laser. Results include the peak surface temperature after irradiation and the uniform temperature increase in the microcantilever following subsequent heat conduction through the thickness. The calculations reveal that the time scale after which the temperature is uniform through the thickness is on the order of hundreds of nanoseconds and that the microcantilever cools in the order of tens of milliseconds. The effects of energy transfer to the environment by convection and radiation on the cooling time are also investigated. The accuracy of the model predictions are shown through high-speed temperature measurements using a novel MEMS temperature sensor.     

NUMERICAL MODELING OF INTERNAL RADIATION AND SOLIDIFICATION IN SEMITRANSPARENT MELTS IN MAGNETIC FIELDS

This article presents a numerical study on the effects of magnetic fields and internal radiation on the melt flow and solidification morphology during solidification processing of semitransparent oxide melts. The numerical solution of the integral differential equation characterizing the internal radiation and the magnetohydrodynamic equations describing the magnetic and transport phenomena is obtained by applying the combined discontinuous and continuous finite-element method. Deforming finite elements based on an arbitrary Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation are used to track the moving boundaries resulting from solidification. Computed results show that both internal radiation and external magnetic fields can have strong effects on the melt flow, temperature distribution, and solidification behavior during the melt processing of oxide materials.     

塔式太阳能定日镜聚光成像建模及仿真

根据太阳运行规律和定日镜及靶标位置分析不同日期太阳入射角的变化,在此基础上,根据科丁顿方程对球面定日镜的反射太阳影像进行了理论分析。讨论了定日镜反射聚光的特点,利用光线追踪原理建立了定日镜反射太阳光并与指定受光面相交的计算机近似模型,对定日镜反射太阳影像进行了计算机仿真。仿真得到的光斑大小与理论分析基本一致。     

伊红-Y敏化TiO2的制备及其可见光下光催化制氢性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法在不同温度煅烧制得TiO_2,光还原沉积法进行载铂,浸渍法使伊红-Y负载在Pt-TiO_2表面,制得系列染料敏化的Eosin Y-Pt-TiO_2可见光光催化剂。以可见光光催化制氢为探针反应考察了制备的催化剂的活性,发现350℃煅烧的Eosin Y-Pt-TiO_2可见光光催化活性最好。通过XRD、BET、FT-IR、UV-Vis漫反射等手段对样品进行了表征,发现伊红-Y的敏化扩展了TiO_2的可见光响应范围,使其在400～600nm有很强的吸收峰;随着TiO_2煅烧温度的降低,比表面积不断增大,表面羟基的数量也增加,吸附伊红-Y的量也不断增加,因此Eosin Y-Pt- TiO_2可见光光催化活性也相应提高。     

槽式聚光集热系统加热真空管的特性及应用研究

建立了槽式聚光集热真空管装置的数学模型,并与实验结果进行了对比。理论计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,误差在5.2％以内,表明可用所建立的模型对聚光式真空管加热流体的性能进行分析。在太阳辐射强度及聚光面积变化的情况下,分析了通过聚光真空管内流体的性能特性。还给出了利用槽式聚光装置驱动太阳能吸附制冷的应用实例。     

反照率参数化改进对裸土地表能量和热过程模拟的影响

在陆面过程模式BATS中引入考虑太阳天顶角变化的裸土反照率参数化以改善沙漠、戈壁地表的辐射和热状况模拟,并与观测资料进行了对比。结果表明,各方案不同程度地改善了BATS反照率模拟过高和缺乏日变化等偏差,其中Wang等改进的BRDF和B方案分别使BATS在戈壁地表由-67.75 W·m-2的负偏差缩减到-0.59和0.22W·m-2,感热通量的负偏差缩小了一半,地表温度较大的负偏差控制在1K之内。研究结果肯定了太阳天顶角对裸土反照率计算的重要作用,认为上述方案适用于裸土地表。     

FINITE ELEMENT MODELING AND SIMULATION OF WELDING. PART 2: IMPROVED MATERIAL MODELING

Simulation of welding has advanced from the analysis of laboratory setups to real engineering applications during the last three decades. This development is outlined and the directions for future research are summarized in this review, which consists of three parts. The material modeling is maybe the most crucial and difficult aspect of modeling welding processes. The material behavior may be very complex for the large temperature range considered.     

可见光激发高光催化活性的纳米Ti02光催化剂--丙酮溶剂水热合成、特性表征与光催化活性起因

通过XRD、TEM、TG-DTA和漫反射谱(DRS)等手段,分析了采用丙酮溶剂水热法合成的在可见光波段对甲基橙具有高光催化降解率的纳米TiO2粉体的材料特性与光催化活性的起因.结果表明,经不同温度热处理得到的样品均为锐钛矿晶型、粒径基本相同,但在表面剩余吸附物含量以及可见光波段的光吸收率等方面差异明显,且样品表面剩余吸附物含量、可见光波段的光吸收率与其可见光催化活性之间存在直接关联.分析认为,TiO2表面剩余吸附有机物导致的对可见光的强烈吸收是其可见光波段高光催化活性的重要起因.     

黑河中游金塔地区地表净短波辐射及净全辐射卫星遥感研究

使用Landsat-5 TM数据推算金塔地区地表反射比、地表温度、地表净短波辐射及净全辐射。将反演值与观测值进行对比,结果表明:地表温度、地表反射比、地表净短波辐射、净全辐射反演相对误差分别小于6%、17%、12%、3%。结果基本可信,其频率分布也基本反应了当地各参量的实际分布情况。     

连续CO2激光熔凝太阳能硅材料

采用大功率连续ＣＯ２激光熔凝硅粉末，生长得到纯度较高的太阳能多晶硅材料，探讨了影响太阳电池效率的少子复合中心和微观组织结构以及激光消除复合中心和改善微观组织结构的机理。在实验中获得了杂质浓度低且呈较整齐分布的柱状晶太阳能多晶硅材料。     

等离子体脱硫脱硝研究

文中综述了等离子体脱硫脱硝的重要成果,总结了国内外应用等离子体技术脱硫脱硝的反应机理,特性及其发展,最后对该技术的前景作一展望。     

不同月份及不同安装角度时平板太阳能集热器接收的太阳辐照量分析

通过理论计算模型推算出在山东省济南市不同月份及不同安装角度时平板太阳能集热器接收的太阳辐照量理论数据,并与实际测量数据进行对比.结果表明:理论数据与实测数据存在高度的一致性;与安装角度为75°时相比,安装角度为90°时平板太阳能集热器接收的太阳辐照量有所下降;通过对全年不同安装角度下平板太阳能集热器接收的太阳辐照量实测...     

太阳辐射下不同地表覆盖物的热反应及对城市热环境的影响

该文利用红外热像仪等设备研究了建筑物表面、绿地、柏油路面、水泥砖地面等城市地表覆盖物对太阳辐射的热反应，指出在同一天中，柏油路面温度最高，水泥砖和建筑物表面次之，绿地温度最低。通过分析各种覆盖物在城市中所占比例，得出建筑物对城市热环境影响较大的结论，并提出了改善城市热环境的几种方法。     

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER BY NATURAL CONVECTION AND RADIATION IN PARTICIPATING FLUIDS ENCLOSED IN SQUARE CAVITIES

The influence of thermal radiation on natural convection in a participating fluid contained in a square cavity is studied numerically. The radiative transfer process is solved from the PI approximation. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved by a finite difference scheme integrated over control volumes. A numerical study of the so-called window problem (thermally driven cavity) shows the influence of thermal radiation on this reference problem for Rayleigh numbers in the range of 10³-10⁷ and Planck numbers varying from 1 to 0.05. The isotherms, streamlines, and heat lines show an increase of the dynamical effects in the central part of the cavity and a significant modification of the boundary layers. Results obtained from the simulation of an isotropically scattering medium are given.     

水合物法分离生物质气化气中CO2的研究

以生物质气化气中的CO2为研究对象,研究压力、气液比、四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)浓度和洗焦废水对CO2分离效率的影响。结果表明:CO2的分离效率(分离因子)随进气压力的增大先增大后减小;随气液比的增加先减小后增大;达到水合物形成的平衡压力后,随TBAB浓度的增大而减小。较低浓度的洗焦废水由于可增加气体的溶解速率并减少水合物的诱导时间而增加水合物的形成速率。在2.1 MPa、气液比14.63、TBAB物质的量浓度为0.29%时,CO2分离效率最高,分离后气相CO2气体含量由17.85%下降到8.71%,目标气体H2、CO损失率约为5%,水合物相中CO2含量达81.63%。     

sCO2太阳能热发电流化床固体颗粒/sCO2换热器建模与仿真研究

为了研究不同运行工况条件下的换热特性,利用分段集总参数法搭建流化床固体颗粒/sCO₂换热器的仿真数学模型,并对换热系统在不同输入变量扰动下的动态特性及对关键参数的敏感性进行分析和研究。结果表明：换热系统输入侧入口温度的扰动对换热器输出温度的影响幅度较大,而输入侧质量流量的扰动对输出温度的影响较小;小管径和低管数有利于获得较高的sCO₂侧换热系数;同时,在符合最小流化条件下,小粒径和较低的流化气体速度有利于颗粒侧传热系数的提高。