新型涡流槽密封泄漏特性与动力特性研究

提出一种密封入口周向均匀设置有涡流槽的新型密封结构,建立了传统迷宫密封与新型涡流槽密封泄漏特性及动力特性求解模型,在实验验证数值计算方法准确性的基础上,通过比较分析了传统迷宫密封与新型涡流槽密封在不同进出口压比、预旋比工况下的泄漏特性与动力特性,研究了新型涡流槽结构对密封泄漏特性及动力特性的影响机理。研究结果表明：随着涡流槽数量的增加,涡流槽密封的泄漏量逐渐降低;在同一压比下,不同涡流槽数新型密封的泄漏量之间差值随着压比的增大而增大。当压比为6时,64涡流槽的新型密封较传统迷宫密封,泄漏量下降了3.37%;在高预旋比的工况下,不同涡流槽数量密封的切向气流力均与转子涡动方向相反,起到抑制转子涡动的作用,且随着涡流槽数量的增加,切向气流力也随着增大;随着转子涡动频率的增大,三种不同涡流槽数量密封的交叉刚度先减小到负值然后增大到正值。涡流槽密封的有效阻尼均高于传统迷宫密封,新型涡流槽密封可以提高转子系统的稳定性。     

船舱隔壁螺旋槽旋转密封装置密封性能优化

为研究螺旋槽旋转密封装置用于船舱隔壁密封的密封性能,同时获取螺旋槽结构的最优取值范围,对螺旋槽各参数对泄漏量影响规律进行理论分析;选取泄漏量的显著性影响因素,采用Box-Behnken优化方法设计密封装置泄漏量试验,得到多型样机泄漏量测试结果;建立泄漏量和各影响因素间的数学模型,获得不同影响因素对泄漏量的二阶交互作用响应面,分析不同影响因素间交互影响规律。结果表明：螺旋槽密封装置泄漏量随槽数、螺旋角和槽深比的增大均先增大后减小,随槽台比和槽坝比的增大则逐渐增大;建立的数学模型计算结果和试验数据相关性较强,表明该模型可用于准确预测船舱隔壁螺旋槽旋转密封装置泄漏量。     

新型组合槽端面干气密封特性研究

为了进一步提升干气密封端面流体膜动压效应,提出一种新型组合槽端面干气密封,该组合槽由两个相邻的螺旋槽周向部分重叠组合而成,包括一个长螺旋槽,一个短螺旋槽,两槽的槽深及径向长度不同。建立该组合槽与传统槽端面密封的数学模型,并运用有限差分法对其密封性能进行数值分析。结果表明:新型组合槽在端面间隙约小于1.5μm区域,流体膜开启力大于传统槽,且间隙越小,两者差值越大;泄漏量亦大于传统槽,但其值远小于泄漏量的设计值;在端面间隙约小于3.5μm区域,新型组合槽流体膜刚度显著大于传统槽,且间隙越小,两者差值越大。鉴于组合槽在泄漏量不超标的情况下,在间隙较小时端面流体膜具有更大的刚度、开启力及刚漏比,其综合性能显著优于传统槽型密封。     

阶梯收敛槽机械密封空化效应及密封性能优化分析

为解决波度端面机械密封精密加工困难的问题,基于收敛型槽具有较低的泄漏量和较高的流体静压效应的特点,提出一种由波度端面机械密封结构衍生变化的阶梯收敛槽机械密封结构,考虑空化作用,对不同结构参数及工况参数下机械密封密封性能进行CFD流体仿真分析。结果表明：工况参数及结构参数对液膜空化效应有显著的影响,其中随着膜厚、密封压力以及槽深的增加,液膜空化效应均减弱,随着转速的增大,液膜空化效应变强。以开漏比评价密封性能,结果表明,阶梯收敛槽机械密封在小膜厚、高转速、较低密封压力以及较小静环开槽深度下运行时可获得最优密封性能;但为保证密封端面液膜具有足够的承载力,开槽深度不宜过小。     

斜直线槽液膜润滑端面密封流体动压特性

为进一步探索斜直线槽液膜密封性能变化规律,基于质量守恒空化边界及定义液膜密度比,建立斜直线槽液膜密封流体动压润滑模型,采用有限差分法离散控制方程并求解,对比分析液膜空化理论值与实验值,验证计算准确性,研究操作工况、物性参数和膜厚槽深比对斜直线槽液膜密封流体动压特性影响。结果表明：相比较小倾斜角,较大倾斜角的斜线槽密封有效提升液膜承载能力、增大泄漏量并降低液膜空化率;不同倾斜角时,提高转速或增大压差,均可提升液膜承载能力、增大泄漏量,但两者反向影响液膜空化率;增大介质黏度或减小膜厚槽深比,虽均可提升承载能力、促生液膜空化并降低泄漏量,但其影响规律不尽相同。     

Theoretical Analyses and Design Guidelines of Oil-Film-Lubricated Mechanical Face Seals with Spiral Grooves

The oil-film-lubricated mechanical face seal is a kind of pure hydrodynamic lubricated noncontacting mechanical face seal with zero leakage. On the basis of systematic theoretical analyses, the design calculation formulas under zero-leakage condition for mechanical face seals with different spiral groove patterns, including double-row spiral grooves such as splay pattern and single-row spiral grooves, are derived. The effects of groove geometry including number of grooves, balance ratio, spring force, rotating speed, and differential pressure on the seal performance are discussed in detail. Finally, the design guidelines of this kind of seal with zero leakage and no wear are put forward. The seals designed according to the guidelines can withstand the pressure disturbance and speed change by means of a slight change of oil-film thickness. Seals developed according to the design guidelines have been tested on a test rig in detail and applied successfully in high-speed turbocompressors of the oil refinery and petrochemical industries.     

Dynamic coupling correlation of gas film in dry gas seal with spiral groove

In working state, the dynamic performance of dry gas seal, generated by the rotating end face with spiral grooves, is determined by the open force of gas film and leakage flow rate. Generally, the open force and the leakage flow rate can be obtained by finite element method, computational fluid dynamics method and experimental measurement method. However, it will take much time to carry out the above measurements and calculations. In this paper, the approximate model of parallel grooves based on the narrow groove theory is used to establish the dynamic equations of the gas film for the purpose of obtaining the dynamic parameters of gas film. The nonlinear differential equations of gas film model are solved by Runge-Kutta method and shooting method. The numerical values of the pressure profiles, leakage flux and opening force on the seal surface are integrated, and then compared to experimental data for the reliability of the numerical simulation. The results show that the numerical simulation curves are in good agreement with experimental values. Furthermore, the opening force and the leakage flux are proved to be strongly correlated with the operating parameters. Then, the function-coupling method is introduced to analyze the numerical results to obtain the correlation formulae of the opening force and leakage flux respectively with the operating parameters, i.e., the inlet pressure and the rotating speed. This study intends to provide an effective way to predict the aerodynamic performance for designing and optimizing the groove styles in dry gas seal rapidly and accurately.     

非全周开口滑阀压力分布测量研究

研制出阀套移动式液压阀压力分布及噪声测量试验装置,通过阀套的平移和转动依次测量一定阀口开度下节流槽及阀腔壁面的压力分布。阀套采用测压小孔大间距布置、液压力压紧、小间隙精密配合等保证可靠密封,由量块对阀心及阀套进行定位保证重复精度,同时结构上保证阀套的移动不影响阀内部流场。首次对节流槽中的压力分布进行了测量,并与流场仿真进行比较,两者吻合良好,分析了压力分布变化规律。装置的研制为揭示节流槽结构与噪声的关系提供了基础,对于建立具有节流槽的液压元件噪声评价准则具有重要的意义。     

Abrasive jet machining for the microprofile control patterning of herringbone grooves

Fluid bearings have features of high speed and high rotation accuracy, and therefore, they are used in spindle motors of hard disk drives, cooling fans of central processing units, and other devices. Further, these bearings have microherringbone grooves on the shaft or sleeve inner surface that help generate dynamic pressure in the lubricant fluid around the shaft. Although the depth of the groove is constant, dynamic pressure can be increased by decreasing the depth from both ends to the central corner of each groove on a micron scale. This study aims to verify the effect of sloped herringbone grooves using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis and to develop a new microfabrication method for manufacturing microsloped herringbone grooves on the shaft surface using abrasive jet machining. The generated dynamic pressure is analyzed using CFD; the results indicated that the sloped herringbone grooves result in an increase in the dynamic pressure at the groove tips and cause a decrease in the fluctuations in dynamic pressure in the circumferential direction.     

螺旋槽干气密封静止状态密封性能研究

螺旋槽干气密封因设备故障检修、停车等处于静止状态时,其密封性能相比旋转状态下具有明显的差异性和关联性。研究螺旋槽干气密封在静止时的密封性能。根据螺旋槽窄槽理论,得到螺旋槽干气密封静止时密封端面间气膜压力控制方程,并运用解析法求解,获得端面间气膜压力分布、开启力和泄漏率等密封性能参数。结果表明:随着边界压力或膜厚增大,静态泄漏率逐渐增大,当静态泄漏率达到JB/T11289-2012标准规定的最大静态泄漏率时,端面仍处于接触状态;静止状态下的开启力、槽根处的气膜压力和泄漏率随槽深的增加先增大,在槽深大于一定值后趋于稳定;密封端面间的开启力、泄漏率总体上随台槽宽比的增加而减小,但在台槽比为0~10范围内,开启力和泄漏率的变化不大。     

油槽设计对滑动轴承泄油量的影响

为了确保支撑部位润滑良好,往往需要在轴或轴承表面设计各种油槽,然而增加油槽会伴随着泄油量的增加,影响其他零部件的润滑。为探讨油槽结构对滑动轴承泄油量的影响,采用不同的油槽结构设计方案设计3种齿轮滑动轴承。将轴承的总泄油分为油槽泄油和间隙泄油两部分,分别采用CFD仿真计算油槽泄油量,采用一维仿真计算间隙泄油量。基于某款轻型柴油机润滑系统的仿真试验,验证了计算方法的有效性。结果表明：无油槽的滑动轴承总泄油量最少,仅增加轴向油槽,轴承的总泄油量略有增加,同时增加轴向和周向油槽,轴承的总泄油量显著增加。对于润滑油总流量较低的轻型发动机,应合理设计滑动轴承的油槽结构,避免因泄油过多导致的润滑油压力不足问题。     

Effect of Axially Grooved Oil Seals on the Leakage Flow and Stability of a Centrifugal Compressor

The results of an analytical investigation are given for the effect of axially grooved floating oil ring seals on the leakage flow and stability of a centrifugal gas compressor. The finite element method was used to solve the non-linear and coupled hydrodynamic and thermal equations for pressure and temperature distributions in the oil seal ring with and without the axial grooves. The peturbation technique was used to obtain the static and dynamic characteristics of the oil seal. The results for selected cases of axial grooving are presented in graphical form for operation at various eccentricities. The non-dimensional leakage flow results correlate well with previously published results calculated by narrow groove theory. The stability of a multi-stage gas compressor is evaluated for different configurations of the oil seal grooving geometry. The compressor rotor shaft finite element model includes a multi-level analysis for the oil seal rings that permits the evaluation of the floating seal influence on the total system stability. Results are given for both low and high-pressure sealing conditions, which simulate test stand and field operating conditions. The results show that the added grooves enhance the stable operation of the rotor system for low-pressure fixed seal conditions arid reduce the system stability at lower eccentricities for low-pressure floating seal conditions. In high pressure conditions the added grooves enhance the stability of the system for both fixed and floating seal conditions.     

Numerical Simulations of Groove Topography Effects on Film Thickness and Friction in EHL Regime

The effects of depth and top width of transverse rectangular grooves on film thickness and friction in elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) regime were investigated through numerical simulations. Results were obtained in the form of pressure profiles and Stribeck curves for central and minimum film thickness and for friction coefficient. The results indicate that grooves with narrow top widths reduce the minimum film thickness and that this reduction is greater for deeper grooves. Lubricant shearing inside these grooves was further identified as a dominant factor contributing to friction. Near the groove edges, however, no evidence of micro-EHL effect was observed. Based on the results, a groove volume parameter was proposed to characterise the groove lubrication efficiency. We found that the parameter was linearly related to the average central film thickness and by increasing the groove wavelength the film could be made thicker than that of a smooth contact.     

基于润滑机理的智能液压元件本体性能预测方法

以液压泵为例,以其最为薄弱的环节--滑靴副为研究对象,并以滑靴磨损作为性能退化原因,结合滑靴磨损数学描述方程、泄漏流量公式和柱塞腔压力瞬时变化模型,建立了滑靴磨损过程的油膜润滑特性方程组;揭示了液压泵性能失稳失效机理,计算了失稳和失效临界点;对液压泵性能退化状态进行区域划分,分析液压泵不同状态下滑靴磨损量与油膜润滑特性参数及性能退化参数的变化规律,建立了性能预测模型;通过仿真分析验证理论模型的正确性,通过液压泵性能测试试验验证预测模型的有效性和预测精度,结果表明,所构建的模型能够精确预测液压泵性能。     

新型螺旋槽干气密封流固耦合分析*

传统螺旋槽在背风口处有一处明显的低压区,影响螺旋槽的密封性能。为提高传统螺旋槽的密封性能,在传统螺旋槽的基础上提出一种新型螺旋槽结构。该槽型在传统螺旋槽的背风处一侧并列了一个槽根半径不同短槽,且两槽的槽深相等,形成一个槽根较长的新型螺旋槽结构。通过建立传统螺旋槽与新型螺旋槽的几何模型,利用ANSYS仿真软件对2种槽型进行数值模拟。结果表明,新型螺旋槽的开启力、泄漏量及刚度等干气密封性能均优于传统螺旋槽。对流固耦合下的密封环进行应力、变形分析,对比2种槽型密封环在相同操作参数下的流固耦合应力、变形等的差异。计算结果表明：随着转速与入口压力的增加,2种槽型的动、静环最大应力、变形量均呈现上升趋势,且动环的最大应力、变形量始终大于静环,新型螺旋槽的最大应力、变形量始终大于传统螺旋槽。     

Experimental and Numerical Assessment of an Advanced Labyrinth Seal

A previously validated finite difference computer model for seal leakage was used in developing an advanced seal with reduced leakage. A new design feature is an annular groove judiciously located in the stator housing. A detailed assessment of this preliminary groove configuration was conducted, both experimentally and computationally. It was found that the presence of the particular groove considered here contributes an approximately 20 percent decrease in leakage, while introducing no shaft speed effects. To enhance physical insight, detailed computed distributions of streamlines are included. Further, the interesting measured effect of the relative axial position of the rotor/stator sealing surfaces on leakage rate and stator wall axial pressure distribution is examined.     

斜盘泵滑靴副剧烈磨损过程的动态特性分析

斜盘泵在发生滑靴副磨损故障时表现出与正常状态下完全不同的动态特性。为深入分析滑靴磨损量对滑靴副动态特性的影响,在不考虑滑靴倾斜的条件下,建立了描述滑靴剧烈磨损的动力学模型。通过对滑靴磨损过程的发展机理分析,采用近似圆弧进行拟合的方法得到磨损量与磨损轮廓的数学描述方程;同时给出滑靴磨损状态的压力控制方程、膜厚方程、流量平衡方程和力平衡方程,由此建立滑靴在压油区的动力学模型。通过数值分析得出磨损量与滑靴副泄漏量、压力分布、滑靴承载力以及最小油膜厚度之间的变化规律。结果表明:滑靴泄漏量随滑靴磨损量的增加而变大,从而加快滑靴底面油膜压力沿滑靴径向的递减速度,进而降低滑靴的承载力,减小滑靴的最小油膜厚度,削弱滑靴副适应载荷变化的能力。     

节流槽型阀口噪声特性试验研究

运用压力分布测量、噪声测试、流场仿真及理论分析对典型节流槽的噪声特性进行了研究。压力分布测量结果与流场仿真吻合良好,在大量试验的基础上揭示了节流槽的噪声特性规律。研究发现节流槽型阀口噪声与流场压力分布特征密切关联,噪声主要取决于节流槽形状、流动方向及背压大小,渐扩形节流槽容易出现啸叫,而具有等截面流道的节流槽噪声较低。此项研究对于具有节流槽液压元件的噪声控制具有重要的理论价值和工程实用价值。     

SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENT OF BUBBLY FLOW INSIDE THROTTLING GROOVE

The relationship between pressure distribution and cavitation (noise) inside throttling groove is investigated by numerical simulation and experimental method. A valve pocket with several transducers is performed to detect the pressure distributions inside the valve chamber, and the results fit quite well with the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) analysis. High-speed imaging techniques are employed to investigate the cavitation mechanisms, in particular bubble inception and cluster formation near the throttling groove. A spectrum analyzer is used to measure the sound pressure level of noise generated by the bubble flow. It is found that the pressure distributions inside the groove are sensitive to the valve port configuration and back pressure. The pressure distribution determines the bubble size and number passing through the valve grooves and the sound pressure level of noise induced by collapsing bubbles. The inlet pressure mainly affects the saturation degree of bubbly flow inside the groove and the intensity of sound pressure level accordingly.     

螺旋槽-波锥坝组合型非接触式机械密封性能分析

针对液体润滑非接触式机械密封在低黏环境下承载性能不足的问题,提出一种新型螺旋槽-波锥坝动静压组合型机械密封结构,采用MATLAB软件利用有限差分法求解考虑质量守恒空化边界的雷诺方程,并将组合槽与螺旋槽、波锥坝的密封性能进行比较,进一步分析不同结构参数与工况参数对组合槽性能参数的影响规律。结果表明:新槽型波数与螺旋槽数重合时组合密封在径向出现2个压力峰值,相较于单一槽型结构拥有更好的承载能力与较小的摩擦扭矩;液膜力与泄漏量随波锥比或径向宽度比的增加而增大,外径压力和转速越大,组合槽的承载性能提升越显著,但外径压力的升高会造成较大的径向泄漏。组合槽结合了波锥槽的静压承载与螺旋槽的动压承载综合优势,将有效提升液体润滑非接触式机械密封在低黏环境下的润滑性能。