Prediction of Roller Skewing in Tapered Roller Bearings

The paper proposes a comprehensive model to predict the skew movement of a roller in tapered roller bearings. Numerical solutions are given on a LM48548/LM48510 bearing. The effect of the shaft speed, ring misalignment, and lubricant temperature on the roller skew angle is presented and compared to the experimental data available in the literature. The results indicate that the skew angle depends first on the misalignment angle between the cup and the cone. The roller skew is also greatly influenced by the traction at the roller-flange contact, the skew angle increasing with the traction at this contact, and by the geometry of the roller end.     

高速滚子轴承的拟动态分析计算

本文建立了高速滚子轴承的拟动态分析计算模型和方法，研究了浪子凸度、滚子倾斜及滚子歪斜等因素对高速滚子轴承工作性能的影响。采用分片计算法确定滚子上载荷分布规律，用数值稳定性好的ＢＦＧＳ变尺度法求解非线性方程组。通过对某航空发动机转子的圆柱滚子轴承进行分析计算，证实了本文方法的实用性。     

A Noise Analysis of Cylindrical Roller Bearings Operating Under Zero External Load

The purpose of this article is to numerically investigate one source of acoustic noise in roller bearings, that which results from the motion of the rollers in the bearing under zero external load. For the sake of simplification, it was assumed that the cylindrical roller bearings are infinitely long. Furthermore, the effects of the following on the noise of the bearing were also examined: the radial clearance of the bearing, the viscosity of the lubricant, and the number of rollers. The results of the study show that the fundamental frequency of the noise components of the cylindrical roller bearing corresponds to the multiplication of the number of rollers and the whirling frequency of the roller center. The acoustical frequency spectra of the cylindrical roller bearing are pure tone spectra, containing the fundamental frequency of the roller bearing and its superharmonics. The factors that decrease the sound pressure level of a cylindrical roller bearing include low lubricant viscosity, high radial clearance, and a reduced number of rollers. The results and discussions of the present article could aid in the design of low-noise cylindrical roller bearings.     

A Fatigue Life Comparison of Two-Row Tapered Roller Bearings and Spherical Roller Bearings

Tests were run to compare the fatigue life of two-row tapered roller bearings to that of spherical roller bearings. Both bearing types had an outer diameter of 110 mm with the spherical roller bearing having a 22 percent larger dynamic radial load rating than the tapered roller bearings. All tests were run at 165 percent of the respective two-row dynamic radial load ratings. The results show that both the indirect mounting (double cup or outer ring) and the direct mounting (double cone or inner ring) tapered roller bearings gave significantly better fatigue lives than the spherical roller bearings. These results appear to contradict the present ISO 281 standard which assigns a 1.15 b_m rating factor to spherical roller bearings compared to a b_m rating factor of 1.10 for that of tapered roller bearings.     

On the measurement of skew of tapered roller bearings

The rolling elements in roller bearings can skew as they orient themselves to achieve dynamic equilibrium. In this process traction forces develop and the roller load can change, thus affecting bearing performance. This paper addresses the measurement of roller skew in a tapered roller bearing. The measurement involves the use of two contact potential difference probes. It is shown that roller skew increases with load initially and then levels off to a constant. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

滚子修形对轴承性能影响的研究

为了提高滚子轴承的工作寿命和承载能力，普遍采用滚子修形。本文研究了直线滚子、全凸滚子、凸弧－直线滚子和对数滚子的母线方程及修形参数，在相同的工况条件下，分析计算了这四种滚子的接触应力沿接触线的变化情况，得出了对数滚子具有最佳受载状态的结论。并以提高轴承工作寿命为目标，建立了确定最佳修形量的数学模型，分析了修形量对轴承受载特性的影响，得出了滚子合理修形可以显著改善高速滚子轴承受载状态的结论     

A study on the sound of roller bearings operating under radial load

The purpose of the paper is to numerically investigate the sound characteristics of roller bearings operating under radial load. For the sake of simplifying the analysis, it was assumed that the roller bearings are infinitely long, a noise source due to pressure fluctuation of oil film is taken as a line noise source, and acoustic energy losses in the bearing are neglected. To obtain sound characteristics of the bearing, the rolling contact load and the sound pressure level distributions were calculated for various operating conditions, and the results were compared with each other. How much the bearing noise can be affected by the design parameters, such as radial clearance of the bearing, viscosity of lubricant, and the number of rollers was also investigated. The results and discussions of the present paper could aid in the design of low-noise roller bearings and to solve the noise problems related to such bearings.     

矿用牙轮钻头的径向游隙对轴承寿命的影响

建立了适合于牙轮钻头轴承寿命计算的数学模型 ,从理论上阐述了非标准轴承设计径向游隙控制对轴承寿命影响的重要性 ,轴承的径向游隙越大 ,寿命越短。钻头设计要优化轴承结构参数和径向游隙 ,以提高国产牙轮钻头的寿命     

滚动轴承CAD系统的开发与研究

介绍滚动轴承CAD系统的研究发展历程 ,指出当前进行滚动轴承微机CAD系统的研制开发时应采用ObjectARX参数化绘图技术 ,利用ActiveXAutomation技术调用AutoCAD2 0 0 2 ,以VB6 0或VC6 0语言编制程序进行滚动轴承的计算、滚动轴承的数据库管理、滚动轴承的三维工程图和二维工程图的绘制。实现真正意义上智能化的滚动轴承CAD系统     

大型天文望远镜高精度摩擦传动的研究

提出了一种大型天文望远镜高精度摩擦传动的光学检测机构,用来检测主、从动轮旋转轴线的扭转角.并设计了相应的调整机构.利用这套机构使得主、从动轮的扭转夹角控制在30″以内.实验结果表明,在运行过程中没有出现抖动现象.传动系统长时间平稳运行的低速可达0.2″/s,运动位置精度RMS值为0.01″左右.30min内低速可达0.05″/s,位置精度RMS值为0.009″左右.正弦运动幅值30′,最大速度36″/s,最大加速度为0.18″/s2.这些指标满足了LAM OST天文望远镜的技术要求.克服了由于安装等原因导致旋转轴线之间存在扭转角,进而使得天文望远镜所跟踪的目标在视场中出现抖动,甚至严重会漂移出视场的局限,实现了外圆摩擦传动主、从动轮旋转轴线在空间平行的理想位置.     

弧面分度凸轮压力角计算及滚子运动分析

应用空间啮合原理和旋转变换矩阵法,给出了圆柱滚子从动件弧面分度凸轮机构压力角的两种近似计算公式和压力角精确计算公式,分析了该机构压力角在一个分度期内的变化情况和压力角随接触线啮合深度的变化情况,以满足工程实际计算中根据不同需要选用适当的压力角计算公式。滚子从动件与凸轮之间的相对运动是影响滚子与凸轮之间磨损的重要因素,为了便于对滚子和凸轮之间的运动情况进行分析,推导出了滚子自转角速度公式和在考虑滚子自转时滚子和凸轮啮合处各点的相对速度公式。     

A fault diagnosis approach for roller bearing based on VPMCD under variable speed condition

Essentially the fault diagnosis of roller bearing is a process of pattern recognition. However, existing pattern recognition method failed to capitalize on the nature of multivariate associations between the extracted fault features. Targeting such limitation, a new pattern recognition method – variable predictive model based class discriminate (VPMCD) is introduced into roller bearing fault identification. The VPMCD consider that all or part of the feature values will exhibit interactions in nature and these associations will have different performances between different classes, which is always true in practice when faults occur in roller bearings. Target to the characteristics of non-stationary and amplitude-modulated and frequency-modulated (AM–FM) of vibration signal picked up under variable speed condition, a fault diagnosis method based upon the VPMCD, order tracking technique and local mean decomposition (LMD) is put forward and applied to the roller bearing fault identification. Firstly, LMD and order tracking analysis method are combined to extract the fault features of roller bearing vibration signals under variable speed condition; Secondly, the feature values are regard as the input of VPMCD classifier; finally, the working condition and fault patterns of the roller bearings are identified automatically by the output of VPMCD classifier. The analysis results from experimental signals with normal and defective roller bearings indicate that the proposed fault diagnosis approach can distinguish the roller bearing status-with or without fault and fault patterns under variable speed condition accurately and effectively.     

Effect of Roller Geometry on Roller Bearing Load–Life Relation

Cylindrical roller bearings typically employ roller profile modification to equalize the load distribution, minimize the stress concentration at roller ends, and allow for a small amount of misalignment. The 1947 Lundberg-Palmgren analysis reported an inverse fourth-power relation between load and life for roller bearings with line contact. In 1952, Lundberg and Palmgren changed their load–life exponent to 10/3 for roller bearings, assuming mixed line and point contacts. The effect of the roller–crown profile was reanalyzed in this article to determine the actual load–life relation for modified roller profiles. For uncrowned rollers (line contact), the load–life exponent is p = 4, in agreement with the 1947 Lundberg-Palmgren value, but crowning reduces the value of the exponent, p. The lives of modern roller bearings made from vacuum-processed steels significantly exceed those predicted by the Lundberg-Palmgren theory. The Zaretsky rolling-element bearing life model of 1996 produces a load–life exponent of p = 5 for flat rollers, which is more consistent with test data. For the Zaretsky model with fully crowned rollers, p = 4.3. For an aerospace profile and chamfered rollers, p = 4.6. Using the 1952 Lundberg-Palmgren value p = 10/3, the value incorporated in ANSI/ABMA and ISO bearing standards, can create significant life calculation errors for roller bearings.     

Effect of lubricant viscosity grade on mechanical vibration of roller bearings

This work aims to characterize vibration behavior of roller bearings as a function of lubricant viscosity. Experimental tests were performed in NU205 roller bearings, lubricated with mineral oil of three different viscosity grades (ISO 10, 32 and 68). The mechanical vibration was determined through the processing and analysis of bearing radial vibration data, obtained from each of the lubrication conditions, during 2 h of test run for temperature stabilization and under several bearing shaft speeds. The applied radial load was 10% of the bearing nominal load. Through root mean square (RMS) analysis of the vibration signals, it was possible to identify specific frequency bands modulated by the change in lubricant viscosity, which was related to change in oil film thickness.     

Diagnosis of roller bearing defects using neural networks

A new approach for the diagnosis of bearing defects has been utilised. Artificial neural networks (ANN) were employed for the diagnosis of various kinds of bearing defects. The features selected for this purpose were: the average of the top five values of amplitude in the high-frequency region (5 kHz-22 kHz), the peak value of the amplitude in the high-frequency region, the average of the top five values in the prime spike region (340 Hz-3262 Hz), the autocorrelation function in the prime spike region, the autocorrelation function in the high-frequency region, and the cepstrum function in the high-frequency region.Data were collected using a data acquisition system. The data collected for the five different defective roller bearings as well as for a normal bearing were used to train neural networks. The trained neural networks were used for the diagnosis of roller bearings. Various neural network sizes were used. It was found that neural networks were able to distinguish a normal bearing from defective bearings with 100% reliability. Furthermore, roller bearings can be classified into six different states with a success rate of up to 94%.     

内外围相对倾斜对圆柱滚子轴承承载能力的影响分析

研究了由于转子弯曲引起的圆柱滚子轴承内外圈相对倾斜，以及轴承游隙与滚子修缘圆弧半径对轴承载荷分布的影响，并进行了数值计算和结果分析，提出了解决因轴承内外圈相对倾斜对轴承承载能力的影响问题的有效途径。     

圆锥滚子端面侧摆智能检测系统

圆锥滚子基准端面摆动SDW(端面侧摆)是圆锥滚子轴承的一项重要质量指标.介绍的圆锥滚子端面侧摆智能检测系统,符合圆锥滚子轴承检测规程要求,可以实现圆锥滚子端面侧摆自动检测和自动分拣.依据多传感器数据融合原理的多周期检测数据融合处理方法,对滤除采样中的干扰信号、提高端面侧摆检测的准确性均十分有效.该系统已经过实际应用验证并获得国家专利.     

滚动轴承动态接触特性数值模拟中若干问题

滚动轴承运转过程中的动态接触特性与轴承使用寿命密切相关,目前主要是利用各种数值模拟技术开展轴承动态接触行为研究。通过在ANSYS/LS-DYNA研究平台上开展不同模型设计参数下滚动轴承动态接触特性的数值模拟研究,考察材料模型的设计、边界约束模式的选择和单元大小的定义等因素对数值模拟结果的影响情况。研究结果表明,由刚性体内外圈模型计算得到的滚子组最大应力仿真结果明显大于由弹性体内外圈模型得到的结果,且载荷方向上轴心位移变化起伏较大;采用外圈转动、内圈固定的边界约束模式时,轴承各组件上的最大动态接触应力值以及轴心在载荷方向的位移均高于采用内圈转动、外圈固定约束模式时的求解结果;单元大小也明显影响最终的动态模拟结果,较小单元尺寸下得到的应力结果明显大于较大单元尺寸下的模拟结果。研究结论可以为轴承动态接触特性数值模拟过程中模型构建方案的合理确定提供参考。     

表面粗糙度对高速滚子轴承保持架运动性能的影响

在高速和轻载工况条件下，打滑擦伤往往成为圆柱滚子轴承的主要失效形式，而表面粗糙度对轴承打滑损伤有很大的影响。本文采用部分弹性流体动力润滑理论，分析了在表面粗糙度影响下，轴承润滑膜厚比以及轴承表面加工纹理与轴承保持架滑差率的关系，从而揭示表面粗糙度效应对高速滚子轴承运动性能的影响     

Relating contact conditions to abrasive wear

Damage caused by particles within rolling/sliding contacts can severely reduce the operational life of machinery such as roller bearings, gears and pumps.Abrasive wear of spherical roller thrust bearings has been studied using a stylus apparatus and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both a standard bearing and a bearing with rollers coated with metal mixed amorphous carbon (Me-C:H) were studied. The SEM measurements were performed systematically across the contact surfaces so that surfaces with gradually different contact situations could be examined. These measurements were compared to the measured wear depth of the components of the roller bearing. Also, the calculated contact conditions in terms of creep, contact size and surface separation have been related to the observed wear pattern at various locations.To attempt to understand the wear behaviour of the bearing with coated rollers, the coating as well as the material content of the surfaces were examined using both SEM and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). This revealed that the coating did not flake off but rather was scratched off.It is possible to link the abrasive wear behaviour to the contact conditions. It is crucial to understand this relationship when building a simulation model of abrasive wear.