Sliding Wear of the Hybrid Kevlar/PTFE Fabric Reinforced Phenolic Composite Filled with Nano-titania

The Kevlar/polytetrafluroethylene(Kevlar/PTFE) fabric composite can be used as a self-lubricating liner of the self-lubricating bearing.Many types of nano-particles can improve the tribological performance of the polymer-based composite.Unfortunately,up to now,published work on the effect of nano-particles on the tribological performance of the fabric composite which can be used as a self-lubricating liner is quite scarce.Therefore,for the purpose of exploring a way to significantly improve the tribological performance of the fabric composite,the tribological performance of the Kevlar/PTFE fabric composite filled with nano-titania is evaluated by using the block-on-ring wear tester.The scanning electron microscopy is utilized to observe the morphologies of worn surfaces of the fabric composites and the counterparts.The tensile properties of the composites are evaluated on the universal material testing machine.The test results show that the addition of nano-titania at a proper mass fraction of the matrix resin improves the wear resistance and the tensile strength,decreases the friction coefficient,and makes the wear volume of the composite reach a relative steady state more quickly;plastic deformation and microcutting are important for the wear of the fabric composite;a lubricating layer is formed on the worn surface of the composite during sliding,and the lubricating layer is critical for the tribological performance of the composite;the formation and properties of the lubricating layer are influenced by the nano-titania particles.The proposed study on the effect of nano-titania on the tribological performance of the Kevlar/PTFE fabric composite,especially on the evolution of the worn surface of the composite,provides the basis for further understanding of the influence mechanism of the nano-particles on the tribological performance of the composite and explores a method of improving the tribological performance of the composite.     

Tribological Behaviors of Hybrid PTFE/Nomex Fabric/Phenolic Composite under Dry and Water-Bathed Sliding Conditions

The tribological behaviors of hybrid polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/Nomex fabric/phenolic composite under dry sliding condition and water-bathed sliding conditions were investigated using a pin-on-disk type tribometer. The results showed that this hybrid fabric reinforced composite exhibited a higher wear rate and a lower friction coefficient under water-bathed sliding conditions compared to that measured under dry sliding condition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that under water-bathed sliding conditions the transfer films formed on the counterpart pins surface were of high roughness and less PTFE transferred onto the pin surface, compared to that under dry sliding condition. Moreover, the hybrid fabric composite displayed varied tribological behaviors when distilled water-bathed sliding condition and seawater-bathed sliding condition were applied separately.     

Effect of plasma treatment of Kevlar fabric on the tribological behavior of Kevlar fabric/phenolic composites

Pure and plasma-treated Kevlar fabrics were used to prepare Kevlar fabric/phenolic composites by consecutive dipping of the fabric in phenolic adhesive resin. The friction and wear performance of the resulting composites has been evaluated in a pin-on-disk wear tester at various dry-sliding conditions. The surface changes occurring on Kevlar fibers treated with air-plasma were analyzed by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Moreover, the impact of air-plasma treatment time and power on the friction and wear behavior of Kevlar fabric/phenolic composites composed of the air-plasma-treated Kevlar fabrics was systematically studied. It was found that plasma treatment can significantly improve the tribological performance of the prepared Kevlar fabric/phenolic composites; the best performance was after a plasma treatment at 50 W for 15 min. The plasma treatment generates oxygenic and nitrogenous groups on the surface of the fabric, coupled with an increase of the surface roughness, strengthening the bond between the Kevlar fabric and phenolic adhesive resin and hence improving the tribological properties of the Kevlar fabric/phenolic composites.     

Friction and Wear of Hybrid PTFE/Kevlar Fabric Composite Filled with ZnO Nanoparticles Sliding against Steel,Copper, and Aluminum

ZnO nanoparticles were incorporated into phenolic resin and the effect of the ZnO content on tribological properties of hybrid polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/Kevlar fabric/phenolic composite was investigated. Fabric composite filled with 5 wt.% ZnO nanoparticles sliding against steel, copper, or aluminum was investigated in detail. Friction and wear tests showed that fabric composite/steel exhibited lower friction coefficient and wear rate with varied loads and speeds. It is believed that the coherent transfer film and tribochemical reactions involved in fabric composite/steel contributed to the reduced friction coefficient and wear rate of the fabric composite.     

Effect of Particle Size on the Wear Resistance of Alumina-Filled PTFE Micro- and Nanocomposites

It was long supposed that the ability of hard particle fillers to reduce the wear rate of unfilled PTFE (typically ～ 10^{? 3} mm ³ /Nm) by an order of magnitude or more was limited to fillers of microscale or greater, as nano-fillers would likely be encapsulated within the large microscale PTFE wear debris rather than disrupting the wear mechanism. Recent studies have demonstrated that nano-fillers can be more effective than microscale fillers in reducing wear rate while maintaining a low coefficient of friction. This study attempts to further elucidate the mechanisms leading to improved wear resistance via a thorough study of the effects of particle size. When filled to a 5% mass fraction, 40- and 80-nm alumina particles reduced the PTFE wear rate to a ～ 10^?7 mm ³ /Nm level, two orders of magnitude better than the ～ 10^?5 mm ³ /Nm level with alumina micro-fillers at sizes ranging from 0.5 to 20 μm. Composites with alumina filler in the form of nanoparticles were less abrasive to the mating steel (stainless 304) countersurfaces than those with microparticles, despite the filler being of the same material. In PTFE containing a mixture of both nano- and micro-fillers, the higher wear rate microcomposite behavior predominated, likely the result of the continued presence of micro-fillers and their abrasion of the countersurface as well as any overlying beneficial transfer films. Despite demonstrating such a large effect on the wear rate, the variation of alumina filler size did not demonstrate any significant effect on the friction coefficient, with values for all composites tested additionally falling near the μ = 0.18 measured for unfilled PTFE at this study's 0.01 m/s sliding speed.     

聚四氟乙烯及其石墨和MoS2填充复合材料的摩擦学性能研究

利用往复式摩擦磨损实验机,对聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)及石墨和MoS2填充的PTFE复合材料的摩擦磨损性能进行了实验,考察了载荷、速度以及对摩时间的影响,并利用光学显微镜对PTFE复合材料的摩擦磨损表面进行了观察。结果表明,填加了石墨和MoS2的PTFE,由于石墨和MoS2一方面起到了润滑作用,另一方面阻止了PTFE带状大面积破坏,因而使得PTFE的摩擦因数降低,耐磨性提高。加入石墨和MoS2后PTFE的磨损机制由以犁沟效应和粘着磨损为主变为以磨粒磨损为主。     

纳米金属粉填充Ekonol/PTFE复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

评价了分别用不同体积含量的纳米镍粉和纳米铜粉填充聚苯酯/聚四氟乙烯(Ekonol/PTFE)复合材料体系的力学性能,利用M-200型磨损试验机研究了纳米Ni、纳米Cu含量对Ekonol/PTFE复合材料摩擦学性能的影响,借助扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析手段考察试样磨损表面和磨屑,并探讨其摩擦磨损机制。结果表明,纳米Ni能在一定范围内增加Ekonol/PTFE复合材料的冲击强度;纳米金属粉填入量较小时均能增加复合材料的洛氏硬度。纳米Ni与纳米Cu均能增加Ekonol/PTFE复合材料的摩擦因数并降低磨损率。其原因在于纳米金属粉在复合材料摩擦表面富集,通过金属分子间的吸引作用,增大复合材料的摩擦因数。     

SiO2填充聚四氟乙烯复合材料的摩擦学行为研究

用机械共混和冷压成型、热烧结的方法制备了琐体积含量不同粒径的SiO2填充PTFE样品，用M-2000摩擦磨损试验机评价了不同样品在干摩擦下的摩擦学性能；用X射线能量损失谱（EDS）观察分析了摩前后Si元素在样品表面的分布情况，结果表明：在本实验所采用的实验条件下，SiO2/PTFE复合材料的摩擦系数随SiO2体积含量的增加而增大，抗磨损能力则有一个最佳含量；填料粒径不同其体积填充分数对复合材料摩擦磨损性能的作用规律不同，在相同的体积分数下，粗SiO2填充PTFE的摩擦系数小于细SiO2填充PTFE的摩擦系数，且其随SiO2填充分数增加而增大的趋势远小于细SiO2填充PTFE；其具有最好抗磨能力的最佳体积填充含量也大于细SiO2的体积填充含量，SiO2这种填充作用规律可由其在PTFE基体中的形态结构特征来解释。     

润滑油添加剂对聚合物及其复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

利用MHK-500型环-块磨损试验机研究了二烷基二硫代磷酸锌(ZDDP)对几种聚合物及其复合材料-金属摩擦副油润滑摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,液体石蜡中的ZDDP对尼龙66(PA66)及聚酰亚胺(PI)-GCr15轴承钢摩擦副的摩擦系数影响不大,但却使聚四氟乙烯(PTEE)及其复合材料-GCr15轴承钢摩擦副的摩擦系数略有降低。PTEE及其复合材料-GCr15轴承钢摩擦副表面的ZDDP吸附膜具有一定的抗磨作用,它大幅度降低了Pb、PbO及MoS     

Effect of Activated Carbon and Various Other Nanoparticle Fillers on PTFE Wear

It has long been known that a breadth of materials in microscale filler form reduce wear of polytetrafluoroethylene nominally by a couple orders of magnitude through prevention of large plate-like debris delamination. Though hypothesized that this wear reduction mechanism should halt as particle size is reduced to the nanoscale, alumina fillers not only maintained their wear reducing capability at the microscale but improved when employed as nanoparticles. In a survey of other nanofiller materials it is found that improved performance at the nanoscale is special not only to this alumina but also to its alpha phase, as most other materials and phases of alumina at best maintained microcomposite levels of wear resistance, more often losing some and in several cases fully returning to prohibitively high wear rates of unfilled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). However, activated carbon emerged as exceptional, providing levels of wear resistance as a nanofiller well beyond that of typical microcomposites and even alpha-alumina itself. Against polished steel countersurfaces this activated carbon nanofiller began showing sizeable reductions in PTFE wear at contents as low as 0.18%, attaining with 0.8% content reduced wear rates ～3 * 10^?7 mm³/Nm comparable to alpha-alumina nanofiller, further decreasing with increased content to ～10^?8 mm³/Nm levels at 20% filling. It is believed that exceptional filler materials such as alpha-alumina and activated carbon possess an additional wear reduction mechanism complementing that operating at the microscale, one involving their specific surface chemistry that triggers fibrillation deformation processes in neighboring PTFE and becomes increasingly active at reduced filler particle size where surface area and affected interfacial polymer are augmented.     

聚苯酯填充聚四氟乙烯复合材料摩擦学行为研究

采用聚苯酯（Ekonol）、Ekonol／PAB纤维增强聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）制备利用转移膜润滑的摩擦副材料，并研究了两组材料在于摩擦条件下与9Cr18轴承钢对摩时的摩擦学性能；运用扫描电镜分析了两组材料磨损表面形貌和磨损机理。结果表明：随着Ekonol含量的增大，Ekonol填充PTFE复合材料的摩擦因数逐渐增大，当Ekonol质量分数超过25％时摩擦因数略有下降，磨损方式由以犁削磨损为主转变为以疲劳磨损为主；而Ekonol／PAB纤维填充门FE复合材料的摩擦因数，随Ekonol含量的增大而增大，磨损方式由以粘着磨损为主转变为以疲劳磨损为主。Ekonol／PAB纤维填充PTFE复合材料的摩擦学性能优于Ekonol填充PTFE复合材料。     

Friction and wear behavior of hybrid glass/PTFE fabric composite reinforced with surface modified nanometer ZnO

Nano-ZnO was successfully grafted with 2,4-toluenediisocyanate (TDI) and β-aminoethyltrimethoxylsilane (OB551) to avoid the agglomeration of nano-ZnO in composite. The hybrid glass/PTFE fabric composites reinforced with the untreated, OB551 and TDI modified nano-ZnO, respectively, were prepared by dip-coating of the hybrid fabric in a phenolic adhesive resin containing the nanoparticles to be incorporated and the successive curing. The friction and wear behaviors of various nano-ZnO reinforced hybrid glass/PTFE fabric composites sliding against AISI-1045 steel in a pin-on-disk configuration were evaluated on a Xuanwu-III high-temperature friction and wear tester, with the unfilled one as a reference. The morphologies of the worn surfaces of the composites and of the counterpart pins were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. In addition, FTIR spectrum was taken to characterize the untreated and treated nano-ZnO. It is found that the untreated and treated nano-ZnO reinforced hybrid glass/PTFE fabric composites exhibit improved wear resistance and friction-reduction in comparison with the unfilled one. The TDI modified nano-ZnO reinforced composite can obtain the best friction and wear performance under different applied load; followed by the OB551 modified nano-ZnO reinforced one. Sliding conditions, such as environmental temperature and lubricating condition, significantly affect the tribo-performances of the unfilled and filled hybrid glass/PTFE fabric composites.     

Influence of weave structures on the tribological properties of hybrid Kevlar/PTFE fabric composites

The existing research of the woven fabric self-lubricating liner mainly focus on the tribological performance improvements and the service life raised by changing different fiber type combinations, adding additive modification, and performing fiber surface modification. As fabric composites, the weave structures play an important role in the mechanical and tribological performances of the liners. However, hardly any literature is available on the friction and wear behavior of such composites with different weave structures. In this paper, three weave structures (plain, twill 1/3 and satin 8/5) of hybrid Kevlar/PTFE fabric composites are selected and pin-on-flat linear reciprocating wear studies are done on a CETR tester under different pressures and different frequencies. The relationship between the tensile strength and the wear performance are studied. The morphologies of the worn surfaces under the typical test conditions are analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analysis results show that at 10 MPa, satin 8/5 performs the best in friction-reduction and antiwear performance, and plain is the worst. At 30 MPa, however, the antiwear performance is reversed and satin 8/5 does not even complete the 2 h wear test at 16 Hz. There is no clear evidence proving that the tensile strength has an influence on the wear performance. So the different tribological performance of the three weave structures of fabric composites may be attributed to the different PTFE proportions in the fabric surface and the different wear mechanisms. The fabric composites are divided into three regions: the lubrication region, the reinforced region and the bonding region. The major mechanisms are fatigue wear and the shear effects of the friction force in the lubrication region. In the reinforced region fiber-matrix de-bonding and fiber breakage are involved. The proposed research proposes a regional wear model and further indicates the wear process and the wear mechanism of fabric composites.     

短玻纤填充PTFE复合材料磨损性能研究

用机械共混、冷压成型和烧结的方法制备了不同质量分数(10％～40％)的短玻纤填充PTFE复合材料样品。用MM-200型磨损试验机评价了不同样品在于摩擦定载荷条件下的磨损性能；用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对试样的磨损表面进行了观察分析。结果表明：在所采用的实验条件下，随短玻纤含量的增加，抗磨损性能先增大后减小，在含量为30％取得最佳抗磨损性能。     

PTFE与纳米高岭土填充PPS复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

通过模压的方法制备了聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)和纳米高岭土填充的聚苯硫醚(PPS)复合材料。摩擦磨损实验在往复式滑动摩擦试验机上完成进行,对摩面为硬度值HRC 38、表面粗糙度Ra0.8μm的45#钢。用扫描电镜观察了试样磨损表面形貌。实验结果表明:填料的加入降低了PPS的摩擦因数和磨损率,且PTFE和纳米高岭土共同填充的PPS复合材料比单一PTFE填充的PPS复合材料具有更好的摩擦磨损性能;其中试样PPS 15%PTFE 15%(质量分数)纳米高岭土具有最低的稳定摩擦因数0.20~0.23和最小的磨损率1.9×10-6mm3/(N.m)。PTFE和纳米高岭土的加入使PPS的主要磨损方式由粘着磨损转变为磨粒磨损。     

聚合物填充聚四氟乙烯复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

采用机械共混-冷压成型-烧结的工艺制备了PEEK、PPS填充PTFE基粘弹．摩擦型阻尼材料,用环-块式磨损试验机研究了在干摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能;用扫描电子显微镜观察磨损表面形貌和内部组织结构。结果表明：混合填充PEEK和PPS时,2种填充物的比例对材料的摩擦因数影响不大,当二者含量相近时,摩擦因数最大;填充物对磨损性能的影响与对摩擦因数的相同;随着PEEK含量的增加和PPS含量的减少,材料的磨损方式由疲劳剥落磨损为主转变为犁削、粘着磨损;PTFE含量的增加,使得复合材料的摩擦因数减小,而磨损有所增大。综合考虑认为,PTFE与适当比例的PEEK／PPS混合填充,具有合适的摩擦因数和较好的耐磨性,能够满足特殊工况下阻尼材料的需要。     

MoS2、CdO及聚全氟乙丙烯填充改性聚四氟乙烯复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

用机械共混、冷压成型自由烧结的方法制备了MoS2、CdO和聚全氟乙丙烯填充聚四氟乙烯复合材料;用MM-2000型摩擦磨损试验机测试了在干摩擦条件下该复合材料的摩擦磨损性能;用扫描电镜(SEM)对磨损试样的表面形貌进行观察和分析.结果表明:未添加聚全氟乙丙烯的复合材料其摩擦磨损性能比添加的好;当CdO的体积分数为22.5%,MoS2的体积分数为7.5%时,复合材料的摩擦因数最小,抗磨性强,复合材料的摩擦磨损性能最佳.     

纳米粒子及PTFE填充PEEK复合材料摩擦特性的载荷和时间依赖性

以热压成型法制备了纳米Al2O3和纳米TiO2分别与聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)填充PEEK复合材料,利用自制销-盘摩擦磨损试验机研究了干摩擦条件下复合材料的摩擦行为。结果表明：复合材料的摩擦因数依赖于材料中纳米粒子的种类和含量,并对载荷有明显的依赖性;当纳米Al2O3的质量分数为5％～7％时,PEEK复合材料的摩擦因数和比磨损率最低;随着外加载荷的变化,摩擦因数呈现一定的变化规律。     

石英粉填充聚四氟乙烯复合材料的蠕变性能

以石英粉为填料,通过机械混合和冷压烧结的方法制备石英粉填充改性聚四氟乙烯复合材料,研究复合材料的硬度、抗拉强度、压缩与回复性能和长期压缩蠕变性能.借助SEM探讨拉伸断面的微观结构.结果表明:加入适量的石英粉可以提高复合材料的硬度、抗蠕变性能,改进PTFE压缩与回复性能;但由于存在相界面缺陷,复合材料的抗拉强度降低.当粉石英质量分数在20%-30%之间时,其综合性能能够满足密封材料的要求.     

Tribological Behavior of Particles and Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Nanocomposites

This article discusses the mechanical performance of alumina nanoparticles and randomly distributed short glass/carbon fiber-reinforced hybrid composites through microhardness and wear test. The open mold casting method was adapted to prepare the test coupons. The wear and friction behavior of composites sliding against hardened ground EN 32 steel in a pin-on-disc configuration is evaluated on a wear and friction tester. The microhardness properties of the neat epoxy, alumina nanoparticles, and alumina nanoparticle–embedded glass/carbon fiber–reinforced hybrid composites were determined. The morphology of the worn composites was analyzed with a scanning electron microscope. It was found that the particles as fillers contributed significantly to improve the mechanical properties and wear resistance of the polymer composites. This is because the fillers contributed to enhance the bonding strength between the fiber and the epoxy resin. Moreover, the wear and friction resistance of the glass/carbon fiber composites was increased by increasing the filler weight in the composite materials.