Effect of the Thermal Expansion Characteristics of Reinforcements on the Electrical Wear Performance of Copper Matrix Composite

Copper matrix composites reinforced with MgO, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, and SiC nanoparticles were fabricated by powder metallurgy. The tribological properties of the composites were examined using a self-made pin-on-disk electrical wear tester. Thermal expansion properties of the prepared composites were evaluated by their coefficient of thermal expansion from 50 to 500°C. The effect of the thermal expansion characteristics of reinforcements on the electrical wear performance of the composites was also studied. The results showed that the wear rates of MgO/Cu and Al₂O₃/Cu composites were lower than those of SiC/Cu and SiO₂/Cu composites, which were also consistent with the difference between the coefficient of thermal expansion of the copper matrix and reinforcements. The relationship was analyzed by calculation of the thermal stress at the copper matrix–reinforcement interface in the electrical sliding process. Microstructural observation revealed that the wear mechanisms of the copper matrix composites were mainly adhesive wear and plastic deformation accompanied by a small amount of arc damage.     

Effect of Normal Load and Sliding Distance on the Wear Behavior of NiTi Alloy

Effect of normal load and sliding distance on the room temperature dry sliding wear behavior of a Ti-50.3 at% Ni alloy against a bearing steel was studied. The wear tests were conducted using a pin-on-disk tribometer under normal loads of 20, 40, 50, 60 and 80 N for sliding distances up to 1000 m. The wear results showed that the wear rate of NiTi alloy decreased as the normal load increased from 40 N to 60 N. Formation of iron rich tribological oxide layers under the higher loads could be the main reason of decrease in the wear of NiTi alloy. Increasing the sliding distance decreased the wear rate of NiTi alloy under normal loads of 60 N and 80 N, which was attributed to the formation of more stable iron rich tribological oxide layers on the worn surfaces of NiTi alloy.     

Dry Sliding Friction and Wear Mechanism of TiC-TiB2 Particulate Locally Reinforced Mn-Steel Matrix Composite from a Cu-Ti-B4C System via a Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS) Casting Route

An Mn-steel matrix composite locally reinforced with in situ TiC-TiB₂ ceramic particulates was successfully fabricated via a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) casting route in a Cu-Ti-B₄C system with various Cu contents. The effect of the Cu content on wear behavior, wear surface, and wear mechanism of the composite was investigated against an AISI H13 mating disc in similar testing conditions at various applied loads and sliding velocities. Moreover, the phase identification and microstructure of the composite were examined. With the increase in Cu content, the wear resistance of the Mn-steel matrix composite decreases first and then increases. Impressively, the composite with 30 wt% Cu content has the highest wear resistance. The enhanced wear resistance can be attributed to the combination of size of ceramic particulates, number of pores, and strength of the interfacial bonding. The dominant wear mechanisms of the TiC-TiB₂ ceramic particulate–reinforced Mn-steel matrix are ploughing grooves and delamination wear associated with more abrasion and adhesion.     

Improvement on Sliding Wear Behavior of Al/Cast Iron Tribopair by CNT's Reinforcement of an Al Alloy

The results presented in this work show the wear characterization of Al-Si matrix composites reinforced by multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) under dry reciprocating sliding conditions against a grey cast iron (GCI) The wear resistance is investigated as a function of the carbon nanotube (CNT) content that varied from 2 to 6 wt%. The results demonstrated that the CNT content plays a relevant role in the wear behavior by substantially reducing the wear loss of Al-Si CNT composites. Further, it reduces the wear loss of the grey cast iron counterface. A physical model able to explain the improved behavior in both mating materials is depicted from experimental results.     

Experimental Study on the Effect of Microstructure on Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Titanium Alloy Using Taguchi Experimental Design

The present article depicts the influence of independent control factors such as microstructural variation, normal load, sliding velocity, and test duration on the dry sliding wear behavior of titanium alloy at room temperature using a statistical approach. Different heat treatments were carried out in a controlled manner to produce various microstructural features (i.e., lamellar, bimodal, and equiaxed) in this alloy. A lamellar microstructure is found to be harder than bimodal microstructure followed by an equiaxed microstructure in this alloy. Dry sliding wear tests were carried out using a multiple tribotester following a well-planned experimental schedule based on Taguchi's orthogonal arrays. The dry sliding wear behavior of this alloy consisting of various microstructural features is related to their hardness values. The results indicated that a lamellar microstructure has the lowest sliding wear resistance followed by bimodal and equiaxed microstructures. Using signal-to-noise ratios and analysis of variance (ANOVA), an optimal combination of control factors that minimize the dry sliding wear in this alloy were determined. Among all four control factors, normal load is the most significant control factor influencing the dry sliding wear behavior of the investigated titanium alloy, followed by microstructural variation, sliding velocity, and test duration. Normal load has a greater static influence of 39.53%, microstructural variation has an influence of 31.55%, sliding velocity has an influence of 21.6%, and test duration has an influence of 5.7% on the dry sliding wear of this alloy. Two wear mechanisms were identified: oxidative wear occurs at the lowest sliding velocity and delamination wear occurs at the highest sliding velocity. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Rockwell hardness measurements were used to characterize the microstructures in order to correlate the results obtained.     

Prediction of Surface Topography at the End of Sliding Running-In Wear Based on Areal Surface Parameters

Running in is a complex process, and it significantly influences the performance and service life of wear components as the initial phase of the entire wear process. Surface topography is an important feature of wear components. Therefore, it is reasonable to investigate the running-in process with the help of surface topography for improvement. Because the surface roughness after running in is independent of the nature of initial roughness, it is difficult to predict the surface topography after running in based on unworn surface topography. Aiming to build a connection of surface topographies before and after the running-in process, a black-box model predicting surface topography after the running-in process was established based on least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM), and the areal surface evaluation parameters were adopted as model variables. To increase the adaptability of the predictive model, the main factors of the work condition were also taken into consideration. The prediction effect and sensitivity of the model were tested and analyzed. The analysis indicates that the hybrid property of surface topographies before and after running in is closely related. Moreover, the surface topography after running in is influenced more by the initial surface topography than by the work condition.     

滑动摩擦副抗咬死性能的试验研究

咬死是高速,重载滑动摩擦副常见的失效形式之一。在ＭＨＫ－５００型块磨损试验机上对４５＾＃淬火,４５＾＃调质,ＧＣｒ１５,ＺＱＡＬ９－４材质组成的滑动摩擦副进行了抗咬死性能试验研究。试验结果表明;构成摩擦副材料的粗糙度,相对滑动速度,不同材质摩擦副对摩擦副抗咬死能力有一定的影响,改变摩擦副材质性能提高摩擦副抗咬死能力;     

表面残余应力对涂层硬质合金刀具磨损影响的研究现状

涂层硬质合金刀具具有良好的抗机械和抗热载荷冲击性能,以及较低的摩擦因数,在常温及高温下耐磨损性能优异,广泛应用于难加工材料的精密、半精密加工。对涂层硬质合金刀具进行表面处理后,刀具表面残余应力会发生演变,并会对刀具磨损产生影响。介绍了针对以上问题的国内外研究现状,并对高性能涂层硬质合金刀具的未来发展进行了展望。     

涂层硬质合金刀具干式切削淬硬钢的试验研究

通过采用涂层硬质合金刀具对淬硬 4 5钢硬态干式切削试验 ,分析硬态干式切削淬硬钢的特点 ,研究了涂层硬质合金刀具及其几何参数的优化 ,讨论了涂层硬质合金刀具磨损形式、刀具耐用度及加工表面粗糙度 ,得出了可应用于实际干式切削加工的切削条件和参数     

Comparative Study on Wear Behaviors of Metal-Impregnated Carbon Material and C/C Composite Under Electrical Sliding

In this article, the wear behavior of metal-impregnated carbon materials (MIC) and carbon–carbon composites(C-C) was investigated using a self-made current-carrying wear tester producing an electrical current of 40–160 A and a contact speed of 10–50 m/s. The worn surfaces were observed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a new parameter for current-carrying stability that describes the stability of the current as a function of wear was proposed. The results indicate that the wear rate of both materials tested increased with either an increase in electrical current or contact sliding speed. Compared to the metal-impregnated carbon material, the C-C composite material not only displayed superior wear resistance but superior current-carrying stability as well. With increasing electrical current, the current-carrying stability of the two materials changed within a narrow range at a speed of 20 m/s and decreased at a speed of 50 m/s. Wear failure was mainly due to electrical erosion occurring at high speed and high current.     

Analysis of Sliding Wear Characteristics of BFS Filled Composites Using an Experimental Design Approach Integrated with ANN

Short fiber-reinforced polymer composites are used in numerous tribological applications. In the present work, an attempt was made to improve the wear resistance of short glass fiber (SGF)-reinforced epoxy composites by incorporation of microsized blast furnace slag (BFS) particles. The effect of various operational variables and material parameters on the sliding wear behavior of these composites was studied systematically. The design of experiments approach using Taguchi's orthogonal arrays was used. This systematic experimentation led to identification of significant variables that predominantly influence the wear rate. The Taguchi approach enabled us to determine optimal parameter settings that led to minimization of the wear rate. The morphology of worn surfaces was then examined by scanning electron microscopy and possible wear mechanisms are discussed. Further, in this article, the potential of using artificial neural networks (ANNs) for the prediction of sliding wear properties of polymer composites is explored using an experimental data set generated from a series of pin-on-disc sliding wear tests on epoxy matrix composites. The ANN prediction profiles for the characteristic tribological properties exhibited very good agreement with the measured results, demonstrating that a well-trained network was created. The simulated results explaining the effect of significant process variables on the wear rate indicated that the trained neural network possessed enough generalization capability to predict wear rate from any input data that are different from the original training data set.     

SiO2填充聚四氟乙烯复合材料的摩擦学行为研究

用机械共混和冷压成型、热烧结的方法制备了琐体积含量不同粒径的SiO2填充PTFE样品，用M-2000摩擦磨损试验机评价了不同样品在干摩擦下的摩擦学性能；用X射线能量损失谱（EDS）观察分析了摩前后Si元素在样品表面的分布情况，结果表明：在本实验所采用的实验条件下，SiO2/PTFE复合材料的摩擦系数随SiO2体积含量的增加而增大，抗磨损能力则有一个最佳含量；填料粒径不同其体积填充分数对复合材料摩擦磨损性能的作用规律不同，在相同的体积分数下，粗SiO2填充PTFE的摩擦系数小于细SiO2填充PTFE的摩擦系数，且其随SiO2填充分数增加而增大的趋势远小于细SiO2填充PTFE；其具有最好抗磨能力的最佳体积填充含量也大于细SiO2的体积填充含量，SiO2这种填充作用规律可由其在PTFE基体中的形态结构特征来解释。     

A New Roughness Parameter Including Hardness and Contact Frequency Effects on Lubricated Rolling/Sliding Wear

Surface roughness, roughness arrangement, film thickness, material hardness, and run-in process have significant effects on the lubricated rolling/sliding wear of mechanical components such as gears and bearings. In conventional analysis, a film thickness parameter is calculated by a geometric approach to study the wear resistance of a contact system without considering the effects of material hardness and run-in process. Although the conventional parameter is simple, it does not correlate with some experimental observations. In this work, a new roughness parameter is developed for the prediction of lubricated rolling/sliding wear. Surface roughness will be adjusted by its hardness and contact frequency. The calculation results are consistent with four groups of experimental data. It is proved that the conventional models can be derived as a special case of the new model when two contact surfaces have the same properties. The new model can be used in the optimal design and manufacturing of mechanical interfaces to reduce lubricated rolling/sliding wear.     

钢铜摩擦副摩擦磨损特性的试验研究

本文试验分析了ＺＱＡ１９－４和ＺＱＺｎ６－６－３两种铜合金材料在不同的表面粗糙度下对摩擦系数和出口区油温的影响，以及改变载荷和相对滑动速度时，摩擦系数的变化状况。结果表明；铜合金成分不同时具有不同的硬度。     

Dry Sliding Friction and Wear Characteristics of Cu-Sn Alloy Containing Molybdenum Disulfide

The wear and sliding friction response of a hybrid copper metal matrix composite reinforced with 10 wt% of tin (Sn) and soft solid lubricant (1, 5, and 7 wt% of MoS₂) fabricated by a powder metallurgy route was investigated. The influence of the percentages of reinforcement, load, sliding speed, and sliding distance on both the wear and friction coefficient were studied. The wear test with an experimental plan of six loads (5–30 N) and five sliding speeds (0.5–2.5 m/s) was conducted on a pin-on-disc machine to record loss in mass due to wear for two total sliding distances of 1,000 and 2,000 m. The results showed that the specific wear rate of the composites increased at room temperature with sliding distance and decreased with load. The wear resistance of the hybrid composite containing 7 wt% MoS₂ was superior to that of the other composites. It was also observed that the specific wear rates of the composites decreased with the addition of MoS₂. The 7 wt% MoS₂ composites exhibited a very low coefficient of friction of 0.35. The hardness of the composite increased as the weight percentage of MoS₂ increased. The wear and friction coefficient were mainly influenced by both the percentage of reinforcement and the load applied. Wear morphology was also studied using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis.     

Tribological Behavior of Cu Matrix Composites Containing Graphite and Tungsten Disulfide

Copper matrix composites containing graphite and tungsten disulfide were prepared and tested under the loads of 1–5 N to investigate their friction and wear behaviors. The microstructure, worn surfaces, and cross section of worn subsurfaces were observed, and the lubricating films formed on the worn surfaces were analyzed. It is found that the Cu–24 vol% WS₂ composite presents a higher mechanical performance and lower wear rate compared to the Cu–24 vol% graphite composite with same volume fraction of solid lubricant. This could be attributed to the high-strength chemical bonding of the interface between WS₂ and the copper matrix. The high-strength interfacial bonding also helps prevent plastic deformation and the formation of cracks at the worn subsurfaces of the composites. The amount of lubricant on the outmost worn surfaces is significantly higher than that in the composite. The lubricating film of WS₂ with relatively high thickness provides a low friction coefficient to the composites.     

Effect of Tribofilm Formation on the Dry Sliding Friction and Wear Properties of Magnetron Sputtered TiAlCrYN Coatings

Nano-structured TiAlCrYN coatings, grown by unbalanced magnetron sputtering on various steel substrates, exhibited friction coefficients 0.6–0.8 and wear coefficients 10⁻¹⁶–10⁻¹⁵ m³ N⁻¹ m⁻¹ in dry sliding wear tests. This article reports comprehensive worn surface analyses using SEM, TEM, EDX, EELS and Raman spectroscopy. A ~80 nm thick tribofilm formed on the TiAlCrYN worn surface was found to have dense amorphous structure and homogeneous oxide composition of Cr_0.39Al_0.19Ti_0.20Y_0.01O_0.21. Viscous flow of the amorphous tribofilm was dominant in causing the high friction coefficient observed. The coatings showed combined wear mechanisms of tribo-oxidation and nano-scale delamination.     

干摩擦状态下动载荷特性对磨损的影响

在自行研制的环一块磨损试验装置上研究了干摩擦状态下矩形波载荷特性对磨损的影响,结果表明。1)矩形波载荷和静载荷作用下试件的磨损过程一样,存在跑合期和稳定磨损期;2)矩形波载荷的占空比愈小,跑合期磨损量愈少,跑合期愈长。     

Friction and Wear Behavior of Steels under Different Reciprocating Sliding Conditions

The friction and wear behavior of ISO 100Cr6 steel ball sliding against conventionally hardened carbon and low-alloy steels was studied. The effect of hardness, hardening capacity, normal load, and sliding speed on the coefficient of friction and friction energy was investigated. Friction tests were carried out, without lubrication and under ambient conditions, on a reciprocating friction tester in which a ball-on-flat contact configuration was adopted. The results showed that there is a relative tendency for the friction properties to decrease with increased hardening capacity and decreased hardness. The results showed that increasing normal load decreases the coefficient of friction for the two steel nuances. However, increasing sliding speed increases the coefficient of friction of low-alloy steel and decreases the coefficient of friction of carbon steel. The oxidation of wear debris influences the wear mechanisms and friction behavior.     

Effects of Friction on the Contact and Deformation Behavior in Sliding Asperity Contacts

Finite-element analyses are carried out to study the effects of friction on the contact and deformation behavior of sliding asperity contacts. In the analysis, on elastic-perfectly-plastic asperity is brought in contact with a rigid flat at a given normal approach. Two critical values of the normal approach are used to describe the asperity deformation. One is the approach corresponding to the point of initial plastic yielding, and the other at the point of full plastic flow. Additional variables used to characterize the deformation behavior include the shape and size of the plastic zone and the asperity contact size, pressure, and load capacity. Results from the finite-element analysis show that the two values of critical normal approach decrease significantly as the friction in the contact increases, particularly the approach that causes plastic flow of the asperity. The size of the plastically deformed zone is reduced by the friction when the contact becomes fully plastic. The reduction is very considerable with a high friction coefficient, and the plastic deformation is largely confined to a small thin surface layer. For a low friction coefficient, the contact size, pressure and load capacity of the asperity are not very sensitive to the friction coefficient. For a moderate friction coefficient, the contact pressure is reduced and the junction size increased; the load capacity of the asperity is not significantly affected due to the compensating effects of the pressure reduction and the junction growth. For a high friction coefficient, the pressure-junction compensation is not longer sufficient and the asperity load capacity is reduced. The degree of the friction effects on these contact variables depends on the applied force or the normal approach. Although the analyses are conducted using a line-contact model, the authors believe that the effects of friction in sliding asperity contacts of three-dimensional geometry are essentially the same and the same conclusions would have been reached. These results may provide some guidance to the modeling of rough surfaces in boundary lubrication, in which the asperity friction coefficient can be high and vary significantly both in time and from one micro-contact to another.