A Model for Wear and Friction in Cylinder Liners and Piston Rings

Abstract

A one-dimensional elstohydrodynamic mixed lubrication wear and friction model is developed. The model can predict the effects of surface roughness, asperity contact, temperature-pressure-viscosity on wear, lubrication, and friction of the piston rings and cylinder liner. Wear is predicted based on the surface asperity contact pressure. The cylinder bore wear and the ring pack friction during an engine break-in are simulated and compared with the experimental results. The influence of cylinder wall temperature and surface roughness on friction and wear is investigated. The ring pack friction due to oil viscous shearing and asperity contact is found to reach its minimum at a certain oil temperature.     

Influence of Surface Groove Width on Tribological Performance for Cylinder Liner–Piston Ring Components

Surface groove width is of great significance to the performance of the cylinder liner–piston ring (CLPR) with the different surface textures in marine diesel. However, little is understood about the specific application (e.g., the geometric parameters of surface textures and operating conditions) of surface texture in actual marine diesel engines. To address this issue, different surface groove textures including grooves structures with 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-mm widths were designed based on previous results related to marine diesel engine applications. A series of experimental tests was conducted in a reciprocation tester, and data on the friction characteristics were obtained under different operating conditions. Comparative studies on the friction coefficients, worn surface features, and oil film characteristics were performed. Results showed that the 2-mm groove structure of the cylinder liner was more favorable for improving the wear performances at low speed, whereas a 3-mm groove structure of the cylinder liner was more suitable for improving the wear performance at higher speeds, though its wear performance needs to be improved under high load. These results help to understand the specific application of surface texture on the wear performance of the CLPR pair.     

表面形貌对活塞环密封及摩擦性能的影响

综合考虑活塞环表面形貌、弹性变形、运动面型线影响,建立柴油机活塞环-缸套摩擦副的弹性流体动压润滑计算模型,分析活塞环表面纹理方向及粗糙度大小对活塞环窜气及摩擦功耗的影响。研究发现,随着转速的提升,活塞的窜气量及摩擦功耗会加剧,导致发动机效率降低;活塞环-缸套摩擦副的表面纹理方向影响窜气量和摩擦功耗,采用活塞环横向纹理和缸套纵向纹理配合时,对活塞环窜气量及摩擦功耗的改善效果较好;活塞环和缸套的表面粗糙度对密封和润滑特性有较大影响,当缸套表面粗糙度增大时,窜气量先减小后增大,摩擦功耗先增大后减小,而在一定范围内,当活塞环表面粗糙度增大时,窜气量和摩擦功耗都减小。     

Study on Influence of Cylinder Liner Surface Texture on Lubrication Performance for Cylinder Liner–Piston Ring Components

A marine diesel engine, where the cylinder liner–piston ring (CLPR) pair is one of the most important rubbing pairs, is the heart of a marine system. Studying the lubrication characteristics of the CLPR will provide a guide for rational design of the CLPR to reduce wear and prolong its service life. The surface texture features have a significant impact on the lubricating performance of the CLPR. In this study, the tribological system of the CLPR was investigated. Different surface textures (such as different sizes of surface concaves and grooves, etc.) were designed and produced on the cylinder liners using surface treatment. A series of experimental tests were then carried out in a specially designed diesel engine tester to investigate the tribological characteristics of the treated CLPR pairs. The comparison analyses of the worn surface texture features, element content of the lubrication oil, and abrasive particle characteristics were conducted under different wear surface texture features and cylinder liner speeds. The analysis results showed that there were significant differences in the tribological and lubrication properties of the rubbing pairs in different wear surface texture features. The wear performance of the CLPR pair with a regular concave texture was superior to that of the concave and groove, and regular groove textures. In addition, the regular concave with a depth-diameter ratio of 0.1 was the most effective surface texture to improve the lubrication and wear properties of the CLPR pairs. It is believed that the knowledge obtained in this study provides the real practical basis for tribological design and manufacturing of CLPR pair in marine diesel engines.     

仿生织构形态对缸套-活塞环摩擦学性能的影响

为了提高缸套-活塞环的摩擦学性能,设计了一种仿生排布的菱形凹坑织构,并通过激光刻蚀技术在缸套表面进行加工;在同一转速和不同载荷下,在MWF-10往复式摩擦磨损试验机上进行试验,以探究仿生排布的菱形织构对缸套-活塞环摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响,并与使用阵列排布的纹理的缸套以及未经处理的原始缸套进行比较。结果表明:织构的排布形式对油膜厚度的影响较大,尤其在重载荷工况下,合理地优化排布形式能够实现较好的动压润滑效果;仿生排布的菱形织构实现了往复运动方向上纹理特征的全覆盖,能够极大程度上限制磨屑的移动并对磨屑进行收集,有效降低磨损后的表面粗糙度,从而减少磨粒磨损;仿生排布的菱形织构在各试验工况下能够有效提高油膜厚度,提升表面承载能力,实现最佳的润滑效果。     

金属陶瓷添加剂对船舶主机汽缸套-活塞环摩擦学行为的影响

将普通CD40润滑油作为基础润滑油，在3种不同的载荷作用下，对含有金属陶瓷添加剂润滑油对汽缸套-活塞环摩擦磨损特性的影响进行了模拟试验研究，并与实际使用的普通CD40润滑油的试验结果进行了比较。研究结果表明，汽缸套-活塞环摩擦副在这种添加剂作用下，其磨损失重及摩擦因数都大幅度降低。摩擦副表面扫描电镜分析结果也表明，这种添加剂使摩擦表面更光滑，其本身具有表面自修复作用。     

环境与工况对柴油机缸套-活塞环磨损的影响

为研究柴油机实车使用状况下缸套-活塞环磨损规律,建立某12150型多缸柴油机面向使用工况的缸套-活塞环磨损仿真计算方法并进行验证,研究环境与工况参数对缸套磨损的影响规律。结果表明:大气温度升高,缸套磨损深度呈现先减小后增大的趋势,气温-5℃时磨损最小,与-35℃相比下降了5.89%,与40℃相比下降了9.15%;大气压力降低,缸套磨损深度先减小后增大,气压80 kPa时最小,与100 kPa相比下降了6.45%,气压50 kPa时磨损最大,与100 kPa相比升高了8.48%;缸套磨损深度随柴油机转速升高而呈现出增加的趋势,在1 600 r/min时出现极小值点,转速为2 000 r/min相比1 200 r/min磨损深度增加了46.76%;柴油机负荷增加引起缸套磨损深度不断增大,100%负荷时较20%负荷的磨损深度升高了133.96%。     

The Friction Reducing Properties of Molybdenum Dialkyldithiocarbamate Additives: Part II - Durability of Friction Reducing Capability

Material characterization and wear evaluation of the original and replacement pistons and cylinder liners from a Tiger 131 are reported. The original piston and cylinder liner were operative in the Tiger engine during WWII. The replacement piston and cylinder liner were used as substitutes and were obtained after failure in 2 h of operation in the actual engine. Material characterization revealed that the original piston was aluminum silicon hypereutectic alloy approximately matching the specification of RSA-419 AE, with a silicon content of 19.92 wt%. The replacement piston was aluminum copper alloy with a low silicon content of 0.73 wt%, approximately satisfying specifications of Al 2031 and Al 2618-T6. Scuffing, material removal, and ploughing were observed in the replacement piston and cylinder liner. These failures were attributed to inadequate piston material and design. The replacement piston average surface roughness was 9.09 μm and for the replacement cylinder liner it was 5.78 μm. Characterization results showed that both the original and replacement cylinder liners consisted of mostly iron, which is indicative of cast iron, a common material for this application.     

润滑油中加入纳米氧化铝对缸套-活塞环摩擦副摩擦磨损特性的影响

在普通CD40润滑油中加入纳米氧化铝,研究了在不同载荷条件下对缸套活塞环摩擦副摩擦磨损特性的影响;用铁谱仪对试验油样进行了磨粒分析;用原子力显微镜对缸套试样表面的微观形貌进行了测试;用LAS-3000型表面分析系统对磨损表面进行了成分分析。结果表明：缸套活塞环摩擦副在含纳米氧化铝的润滑油作用下,表现出优越的抗摩减磨性能,其效果随栽荷的增大而增强;在高载荷作用下缸套试样表面形貌有了明显的改观,减小了摩擦阻力,降低了摩擦因数。     

Running-in wear of a compression ignition engine: Factors influencing the conformance between cylinder liner and piston rings

The conformance between the liner and rings of an internal combustion engine depends mainly on their linear wear (dimensional loss) during running-in. Running-in wear studies, using the factorial design of experiments, on a compression ignition engine show that at certain dead centre locations of piston rings the linear wear of the cylinder liner increases with increase in the initial surface roughness of the liner. Rough surfaces wear rapidly without seizure during running-in to promote quick conformance, so an initial surface finish of the liner of 0.8 μm c.l.a. is recommended. The linear wear of the cast iron liner and rings decreases with increasing load but the mass wear increases with increasing load. This discrepancy is due to phase changes in the cast iron accompanied by dimensional growth at higher thermal loads. During running-in the growth of cast iron should be minimised by running the engine at an initial load for which the exhaust gas temperature is approximately 180 °C.     

Surface topography and tribology of cast iron in boundary lubrication

This work aims to study and understand the influence of the surface topography on wear of grey cast iron used for heavy duty diesel engine cylinder liners. A micro-alloyed grey cast iron was tested with different surface topographies. These were polished surfaces, honed surfaces (with two different honing parameters) and three model surfaces with well defined grooves on a polished specimen.Reciprocating friction tests using a steel ball rubbing against a flat or a cylindrical sample (extracted from a cylinder liner) were carried out on a Cameron Plint test rig. A commercial synthetic oil for diesel engine was used as the lubricant. The friction coefficient and the electrical contact resistance were measured during the tests. The wear volume of the cylinder liner part was also measured at the end of the test.The influence of the surface topography on the tribochemical film formation and on the wear behaviour of cast iron was established. Surfaces exhibiting lots of surface asperities had the highest wear, mainly due to delayed formation of protective tribochemical film. In our test conditions, the spacing between the grooves on model specimens had no influence on the wear behaviour of the cast iron specimens.     

Tribological characteristics of one-process and two-process cylinder liner honed surfaces under reciprocating sliding conditions

This paper reports an experimental study of the effect of surface texture on cylinder liner wear. This research is important because the conjunction between piston rings and cylinder liner is one of the major sources to frictional losses in internal combustion engines. Experiments were conducted on a reciprocating tester. Specimens were cut from cylinder liners honed or plateau honed made of grey cast iron of hardness 218 HB. The honing operation was performed in order to obtain very similar values of the Sq parameter of one-process and two-process surfaces. In addition, one-process specimens characterised by different Sq parameter values were tested. Counter-specimens were made from chromium-coated steel C45. It was found that wear of two-process surfaces was lower than that of one-process surfaces characterized by the same Sq parameter. Linear wear of specimens was proportional to initial Sq parameter value. The effect of additional oil pockets created by the burnishing technique on cylinder liner wear was negligible.     

The use of surface metrology instrumentation to measure rates of wear of internal combustion engine components

A study was made of the effects of operating conditions on internal combustion engine service life. It was found after extensive investigation of major engine components (piston, piston rings, bearings and cylinder liner) that engine service life appears to be more a function of the acceptable wear of the cylinder liner than of any other engine parts.A method was developed to determine the amount of cylinder liner wear; this involved measuring the depth of scratch marks (using Talysurf model 3 or Surtronic 3 instruments). We describe the method employed and the results; these are at least as reliable as and give more details than conventional methods.     

缸套表面织构润滑性能理论及试验研究

通过将激光表面织构技术应用于发动机缸套表面,建立缸套-活塞环摩擦副混合润滑理论模型,并以桶面环为例,计算缸套表面织构对摩擦副润滑摩擦性能的影响规律。计算结果表明：缸套通过激光表面织构后,其润滑摩擦性能得到改善,凹腔织构效果要优于沟槽织构效果,在各行程中部油膜厚度最大增加了29%左右,而摩擦力峰值下降30%左右。通过发动机对比台架试验发现：相对于原机,配套表面织构缸套后发动机燃油消耗率呈现出下降趋势,在低转速下改善效果最为显著,燃油消耗率最大降低了9.8 g/(kW•h),降幅为4.62%,证实了表面织构技术对于降低发动机摩擦损失是有效的;同时发动机的其他性能指标也有不同程度改善,漏气量、烟度、全损耗系统用油消耗率等参数都有所下降,烟度下降明显,漏气量最大降幅为34.6%,全损耗系统用油消耗率降低了33.8%。     

Topographic features of cylinder liners — an application of three-dimensional characterization techniques

Studies of wear patterns on engine cylinder liners show that radial wear is greatest on the anti-thrust side, and close to top dead centre. As a result of this wear, surface topography features at different positions exhibit different characteristics. Quantitative representation of the features is helpful for functional analysis and functional control of cylinder liner manufacture. In this paper three-dimensional characterization techniques are applied to produce a comprehensive characterization of cylinder liner wear at different longitudinal positions. The areal autocorrelation function and the areal power spectrum reveal the changes in topographic features. The different topographic features of newly created, after running-in, severely worn and bore polished surfaces of cylinder liners are identified by quantitative functional indices. The characterization techniques and parameters used in the paper constitute an effective approach to the characterization of surface topography of cylinder liners and other tribological surfaces.     

发动机缸套-活塞环摩擦磨损特性试验研究

利用缸套-活塞环摩擦磨损试验台研究了速度，温度，载荷，供油等因素对缸套-活塞环系统摩擦磨损特性的影响。试验结果表明，缸套-活塞环摩擦副在发动机工作循环中润滑状态不断发生变化。在试验条件下，温度对摩擦磨损有显著影响，载荷和速度对摩擦力的影响较小。     

Effect of Bio-Lubricant and Biodiesel-Contaminated Lubricant on Tribological Behavior of Cylinder Liner–Piston Ring Combination

This article addresses the issue of friction and wear characteristics of diesel engine cylinder liner–piston ring combinations under different lubricating conditions using a pin-on-disc wear tribometer. The discs were made out of actual engine cylinder liner material using a casting process. Pins were made out of top compression ring material. The tests were conducted on a pin-on-disc tribometer for wear and friction characteristics of the cylinder liner and piston ring combination with diesel-contaminated rapeseed oil–based bio-lubricant, diesel-contaminated commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40), biodiesel-contaminated commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40), and used (150 h) commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40). Experimental results demonstrated that the rapeseed oil–based bio-lubricant and biodiesel-contaminated synthetic lubricant exhibited better performance in terms of wear, friction, and frictional force under similar operating conditions. Thus, usage of newly formulated bio-lubricant and biodiesel in the long run may have a positive impact on engine life.     

柴油机缸套磨损故障的机体振动监测研究

研究了柴油机缸套磨损故障的机体振动监测,包括缸套破坏性磨损故障时的机体振动。首先分析了活塞对气缸套的冲击,建立了活塞撞击气缸套侧推力的数学模型,探讨侧推力的大小及作用时间。分析表明,柴油机活塞撞击是机体表面振动的主要激励源。通过模拟试验得知,缸套磨损状态有4种,当缸套间隙正常或中等磨损时,机体振动的增长速度较慢;严重磨损时,振动特征参数值明显增大;如果缸套处于破坏性磨损程度时还继续工作,机体振动则呈指数式增长。这说明机体表面振动特征值的改变可以反映缸套间隙的变化,因此,基于柴油机机体振动对缸套的磨损进行监测是可行的、有效的。     

汽车发动机缸套-活塞环摩擦副磨损及对策

本文分析了汽车发动机缸套-活塞环摩擦副的磨损特点，探讨其磨损的机理，提出了减少摩擦、控制磨损的具体措施。     

内燃机缸套-活塞环摩擦学研究回顾与展望

内燃机缸套-活塞环摩擦副是一个典型的摩擦学系统,其中含有多种类型的摩擦和磨损,润滑、摩擦、磨损的相互作用十分显著。其摩擦学性能对提高内燃机的可靠性和耐久性,保证内燃机经济、可靠地工作具有决定性的作用。其摩擦学问题的研究一直是人们关注的热点之一。