Evaluation of the Machinability of Nickel-Base,Inconel 718, Alloy with Nano-Ceramic Cutting Tools

The machinability of difficult-to-cut aerospace alloys can be enhanced by the rapid development of cutting tool materials that can withstand machining at high-speed conditions. The performance of nano-grain size ceramic tool materials were evaluated when machining nickel base, Inconel 718, in terms of tool life, tool failure modes and wear mechanisms as well as component forces generated under different roughing conditions. Comparison tests were carried out with commercially available ceramic tool materials of micron-grain composition.

The test results show that the micron grain size commercially available tool materials generally gave the longest tool life. The dominant failure mode is nose wear, while some of the nano-ceramic tools were rejected mainly due to chipping at the cutting edge. This suggests that physical properties and mechanical stability of the cutting edge of the ceramic tools influence their overall performance. It is also evident that chemical compositions of the tool materials played a significant role in their failure. The alumina base ceramics are more susceptible to premature fracture than the silicon nitride base ceramics with higher fracture toughness.     

Characterization and prediction of abrasive wear of powder composite materials

Composite materials produced by powder metallurgy provide a solution in many engineering applications where materials with high abrasion and erosion resistance are required. The actual wear behaviour of the material is associated with many external factors (particle size, velocity, angularity, etc.) and intrinsic material properties (hardness, toughness, Young modulus, etc.). Hardness and toughness properties of such tribomaterials are highly dependent from the content of reinforcing phase, its size and from the mechanical properties of the constituent phases. In this study an attempt is made to model the erosion wear behaviour of composite materials, to calculate the wear rate and to correlate erosion rates with experimental results and material parameters. Powder composites cermets and metal-matrix composite materials reinforced with different content of hard phase were used as examples in this research. Wear mechanisms of materials were investigated. Following from the main mechanisms of erosion wear the models of plastic deformation and brittle fracture are developed for prediction of erosion of powder composite materials. It was demonstrated, that the erosion rate of hardmetal-type materials can be predicted using the results obtained by microindentation methods. The use of hardness distribution parameters is justified with materials with low binder content.     

我国热作模具钢性能数据集

对国内生产和应用的25种（其中7种测部分性能）热作模具钢,在相同的试样尺寸、机械加工、热处理、试验设备和测试方法以及在相同的评判标准等条件下,实测了力学性能（室温、高温拉伸和冲击韧性、室温断裂韧性、高温硬度）;特殊性能（冷热疲劳、热磨损、热稳定性、热熔损、热塑性摩擦系数、抗氧化性）;工艺性能（锻造性、回火稳定性、心部性能、切削性）等16种性能,另外,还对部分钢种测定了物理性能和室温缺口拉伸性能。其性能数据具有可比性,更适宜有关专业人员作为热作模具选材和用材的依据。     

Abrasive erosive wear of powder steels and cermets

Composite materials produced by powder metallurgy provide solutions to many engineering applications that require materials with high abrasive wear resistance. The actual wear behaviour of a material is associated with many external factors (abrasive particle size, velocity and angularity) and intrinsic material properties of wear (hardness, toughness, Young modulus, etc.). Hardness and toughness properties of wear resistant materials are highly dependent on the content of the reinforcing phase, its size and on the mechanical properties of the constituent phase. This study is focused on the analysis of the (AEW) abrasive erosive wear (solid particle erosion) using different wear devices and abrasives. Powder materials (steels, cermets and hardmetals) were studied. Wear resistance of materials and wear mechanisms were studied and compared with those of commercial steels. Based on the results of wear studies, surface degradation mechanisms are proposed. The following parameters characterizing the materials were found necessary in materials creation and selection: hardness (preferably in scale comparable with impact), type of structure (preferably hardmetal type) and wear parameters characterizing material removal at plastic deformation.     

Some aspects of solid particle erosion of cermets

The erosive wear resistance of cermets with different composition, structure and properties has been investigated. It was shown that the erosive wear resistance of cermets can not be estimated only by hardness, characterizing resistance to penetration. The differences in wear resistance between cermet materials with equal hardness levels can be attributed to differences in their resistance to fracture and fracture toughness. The mechanism of erosion depends first on testing conditions. The present paper discusses some features of the material removal process during particle-wall collision. Systematic studies of the influence of the impact variables on the collision process have been carried out.     

精铸热锻模具钢的强韧性与早期脆断

通过精铸热锻模的应用及对失效形式、工况条件的分析和性能测试，探讨精铸热锻模具钢的强韧性与早期脆断的关系。结果表明，精铸热锻模早期脆性断裂往往是由于热处理不当和操作不合乎要求引发的内应力与显微裂纹等所致，精铸热锻模具钢低的冲击韧度不是导致早期脆性断裂的根本原因，通过材料和工艺的改进，精铸热锻模早期脆性断裂是可以避免的。     

陶瓷材料磨损机制及磨损程度评价方法综述

综合分析陶瓷材料摩擦磨损的机制和影响摩擦磨损的各种因素,如表面加工状况、载荷、速度、时间、温度、润滑等。介绍几种陶瓷材料摩擦磨损程度的评定方法,如用量纲一化参数(最大赫兹接触压力、最大表面粗糙度和断裂韧性的函数Sc,硬度、最大表面粗糙度和断裂韧性的函数S*)大小评价磨损程度,用磨损表面的粗糙度Ry与平均粒径Dg的比值评价陶瓷材料磨损程度,用磨损率评价陶瓷材料磨损程度等。以期指导人们进一步认识陶瓷摩擦磨损的本质规律,有目的地调整材料的性能以提高其耐磨性。     

空气助燃超音速火焰喷涂WC涂层的性能及应用

采用空气助燃超音速火焰喷涂(HVAF)技术制备了WC涂层,对该涂层的耐磨性、耐腐蚀性、韧性、涂层结合强度等性能进行了研究,并与电镀硬铬层进行了性能与实际使用寿命对比。结果表明:采用HVAF制备的WC涂层的耐磨性是电镀硬铬层的10倍,涂层的耐腐蚀性和韧性明显优于电镀硬铬层的;以WC涂层在瓦楞辊中的应用为例,采用上中下位置喷涂方法制备的WC涂层厚度均匀,控制喷涂角度大于60°和基体硬度小于60 HRC对WC涂层的结合强度有利,WC涂层瓦楞辊的使用寿命是电镀硬铬瓦楞辊的4~6倍。     

Friction and wear of titanium alloys sliding against metal, polymer, and ceramic counterfaces

Recent advances in lower-cost processing of titanium, coupled with its potential use as a light weight material in engines and brakes has renewed interest in the tribological behavior of titanium alloys. To help establish a baseline for further studies on the tribology of titanium against various classes of counterface materials, pin-on-disk sliding friction and wear experiments were conducted on two different titanium alloys (Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo). Disks of these alloys were slid against fixed bearing balls composed of 440C stainless steel, silicon nitride, alumina, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) at two speeds: 0.3 and 1.0 m/s. The friction coefficient and wear rate were lower at the higher sliding speed. Ceramic sliders suffered unexpectedly higher wear than the steel slider. The wear rates, ranked from the highest to the lowest, were alumina, silicon nitride, and steel, respectively. This trend is inversely related to their hardness, but corresponds to their relative fracture toughness. Comparative tests on a Type 304 stainless steel disk supported the fracture toughness dependency. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the tendency of Ti alloys to transfer material to their counterfaces and suggested possible tribochemical reactions between the ceramic sliders and Ti alloy disks. These reaction products, which adhere to the ceramic sliders, may degrade the mechanical properties of the contact areas and result in high wear. The tribochemical reactions along with the fracture toughness dependency helped explain the high wear on the ceramic sliders.     

Al2O3陶瓷材料的摩擦学研究进展

氧化铝陶瓷刀具材料具有硬度高、耐磨性好、高温性能优良、抗黏结和抗扩散能力强、化学稳定性好等特点,广泛应用于高速切削和切削难加工材料领域。从陶瓷材料晶粒尺寸与摩擦学性能相关性、复相氧化铝陶瓷材料的摩擦学性能和氧化铝陶瓷的磨损机制3个方面,综述氧化铝陶瓷材料摩擦学研究进展,以期为新型高品质氧化铝陶瓷刀具材料的开发提供帮助。细化晶粒和组分复合化是提高陶瓷材料的强度和断裂韧性,进而提升其摩擦学性能的有效途径,但目前氧化铝陶瓷摩擦学研究主要是基于晶粒尺寸为600 nm以上的单相陶瓷和基体晶粒尺寸为1μm左右的复相陶瓷材料,对纳米/超细晶(500 nm以下)氧化铝陶瓷材料的研究是未来的研究方向。     

A Proof-of-Concept Study of the Use of Complex Borides for Disassembly of Decommissioned Nuclear Reactor Containment Vessels

Tool specimens of hot pressed AlMgB₁₄ were employed in lathe turning tests cutting exterior surface material from 6061 aluminum, 304 stainless steel, Inconel, and concrete at various cutting rates. Performance was measured via analysis of mass change (removal rate), wear mechanisms, surface chemistry (reactivity), and fracture mechanisms. Preliminary results indicate that this new family of ultra-hard materials exhibits good cutting performance against all four workpiece materials, while combining favorable toughness with an unusual absence of tool heating, leading to minimal wear and anticipation of long life in application for sectioning of ferrous-based metals and structures such as reinforced concrete containing such metals. The potential value of these new materials for use in disassembly of decommissioned nuclear reactor pressure vessels is discussed.     

Effect of Silicon Nitride Ball on Adhesive Wear of Martensitic Stainless Steel Pyrowear 675 and AISI M-50 Races with Type II Ester Oil

Advanced bearing materials for future military and commercial gas turbines are required to operate at high speeds, high temperature, and higher thrust loads. At elevated operating conditions, the bearing and gear materials must be able to operate with ultrathin oil films without suffering detrimental effects of adhesive wear. The development of materials with rolling-element fatigue and corrosion resistance properties without deterioration in adhesive wear attributes is a significant challenge. To meet those performance requirements, the forerunner, martensitic stainless steel Pyrowear 675 (AMS 5930), has been in development for aerospace bearing and gear applications. This article addresses the adhesive wear performance of three variants of Pyrowear 675 with silicon nitride ball material simulating a hybrid bearing evaluated using a WAM8 machine. Baseline testing was conducted using conventional bearing steel AISI M-50. Adhesive wear testing was conducted at a temperature of 200°C and at different contact slips (15, 30, 50, and 70%) and entraining velocities (1.3 to 10.2 m/s). Posttest specimens were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and auger electron spectroscopy (AES). All the hybrid material pairs demonstrated very good adhesive wear performance compared to the baseline AISI M-50–AISI M-50 pair.     

A Proof‐of‐Concept Study of the Use of Complex Borides for Disassembly of Decommissioned Nuclear Reactor Containment Vessels

Tool specimens of hot pressed AlMgB₁₄ were employed in lathe turning tests cutting exterior surface material from 6061 aluminum, 304 stainless steel, Inconel, and concrete at various cutting rates. Performance was measured via analysis of mass change (removal rate), wear mechanisms, surface chemistry (reactivity), and fracture mechanisms. Preliminary results indicate that this new family of ultra‐hard materials exhibits good cutting performance against all four workpiece materials, while combining favorable toughness with an unusual absence of tool heating, leading to minimal wear and anticipation of long life in application for sectioning of ferrous‐based metals and structures such as reinforced concrete containing such metals. The potential value of these new materials for use in disassembly of decommissioned nuclear reactor pressure vessels is discussed.     

冷作模具材料性能分析及其选用

模具材料作为制造模具的基础,它的性能和热处理工艺对模具寿命有着决定性的影响。冷作模具性能要求包括耐磨性、韧性、强度、抗疲劳性能和抗咬合性。冷作模具材料热处理工艺性能主要包括:淬透性,淬硬性,耐回火性,过热敏感性,氧化脱碳倾向,淬火变形和开裂倾向等。冷作模具钢按成分和性能可分为碳素工具钢、高碳低合金钢、高耐磨模具钢、高速钢、基体钢、无磁模具钢、硬质合金及钢结硬质合金。合理地选用冷作模具材料并进行精确的成形加工和适当的热处理,能够有效的提高模具使用寿命。     

多因素影响的格莱圈材料摩擦磨损试验研究*

格莱圈由聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)矩形滑环和丁腈橡胶(NBR)O形圈组成。为了研究不同因素对于格莱圈密封材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,利用UMT-3多功能摩擦磨损试验机,通过改变往复频率、粗糙度、润滑状态研究格莱圈材料与45钢配副时的摩擦磨损性能,利用SEM对试块试验前后表面形貌进行观测,并对摩擦磨损机制进行分析。试验结果表明:在干摩擦和滴油润滑条件下PTFE材料相比NBR材料具有更为优异的摩擦磨损性能;NBR材料表面粗糙度过高或过低都会导致摩擦因数升高,表面粗糙度对具有自润滑性能的PTFE材料的摩擦因数影响不大;高往复频率会使NBR材料摩擦因数降低,过高或过低的往复频率都会使PTFE材料摩擦因数降低;NBR材料的磨损形式以磨粒磨损和黏着磨损为主,PTFE材料以黏着磨损和疲劳磨损为主。     

Wear and fracture toughness of partially stabilized zirconia ceramics under dry friction against steel

The wear of two ceramic materials containing partially stabilized zirconia is studied under unlubricated friction against steel. The first material, with ZrO₂ and 3 mol % Y₂O₃, was obtained by cold isostatic pressing and sintering. The second material, comprising ZrO₂ and 4 mol % Y₂O₃, was fabricated by additional hot isostatic pressing. The samples of both materials were fabricated with high and low values of fracture toughness. The samples with high fracture toughness are found to wear more intensively. This fact can be explained by surface micro-cracking during braking as a result of phase transformations.     

激光冲击强化对LZ50车轴钢疲劳性能影响试验研究

为了研究激光冲击强化对LZ50车轴钢疲劳性能的影响,对LZ50车轴钢车轴试样进行激光冲击强化处理并在JD-1轮轨模拟试验机上进行了旋转弯曲疲劳试验。结果显示：采用不同参数激光冲击强化处理的2个试样,硬度分别增大18%和27%;对LZ50车轴钢试样的过盈配合面进行激光冲击处理后产生了塑性变形层,形成了较高的残余压应力;试验后试样过盈配合表面两侧区域都可见明显的环形损伤带,出现了以剥落和犁沟为特征的磨损形貌,损伤机制为磨粒磨损、氧化磨损和剥层。激光冲击前后试样断口形貌特征相似,疲劳源呈多源性;在裂纹扩展区域段观察到大量的准解理小面,属于脆性穿晶断裂;瞬断区内出现大量韧窝和二次裂纹。激光冲击强化处理显著提高了车轴钢的疲劳寿命,不同激光冲击强化参数处理的2个车轴试样疲劳寿命比未处理试样疲劳寿命分别提高31%和21%。     

铜基复合制动材料摩擦磨损性能研究进展*

我国高速列车的不断提速,对制动盘材料的性能提出了更高的要求。铜基复合制动盘材料由于具有高比刚度、高比强度、优良的高温性能,以及良好的摩擦磨损性能等优点,被认为是最有应用前景的制动盘材料。在介绍高速列车制动盘材料发展的基础上,进一步论述了铜基复合制动盘材料的构成组元、制备方法及发展历程;阐述了铜基复合制动盘材料摩擦磨损性能的研究现状;最后展望了铜基复合制动盘材料的发展趋势,为高性能铜基复合制动盘材料的研制提供参考。     

Microstructure and abrasive wear in silicon nitride ceramics

It is well known that abrasive wear resistance is not strictly a materials property, but also depends upon the specific conditions of the wear environment. Nonetheless, characteristics of the ceramic microstructure do influence its hardness and fracture toughness and must, therefore, play an active role in determining how a ceramic will respond to the specific stress states imposed upon it by the wear environment. In this study, the ways in which composition and microstructure influence the abrasive wear behavior of six commercially-produced silicon nitride based ceramics are examined. Results indicate that microstructural parameters, such as matrix grain size and orientation, porosity, and grain boundary microstructure, and thermal expansion mismatch stresses created as the result of second phase formation, influence the wear rate through their effect on wear sheet formation and subsurface fracture. It is also noted that the potential impact of these variables on the wear rate may not be reflected in conventional fracture toughness measurements.     

Tribological investigation of commercially sintered steels under dry sliding conditions against austenitic steel

In this study the wear and friction of uncoated sintered steels, their relationship with microstructure and toughness when tested against austenitic steel were investigated. The metallographic investigation and the quantitative testing are interrelated in such a way that one can explain the other, and together they explain the wear behaviour of the sintered parts. The paper identifies the main wear mechanisms in this particular type of testing for the investigated materials. For the same materials, the paper also proves in quantitative terms (for the first time) the correlation between material fracture toughness and its wear behaviour - a correlation demonstrated before for other materials by theoretical studies.