Friction and wear behavior of hybrid glass/PTFE fabric composite reinforced with surface modified nanometer ZnO

Nano-ZnO was successfully grafted with 2,4-toluenediisocyanate (TDI) and β-aminoethyltrimethoxylsilane (OB551) to avoid the agglomeration of nano-ZnO in composite. The hybrid glass/PTFE fabric composites reinforced with the untreated, OB551 and TDI modified nano-ZnO, respectively, were prepared by dip-coating of the hybrid fabric in a phenolic adhesive resin containing the nanoparticles to be incorporated and the successive curing. The friction and wear behaviors of various nano-ZnO reinforced hybrid glass/PTFE fabric composites sliding against AISI-1045 steel in a pin-on-disk configuration were evaluated on a Xuanwu-III high-temperature friction and wear tester, with the unfilled one as a reference. The morphologies of the worn surfaces of the composites and of the counterpart pins were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. In addition, FTIR spectrum was taken to characterize the untreated and treated nano-ZnO. It is found that the untreated and treated nano-ZnO reinforced hybrid glass/PTFE fabric composites exhibit improved wear resistance and friction-reduction in comparison with the unfilled one. The TDI modified nano-ZnO reinforced composite can obtain the best friction and wear performance under different applied load; followed by the OB551 modified nano-ZnO reinforced one. Sliding conditions, such as environmental temperature and lubricating condition, significantly affect the tribo-performances of the unfilled and filled hybrid glass/PTFE fabric composites.     

SiC颗粒增强PTFE基复合材料磨损图的研究

研究了SiC颗粒增强PTFE基复合材料(PTFE／SiCp)在干摩擦条件下的磨损特性。对磨损表面进行了观察分析，建立了复合材料磨损机制转变图，对在不同磨损条件下的磨损机制进行了概括。结果表明，SiC颗粒增强PTFE基复合材料发生轻微磨损的主要机制是显微切削，发生严重磨损的主要机制是粘着磨损。     

Effect of Blowing Air and Floating Sand-dust Particles on the Friction and Wear Behavior of PTFE, UHMWPE and PI

The friction and wear behaviors of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), and polyimide (PI) have been comparatively evaluated under dry sliding, blowing air, and simulated sand-dust conditions. The tribological tests were conducted on an improved block-on-ring test rig equipped with an attachment for simulating the sand-dust environment. The reason for the difference in the tribological behavior of these polymers under the three test conditions was also comparatively discussed, based on scanning electron microscopic examination of the worn polymer specimens and counterfaces. Under blowing air conditions, the decrease of the contact temperature produced by blowing air led to the increase in the shearing strength of the sliding surface when compared with dry sliding conditions and hence to cause an increase in the friction coefficient and a remarkable decrease in the wear rate of PTFE and UHMWPE. On the contrary, blowing air produced a decrease in the friction coefficient of PI because of the formation of transfer film on the counterfaces, and an increase in the wear rate, because the blowing air considerably promoted the transfer of PI onto the counterfaces when compared with dry sliding conditions. Both PTFE and UHMWPE registered the lowest wear rate under sand-dust conditions, owing to the tribolayer formation on the worn surfaces, while PI exhibited the highest wear rate because no tribolayer was formed during the abrasive wear process.     

聚四氟乙烯碳纤维增强双马来酰亚胺复合材料的摩擦学性能

研究了不同含量PTFE碳纤维增强双马来酰亚胺复合材料的力学和摩擦学性能,并分析了在干摩擦和水润滑条件下的磨损表面形貌和磨损机制。结果表明:添加质量分数10%~15%PTFE的复合材料体系机械性能最佳,随PTFE含量的增加,复合材料的摩擦因数下降,而磨损率呈上升趋势。水润滑下,摩擦因数和磨损率比干摩擦下都有相应的降低。干摩擦下,材料的磨损主要以塑性变形、微观破裂及破碎为主;水润滑下,这一机制明显减弱,主要表现为微切削形态。     

芳纶纱的结构形貌对芳纶/PTFE织物复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

为了研究纱线结构形貌对织物复合材料摩擦学性能的影响,选用对位芳纶纤维,制备成3种具有不同结构形貌的芳纶纱,分别为长丝平行纱、长丝加捻纱和短纤维加捻纱。以相同的制备工艺得到3种芳纶/PTFE织物复合材料,采用多试件摩擦磨损试验机测试复合材料的摩擦学性能,并对芳纶/PTFE混编织物及相应复合材料的结构形貌、力学性能和磨损表面进行分析与探讨。实验结果表明：芳纶纱的结构形貌可直接影响纱线的断裂强度、纱线拔出强力、纱线与树脂的界面结合力,进而影响织物复合材料的摩擦学性能;在不同的磨损条件下3种混编织物的耐磨性表现有所不同,当载荷相对较低时,芳纶短纤维加捻纱/PTFE织物复合材料磨损率更低,而当载荷较高时,芳纶长丝加捻纱/PTFE织物复合材料耐磨性更好。     

聚四氟乙烯填充含量对钢背超高分子量聚乙烯纤维织物复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

为改善广泛应用于船舶苛刻环境无油/脂润滑摩擦配副材料的摩擦学性能,将聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）按不同质量分数与钢背超高分子量聚乙烯纤维织物复合材料结合,研究它与45钢盘在变转速环环端面干摩擦状态下的摩擦学特性。对试验过程中摩擦因数及磨损量进行测量,利用表面轮廓仪、扫描电子显微镜与超景深显微镜对复合材料及对磨件磨损表面形貌进行了观察与分析。结果表明：所有填充PTFE的复合材料摩擦学性能均表现优异,随着PTFE含量的增加,复合材料摩擦性能变差,其中1 %（质量分数） PTFE填充复合材料综合摩擦性能最好,在试验工况下主要发生磨粒磨损,PTFE填充量较高的复合材料在高速下由于团聚及摩擦热量积聚主要经历黏着磨损与疲劳磨损。     

Friction and Wear of Hybrid PTFE/Kevlar Fabric Composite Filled with ZnO Nanoparticles Sliding against Steel,Copper, and Aluminum

ZnO nanoparticles were incorporated into phenolic resin and the effect of the ZnO content on tribological properties of hybrid polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/Kevlar fabric/phenolic composite was investigated. Fabric composite filled with 5 wt.% ZnO nanoparticles sliding against steel, copper, or aluminum was investigated in detail. Friction and wear tests showed that fabric composite/steel exhibited lower friction coefficient and wear rate with varied loads and speeds. It is believed that the coherent transfer film and tribochemical reactions involved in fabric composite/steel contributed to the reduced friction coefficient and wear rate of the fabric composite.     

Friction and Wear Behavior of CF/PTFE Composites Lubricated by Choline Chloride Ionic Liquids

The use of ionic liquids (ILs) as lubricants has received increasing attention in recent years. The use of ILs, however, is limited by the corrosion problem and their potential toxic property. Here we present the results of our initial study on the tribological properties of carbon fiber (CF)-filled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites, which have an excellent chemical resistance property, lubricated by choline chloride ILs. The difference between choline chloride ILs and water and hydraulic oil as lubricants was studied at the same time, as was the effect of the anion on the lubricating property of choline chloride ILs. The worn surface and transfer film of CF/PTFE composites were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Our results indicate that the lubricating property of choline chloride ILs is much better than that of water and hydraulic oil. The friction coefficient and wear rate of CF/PTFE composites lubricated with ILs were approximately 60 and 50 % lower than those under the dry friction condition. Among the three kinds of ILs tested, the best tribological properties of the CF/PTFE composites were found for those sliding in the mixture of 1,2-propanediol and choline chloride. The worn surface and transfer film of CF/PTFE composites were also much smoother than those under the dry friction, water lubrication, and hydraulic oil lubrication conditions.     

聚苯酯填充聚四氟乙烯复合材料摩擦学行为研究

采用聚苯酯（Ekonol）、Ekonol／PAB纤维增强聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）制备利用转移膜润滑的摩擦副材料，并研究了两组材料在于摩擦条件下与9Cr18轴承钢对摩时的摩擦学性能；运用扫描电镜分析了两组材料磨损表面形貌和磨损机理。结果表明：随着Ekonol含量的增大，Ekonol填充PTFE复合材料的摩擦因数逐渐增大，当Ekonol质量分数超过25％时摩擦因数略有下降，磨损方式由以犁削磨损为主转变为以疲劳磨损为主；而Ekonol／PAB纤维填充门FE复合材料的摩擦因数，随Ekonol含量的增大而增大，磨损方式由以粘着磨损为主转变为以疲劳磨损为主。Ekonol／PAB纤维填充PTFE复合材料的摩擦学性能优于Ekonol填充PTFE复合材料。     

钢背衬碳纤维织物/环氧复合材料干摩擦特性研究

研究了钢背衬碳纤维织物/环氧复合材料在环-环端面干摩擦状态下的摩擦学特性,考察了MoS2与石墨粉及其配比、衬层厚度、法向载荷对衬层干摩擦性能的影响,用扫描电子显微镜对衬层的磨损表面及对偶件45^#钢环表面进行了观察与分析。结果表明：厚度为1.5mm的试环衬层在摩擦过程中主要表现出粘结磨损特性,而含20%（质量分数）MoS2粉的0.6mm衬层表现出疲劳磨损与磨粒磨损特性。摩擦因数-时间特性曲线表明MoS2粉在降低衬层摩擦因数的同时能够抑制环氧树脂向对偶钢环表面的粘结;石墨对衬层的减摩效果优于MoS2粉,但摩擦温升引起树脂向偶件表面转移增多使得减摩效果大大降低;质量分数为33%的MoS2与石墨粉衬层表现出最佳的摩擦学性能,衬层摩擦因数具有随载荷先减小后上升的趋势。     

有无电流工况下钢铝复合轨/受电靴的摩擦磨损特性

利用改进设计的销盘摩擦磨损试验机,研究了用于地铁供电的钢铝复合轨与受电靴在有无电工况下的滑动摩擦磨损性能,对比了磨损量与摩擦因数的变化,观察和分析了微观磨损形貌,分析了其摩擦磨损机制。试验表明:电流对摩擦副的干摩擦滑动行为具有显著的影响,随着电流的增加,钢铝复合轨和受电靴的磨损质量增加,摩擦因数减小,摩擦表面出现粘着磨损、电弧烧蚀、磨粒磨损、疲劳剥落特性。     

石墨填充聚四氟乙烯基复合材料的摩擦学性能

为了研制PTFE基粘弹-摩擦型阻尼材料,采用机械共混-冷压成型-烧结的工艺制备了石墨、聚苯硫醚、聚醚醚酮混合填充PTFE基复合材料,利用环-块式磨损试验机,在干摩擦条件下考察了复合材料的摩擦学性能,并用扫描电镜观察了磨损表面形貌,研究了复合材料的磨损机制。结果表明:PTFE含量不同的复合材料,随石墨填充量的增大,摩擦因数和磨损率的变化趋势不同,磨损主要由犁削、粘着和疲劳剥落中的一种或几种引起;适当配比的PTFE基复合材料具有较好的摩擦阻尼性能,能够满足粘弹-摩擦阻尼材料的要求。     

Correlation of the tribological behaviors with the mechanical properties of poly-ether-ether-ketones (PEEKs) with different molecular weights and their fiber filled composites

The tribological behaviors of three poly-ether-ether-ketones (PEEKs) with different molecular weights and their SCF (short carbon fiber)/graphite/PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) filled composites were examined using a block-on-ring apparatus under dry sliding conditions. Tensile tests, hardness measurements and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) of the PEEK based materials were also performed. The tribological behaviors of PEEK based materials were correlated with their mechanical properties and the tribological mechanisms were discussed based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) inspections of worn surfaces and wear debris. Under a low apparent pressure, a high material ductility seems to reduce the wear rate of pure PEEK through alleviating the microcutting effect exerted by the protruding regions of the counterpart. Under a high pressure, however, a high stiffness seems to improve the wear resistance of pure PEEK by reducing the plastic flow occurring in the PEEK surface layer. After incorporating SCF/graphite/PTFE fillers, the wear rate of PEEK was decreased significantly. Thinning and cracking of SCF are supposed to be the important factors determining the tribological behaviors of the composites.     

Comparative Study on Tribological Behaviors of Polyetheretherketone Composite Reinforced with Carbon Fiber and Polytetrafluoroethylene Under Water-Lubricated and Dry-Sliding Against Stainless Steel

The tribological behaviors of the composites of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) reinforced by carbon fiber and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) under distilled-water-lubricated- and dry-sliding against stainless steel were investigated. It was found that the PEEK composite had much better wear-resistance under water-lubricated sliding against stainless steel than under dry-sliding. The transfer film had smaller effect on the tribological behavior of PEEK composite under water-lubricated condition than under dry-sliding, because under water-lubricated condition the cooling and boundary lubricating effects of the water medium dominated the tribological behavior. Moreover, the considerably hindered transfer of the PEEK composite under water lubrication might also account for the decreased wear rate under water lubrication. The PEEK composite was characterized by mild scuffing and fiber protruding under water lubrication, while the plastic deformation and adhesion was significantly abated than under dry-sliding.     

固体润滑剂对碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

分别制备了PTFE／碳纤维、MoS2／碳纤维混杂增强的尼龙66复合材料,用MM-2000型摩擦磨损试验机评价其摩擦磨损性能,用SEM和XPS分析了磨损表面。结果表明：PTFE／碳纤维混杂增强可以明显改善尼龙复合材料摩擦学性能;MoS2／碳纤维混杂增强没有改善复合材料的摩擦学性能;MoS2在摩擦过程中氧化生成的MoO3充当了摩擦副之间的磨粒,其磨损机理推测为粘着和磨粒磨损的综合作用。     

Sensitivity of μ of Friction Materials to Load and Speed under Dry Sliding and Water Lubricated Conditions

The tribological behavior of friction materials is complex under various operating conditions. The present article discusses the sensitivity of tribological behaviors of friction materials to load and speed under dry and water-lubricated conditions qualitatively and μ of values was also analyzed quantitatively based on regression analysis. The friction and wear behaviors of friction materials were evaluated on a ring-on-block-type test rig. It was observed that the material itself was the dominant factor in μ sensitivity of friction materials, followed by sliding speed. The influence of the interaction of load and speed was negligible under water-lubricated condition. The friction coefficient of the composite was less sensitive to operating parameters under water-lubricated condition.     

Friction and wear properties of metal powder filled PTFE composites under oil lubricated conditions

Four kinds of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based composite, pure PTFE, PTFE+30vol.%Cu, PTFE+30vol.%Pb and PTFE+30vol.%Ni composite, were prepared. The friction and wear properties of these metal powder filled PTFE composites sliding against GCr15 bearing steel under both dry and lubricated conditions were studied using an MHK-500 ring-block wear tester. The worn surfaces of the PTFE composites and the transfer films formed on the surface of GCr15 bearing steel were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy respectively. Experimental results show that the friction and wear properties of the PTFE composites can be greatly improved by liquid paraffin lubrication. The wear of these PTFE composites can be decreased by at least 1 to 2 orders of magnitude compared with that under dry friction conditions, while the friction coefficients can be decreased by 1 order of magnitude, SEM and optical microscopy investigations of the rubbing surfaces show that metal fillers of Cu, Pb and Ni not only raise the load carrying capacity of the PTFE composites, but also promote transfer of the PTFE composites onto the counterfaces, so they greatly reduce the wear of the PTFE composites. However, the transfer of these PTFE composites onto the counterfaces can be greatly reduced by liquid paraffin lubrication, but transfer still takes place.     

A comparative investigation of the wear behavior of PTFE and PI under dry sliding and simulated sand-dust conditions

The wear behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyimide (PI) has been comparatively evaluated under dry sliding and simulated sand-dust conditions. An improved block-on-ring wear tester equipped with an attachment for simulating the sand-dust environment was used to evaluate the abrasive wear behavior of materials. The sand collected from the Yellow River of China was used to simulate the sand-dust environment, also different loads and sand-dust sizes were chosen for tribological tests. The two chosen polymers showed different wear behavior under sand-dust conditions and the wear rates of PTFE were much lower under sand-dust conditions than under dry sliding conditions. This was attributed to the formation of the tribolayer on the worn surfaces during the abrasive wear process. The sand-dust enhanced the wear resistance of PTFE, but reduced that of PI because, in contrast to PTFE, there was no tribolayer formed on the PI worn surface. The wear rate of PTFE increased under sand-dust conditions while the wear rate of PI decreased with the increase of applied load. The higher hardness of PI and fragmentation of abrasive particles under high loads accounted for the decrease in wear rate as load increased.     

纳米ZnO填充的PTFE基复合材料摩擦学性能研究

得胜０００型摩擦磨损试验机研究了不同体积含量的纳米氧化锌（ＺｎＯ）填充的ＰＴＦＥ基复合材料在于摩擦条件下与不风对摩时的摩擦学性能,并利用扫描电子微镜（ＳＥＭ）对ＰＴＦＥ及纳米ＺｎＯ／ＰＴＦＥ复合材料的微观结构、磨损表面和转移膜进行了观察和分析。结果表明,纳米ＺｎＯ／ＰＴＦＥ复合材料的摩擦性能与纯ＰＴＦＥ基本相当,但耐磨性明显优于后者,纳米ＺｎＯ在复合材料中的最佳含量为１５ｖｏｌ．％左右。     

Influence of weave structures on the tribological properties of hybrid Kevlar/PTFE fabric composites

The existing research of the woven fabric self-lubricating liner mainly focus on the tribological performance improvements and the service life raised by changing different fiber type combinations, adding additive modification, and performing fiber surface modification. As fabric composites, the weave structures play an important role in the mechanical and tribological performances of the liners. However, hardly any literature is available on the friction and wear behavior of such composites with different weave structures. In this paper, three weave structures (plain, twill 1/3 and satin 8/5) of hybrid Kevlar/PTFE fabric composites are selected and pin-on-flat linear reciprocating wear studies are done on a CETR tester under different pressures and different frequencies. The relationship between the tensile strength and the wear performance are studied. The morphologies of the worn surfaces under the typical test conditions are analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analysis results show that at 10 MPa, satin 8/5 performs the best in friction-reduction and antiwear performance, and plain is the worst. At 30 MPa, however, the antiwear performance is reversed and satin 8/5 does not even complete the 2 h wear test at 16 Hz. There is no clear evidence proving that the tensile strength has an influence on the wear performance. So the different tribological performance of the three weave structures of fabric composites may be attributed to the different PTFE proportions in the fabric surface and the different wear mechanisms. The fabric composites are divided into three regions: the lubrication region, the reinforced region and the bonding region. The major mechanisms are fatigue wear and the shear effects of the friction force in the lubrication region. In the reinforced region fiber-matrix de-bonding and fiber breakage are involved. The proposed research proposes a regional wear model and further indicates the wear process and the wear mechanism of fabric composites.