柴油机孔式喷嘴内部空化现象的数值模拟

采用Fluent软件的混合多相流模型和空化模型,对柴油机孔式喷油嘴稳定喷射时喷嘴内部的空化流动现象进行了数值模拟,得到了空穴在喷油嘴内的分布情况,进一步分析了喷孔直径和喷孔长径比等几何结构参数对喷孔内空穴分布的影响。结果表明,增加喷孔直径和提高喷孔长径比可以使空穴在喷孔出口截面上分布更为均匀。     

Numerical Simulation of Low-Mach-Number Laminar Mixing and Reacting Flows Using a Dual-Purpose Pressure-Based Algorithm

Benefitting from an analogy between compressible and incompressible governing equations, a novel dual-purpose, pressure-based finite-volume algorithm is suitably extended to simulate laminar mixing and reacting flows in low-Mach-number regimes. In our test cases, the Mach number is as high as 0.00326. Definitely, such low-Mach-number flows cannot be readily solved by either regular density-based solvers or most of their extensions. To examine the accuracy and performance of the extended formulation and algorithm, we simulate two benchmark cases including the mixing natural-convection flow in a square cavity with strong temperature gradients and the premixed reacting flow through annuli with high, sharp density variations. In both cases, the fluid flow is treated as an ideal gas, whose properties vary with temperature variation assuming Sutherland's law. Additionally, we do not take into account the Boussinesq limit in treating highly thermobuoyant flow fields. The current results are validated against other available benchmarks and reliable numerical solutions. Despite using a pressure-based algorithm, the Mach number and density variations are predicted very accurately.     

柴油机喷孔内部空化效应的可视化实验研究

柴油机喷孔内空化现象显著影响燃油雾化质量.针对目前广泛应用的VCO型喷嘴,设计大尺度透明喷嘴稳态实验系统,全面研究了无量纲数、雷诺数、喷嘴射流参数和结构参数对喷嘴内空化过程的影响.结果表明,空化数对空化剧烈程度影响显著,雷诺数对空化剧烈程度影响小于空化数;射流参数直接影响流体流动状态,增大入口压力、减小出口压力和针阀升程能使喷孔内的空化现象显著增强;结构参数决定喷孔内流动形式,增大喷孔倾角、直径和长径比,采用入口圆角等措施会抑制空化的产生.     

伞喷喷嘴内空化现象的数值模拟

使用混合多相模型和全空化模型通过数值模拟研究了伞喷喷嘴内的空化流动过程.结果发现,伞喷喷嘴内的空化发展显著影响了喷嘴出口处的燃油液膜厚度和喷射速度,进而直接改变喷射锥角和液滴的平均索特直径.基于喷嘴内燃油蒸气的分布,空化可以划分为无空化、入口空化、出口发展空化和完全空化.完全空化中燃油蒸气延伸至喷嘴出口,可以显著增加喷...     

脉动燃烧器内流场的数值模拟

建立了Rijke型脉动燃烧器内自激脉动流动的数学,并采用TVD格式求解了二维非稳态可压流N－S方程,讨论了加热量对脉动流动及对流传热过程的影响,认为速度脉动幅度对对流传热系数的影响比较大,在脉动速度分量波动较大的地方,对流传热系数增加的幅度加大。证明了在Rijke型脉动燃烧器中自激脉动流动增大了对流传热系数。     

Modeling of Heat Transfer Across the Interface in Two-Fluid Flows

A model is presented in this article to deal with heat transfer across the interface separating two immiscible fluids. It is suitable to be incorporated into interface-tracking methods, such as volume-of-fluid (VOF) methods, because a sharp interface is available in these approaches. The temperature at the interface and the heat flux through it are calculated in such a way that the continuity of the two properties at the contact surface is satisfied explicitly. With use of these values, the temperature either at the centroid or on a face of the interface cell can be estimated, which serves as Dirichlet boundary condition for the energy equation. The temperature field is then calculated by solving the energy equations for the two fluids simultaneously in an implicit way. This method is first assessed via testing on two heat conduction problems in which two solids are in contact. Good agreement between numerical solutions and theory is obtained. To demonstrate its capability, it is applied to two kinds of heat transfer problems, one being the collapse of a heated water column in a cavity, and the other the falling of a molten tin droplet in an oil tank. The effect of fluid flow on the heat transfer is clearly illustrated.     

涡轮叶尖间隙流动的数值模拟

采用基于雷诺平均N-S方程的三维CFD计算程序,并结合Spalart-Allmaras-方程或κ-epsilon双方程湍流模型加壁面函数的方法,对涡轮平面叶栅和涡轮级转子的叶尖间隙流场进行了数值计算,详细研究了不同叶尖间隙高度、不同叶尖间隙形式和叶尖间隙有冷气入射时其对涡轮叶尖间隙流场和性能的影响.计算结果表明:叶尖间隙对从大约70%叶高到叶尖位置的叶片损失具有明显的影响;在同样间隙大小情况下,余高间隙叶片等熵效率比平间隙叶片等熵效率约提高了一个百分点;而叶尖间隙有冷气入射时涡轮的等熵效率要比无冷气入射时的等熵效率约提高两个百分点.     

柴油机不同类型喷嘴内部空化流动特性的研究

柴油喷嘴内部空化效应是燃油液体射流雾化的重要原因之一。针对目前发动机上广泛采用的SAC型和VCO型两种柴油机多孔喷嘴,运用基于欧拉多流体法的多相流模型,通过全自动网格生成技术,对二者进行了多维数值模拟。将空化模型应用于数值模拟中,全面分析了喷射压力、喷孔背压、喷孔入口圆角半径和喷孔倾斜角等参数对喷孔内部空化流动及出口流量的影响。结果表明,增大喷射压力容易促使空化的发生,压力较大时,SAC型喷嘴出口流量变化不如VCO型的大;出口压力对空化起到抑制作用,减小出口压力有利于空化的形成,有助于喷孔出口燃油的雾化;喷孔入口圆角半径和倾斜角的增大,使得孔内流动变得更加顺畅,燃油蒸气体积变小,出口流量增加。所以孔内空化效应对缸内喷雾过程尤其是燃油液体射流的初始破碎的影响不容忽视。     

喷油嘴内部空穴流动模拟计算分析

利用多相流空穴模型对喷油嘴稳定喷射时喷孔内的空穴流动现象进行了三维数值模拟,分析了空穴在喷油嘴内的形成机理及其分布情况,,基于此模型进一步研究了喷油压力、背压及喷孔入口圆角半径与喷孔k系数对喷孔内部空穴分布的影响.通过模拟计算可知,喷射压力降低和背压增加、增大喷孔入口圆角半径及喷孔k系数后,喷孔内空穴将减小.     

稠密气固两相流的直接数值模拟

分别用欧拉方法处理气相场和用拉格朗日方法处理离散颗粒场。在处理粒场时考虑到颗粒直径、比重、材料的刚度、摩擦系数等对颗粒运动的影响。用直接模拟法分别对漏斗流、球磨机以及喷动流化床内颗粒的运动进行了模拟,并通过实验对喷动流化床的模拟结果进行了验证。     

某型燃气轮机燃烧室燃烧流场数值研究

燃气轮机燃烧室的燃烧特性受到旋流强度、雾化特性等因素的强烈影响,旋流强度和雾化特性分析对燃烧室的设计和优化具有非常重要的作用。对燃气轮机燃烧室的燃烧流场,应用商用程序FLUENT进行了数值模拟,并分析了空气过量系数α和燃油雾化粒径对燃烧室内燃烧特性的影响。模拟结果表明,控制空气过量系数和燃油雾化粒径对提高燃烧室工作性能和降低污染物排放具有重要意义。     

Two-Dimensional Two-Fluid Two-Phase Flow Simulation Using an Approximate Jacobian Matrix for HLL Scheme

In this article, a numerical method to solve the two-set, eight-equation, compressible, two-fluid, two-phase flow model is developed in two dimensions as an extension of the earlier one-dimensional version. The multidimensional two-fluid model can be effectively solved by a finite-volume method in a rotated reference frame. In order to estimate the fastest wave speeds in the hyperbolic equation system for the Harten–Lax–van Leer (HLL) scheme, we first regard the liquid phase as compressible by taking the stiffened-gas equation of state. Then we derive the two-dimensional approximate Jacobian matrix and obtain the associated eight analytic eigenvalues. Using the HLL scheme, we solve a few two-phase flow problems including shape cavitation and underwater explosion, demonstrating application of the present numerical method to meaningful problems.     

车用空气滤清器的流场数值模拟与结构改进设计

对滤芯直径为300ram的空气滤清器内空气从自由空间区域进入多孔介质区域的流动进行了数值模拟。通过分析提出了空气滤清器外部结构的改进方案,对提高滤清效率,降低外壳承受压力有显著成效,为空气滤清器的研制和开发提供了实用的参考。     

车用空气滤清器的流场数值模拟与结构改进设计

对滤芯直径为300mm的空气滤清器内空气从自由空间区域进入多孔介质区域的流动进行了数值模拟。通过分析提出了空气滤清器外部结构的改进方案,对提高滤清效率,降低外壳承受压力有显著成效,为空气滤清器的研制和开发提供了实用的参考。     

柴油机喷油器内部空化流动的数值模拟研究

柴油机喷油器内部的空化流动现象对燃油雾化、燃烧及排放有重大的影响,而针阀运动又直接影响着喷油器内部空化流动的生成与发展。为此,运用欧拉双流体法对喷油器内部流动进行气、液两相流的动态模拟研究,分析了不同针阀升程下喷孔内部空化分布及发展情况。研究结果表明,针阀上升和下降过程中,喷孔内空化流动变化剧烈;针阀升程稳定时,喷孔内空化流动相对稳定;喷孔入口增加倒角,可以有效缓解喷孔内的空化现象。     

柴油机模型喷孔内空化与空蚀特性试验研究

在真实喷油器空蚀试验基础上,利用X射线CT扫描检测到了喷嘴内微量空蚀。为获得空化对空蚀的具体影响,搭建了可同时获得喷孔内空化区域和空蚀区域及形貌的可视化试验装置,采用高速摄影技术和电镜扫描(SEM)技术,针对一个矩形喷孔内空化流动和空蚀特性进行试验研究。结果表明:喷射压力越高,喷孔内空化发展越充分,并出现了单相流、不完全空化流、超空化流和水力回流4种不同流态;云空化脱落呈现出一定的循环周期性,且喷孔下游空蚀区与云空化脱落溃灭区非常吻合。结合壁面附近空化区与液相区交界处存在的空蚀现象,推理云空化脱落溃灭和冷凝溃灭是喷孔内空蚀形成的两大因素。     

喷油器控制阀空化现象可视化试验与模拟分析

为了获得喷油器控制阀空化现象的直观流动图像,搭建了喷油器控制阀比例放大可视化试验台。采用高速摄像和长工作距离显微成像技术,研究了不同球阀升程和进口压力下控制阀区域空穴两相流动的特性。通过数值模拟的方法对试验得到的流动图像进行了双向验证。研究结果表明:控制阀区域的空化现象主要发生在球体表面、阀座锥面和进油孔处;空化数可以反映控制阀区域空化的强度;控制阀疲劳试验中气蚀环大于密封环的原因是球体表面发生强烈空化的区域比落座撞击区域靠上。     

采用不同湍流模型及差分格式对四角切向燃烧煤粉锅炉内冷态流场的数值模拟

采用商业软件FLUENT所提供的不同湍流模型;K－ε模型、RNG K－ε模型、带旋流修正的RNG K－ε模型、Realizable K－ε模型、雷诺应力模型,对四角切向燃烧煤粉锅炉内冷态气相流动进行了数值模拟。为减小数值伪扩散对强旋流动的影响,本文采用了减小网格尺寸和提高差分模式精度等措施。通过与实验结果的对比分析,客观评价了这些模型与方法对该流动模拟效果的影响,为理论分析强旋湍流流动和对四角切向燃烧煤粉锅炉内流体流动的工程设计提供了参考依据。     

A Numerical Method for Simulation of Incompressible Three-Dimensional Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Flows

Three-dimensional Newtonian and non-Newtonian flows are found in numerous engineering applications. Simulation of this class of problems requires robust mathematical and computational modeling. The main goal of this article is to propose a unified numerical methodology for solving three-dimensional, laminar, incompressible Newtonian and non-Newtonian steady flows. A second-order, fully implicit finite-difference approximation is used to discretize the governing equations in a collocated mesh, in which Jacobian matrices are derived to account for distinct constitutive relations for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The strategy also uses a Euler implicit pseudo-transient time stepping aiming at steady-state solutions. Examples illustrating Newtonian and non-Newtonian (polymer melts) fluid flow in 3-D geometries are discussed.