Tribochemical effects on the friction and wear behaviors of a-C:H and a-C films in different environment

Friction and wear behaviors of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) and hydrogen-free amorphous carbon (a-C) films sliding against Si₃N₄ balls were investigated in different testing environments. The result showed that two films with extreme chemical disparity (one hydrogenated, and the other hydrogen free) showed distinct different friction and wear behaviors, and the friction and wear behaviors of the both films were strongly dependent on the environment. For a-C:H films, much low friction coefficient and wear rate were obtain in dry N₂. In the water and/or oxygen containing environments, the friction coefficient and wear rate of a-C:H films were obviously increased. On the contrary, a-C films only provided low friction coefficient and wear rate in the presence of water and/or oxygen in the test chamber. In dry N₂, the highest friction coefficient and wear rate were observed for a-C films. By investigating the worn surfaces of the films using XPS, it was proposed that the environment dependence of the friction and wear behaviors of the films was closely related with the friction-induced chemical interactions between the films and water and/or oxygen molecules. The specific roles of hydrogen, water and oxygen molecules and their tribochemical effects on the friction and wear mechanism of the films are discussed.     

Surface and Tribological Chemistry of Water and Carbon Dioxide on Copper Surfaces

The tribological chemistry of carbon dioxide and water vapor is studied on copper surfaces at high pressures, with a view to understand the gas-phase lubrication of copper–copper sliding contacts. The adsorption and film formation properties are studied on vapor-deposited copper films in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber using a quartz crystal microbalance. The nature of the reactively formed film is studied after reaction by ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Carbon dioxide adsorbs reversibly on copper, while water vapor adsorbs both reversibly and irreversibly, where XPS reveals that the irreversibly formed film consists of a mixture of cuprous oxide/hydroxide. Measuring the thickness of the cuprous oxide/hydroxide film as a function of water vapor pressure and temperature reveals that its thickness varies between about 6 and 14 Å and is proportional to the total amount of water adsorbed on the surface. This results in a cuprous oxide/hydroxide film that is thinner at higher temperatures. Measurements of the friction coefficient as a function of temperature and pressure in the presence of water vapor shows that it correlates with film thickness, reaching a limiting value of ~0.35 for thicker films.     

连铸机结晶器铜管外表面抛磨专机研制

针对连铸机上结晶器铜管外表面加工技术难题,介绍了一种利用尼龙刷辊进行抛磨加工的工艺方法,以及铜管抛磨专用机床的设计.     

铜、铝合金镜面切削加工的表面质量

研究了天然单晶金刚石刀具对铜、铝合金进行超精切削加工时,材料的组织、性能与残余应力对表面质量如反射率、面形、显微粗糙度等的影响,并就优化表面特性和加工工序进行了探讨.     

高效液相色谱法测定蚝水中山梨酸和苯甲酸的含量

为建立蚝水中山梨酸和苯甲酸含量的检测方法,采用乙醚提取蚝水中的山梨酸笔苯甲酸和盐净化的手段,除去蚝水中强紫外吸收物质对测定山梨酸和苯甲酸的干扰,使最小检测限达1mg/l,对山梨酸和苯甲酸的回收率分别为94．6％和93．2％,结果表明该提取方法简便、准确和灵敏。     

不同消解方法对番茄粉中铜的测定结果研究

干法灰化和湿法消解是无机元素测定中使用的两种传统处理方法。番茄粉样品使用此两种方法处理后的消解液,使用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定其铜的含量。将两种处理后的测定结果使用数学统计方法进行了检验,经F检验和T检验的检验结果表明：两种前处理所得结果的精密度和准确度是相一致的,即两种前处理方法对番茄粉样品中铜的测定结果无显著性差异。     

Tribochemistry of a PFPAE Fluid on M-50 Surfaces by FTIR Spectroscopy

The tribochemistry of a linear perfluoropolyalkylether (PFPAE) resulting from sliding friction experiments was investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. The experiments were conducted on a Cameron-Plint tribometer under boundary lubrication conditions in a controlled humidity environment. An acid species, R_fCOOH, was formed and partially characterized and its concentration was estimated to be about 500 ppm. As the relative humidity increases from 5% to 15%, both the acid species' concentration and the wear on the metal surfaces decrease sharply. A possible explanation to account for these observations is proposed.     

高密度聚乙烯和硬脂酸对石蜡基粘结剂流变行为的影响

使用旋转式流变仪研究了加入质量分数10%~30%的高密度聚乙烯和0~9%的硬脂酸后石蜡基粘结剂在120~162℃的流变行为。结果表明:粘结剂中石蜡与高密度聚乙烯含量之比K值对其黏度有重要影响,K值越小,黏度越大;当K≥4时,提高温度和加入硬脂酸不能降低其黏度;当K<4时,提高温度是改善粘结剂流变性能的有效手段之一,而硬脂酸加入量存在一个临界值,只有超过该值时才能有效降低黏度;随K值减小,硬脂酸临界加入量也逐步降低;粘结剂熔体在150℃下表现出类似牛顿流体的流变行为。     

Significance of Dimple Parameters on the Friction of Sliding Surfaces Investigated by Orthogonal Experiments

Surface texturing has proven to be an effective method to improve tribological performance of sliding surfaces. The pattern of microdimples is the most popular surface texture because it is supposed to obtain additional hydrodynamic pressure easily.

In order to evaluate the significance of the dimple parameters, including dimple diameter, depth, and area ratio, to the frictional performance, the dimple patterns with dimple diameter from 50 to 300 μm, dimple depth from 5 to 20 μm, and area ratio from 5 to 20% were manufactured on chromium-coated specimens by through-mask electrochemical micromachining. Experiments were designed using an L ₁₆ (4 ⁵ ) orthogonal array, which contained the above three factors and four levels for each factor. The frictional tests on the above-textured specimens against the specimens of cast iron with oil lubrication were carried out under the contact pressures of 0.2 and 1 MPa and sliding velocities of 0.1 s and 0.5 m/s.

The range analysis showed that the optimum dimple pattern was that with dimple diameter of 100–200 μm, dimple depth of 5–10 μm, and area ratio of 5%, which induced the friction reduction up to 77.6% compared to that of untextured surfaces.

Both the range analysis and analysis of variance suggested that dimple area ratio is the most important parameter influencing friction coefficient under the test condition of this research.     

微桥结构铜膜杨氏模量和残余应力研究

采用MEMS(MicroelectromechanicalSystems)技术研制了铜 (Cu)膜微桥结构试样 ,应用陶瓷压条为承力单元 ,并与纳米压痕仪XP系统的Berkovich三棱锥压头相结合 ,解决了较宽Cu膜微桥加载问题。测量了微桥载荷与位移的关系 ,并结合微桥力学理论模型得到了Cu膜微桥的杨氏模量及残余应力 ,其值分别为 115 .2GPa和 19.3MPa ,与应用纳米压痕仪直接测得的带有Si基底的Cu膜杨氏模量 110± 1.6 7GPa相吻合。     

Observation of Real Metal Surfaces by Tribostimulated Electron Emission and Its Relationship to the Analyses by XPS and Photoemission

The characteristics of tribostimulated electron emission (called TriboEE) have been studied for real metal surfaces subjected to rubbing with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). A gas-flow Geiger counter with a counter gas called Q gas was used for observing the TriboEE. Metal samples used were as follows: Ti, Zr (group 4 in the periodic table); V, Nb, Ta (group 5); Mo, W (group 6); Fe (group 8); Co (group 9); Ni, Pd, Pt (group 10); Cu, Ag, Au (group 11); Zn (group 12); Al (group 13); and Sn (group 14). For metals in the same groups of 4, 5, 6, 10, and 11 the number of electrons ejected during rubbing time (called TriboEE total count) increased with an increase in the period for the metal. For the metals in the groups of 4, 10, and 11 the surface fluorine content originating from PTFE debris attached at the surfaces increased with an increase in the period for the metal. The TriboEE total count was almost independent of the photoelectric thresholds determined in photoemission (PE) experiment throughout the metals, while the amount of ejected electrons in the PE measurement tended to decrease with increasing threshold. The surface potential (SP) was almost unchanged before and after the TriboEE measurement. Based on the relation to XPS, PE, and SP results the TriboEE was explained as being associated with the release of electrons transported to the attached PTFE debris from the metal substrate by a surface electric field.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定地下水中铜的不确定度连续传递模型研究

利用标准曲线各点标准值X、响应值Y及其不确定度进行双误差回归,解决了标准曲线回归对不确定度的影响。结合其它影响因素,对石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水质中铜的测量不确定度进行评定,建立本方法的不确定度连续传递模型。采用本模型,可得出未知水样包含不确定度的测定结果,给定误差下的方法检出限并与传统检出限进行了比较。     

Simulated Effects of Measurement Noise on Contact Measurements Between Rough and Smooth Surfaces

To test the accuracy of optically measuring contact, we examined the height distribution histogram of a simulated rough surface contacting a smooth surface. We qualified the technique sensitivity as a function of the inverse signal-to-noise ratio having values ranging from 0 to 0.3. An explanation of how the analysis technique can be applied to Dual Emission Laser-Induced Fluorescence (DELIF) measurements is provided.     

用于海洛因检测的低浓度乙酸敏感元件制备和敏感性能研究

文中通过对海洛因毒品的特性分析,提出了采用氧化传感器检测低浓度乙酸气体,间接检测海洛因毒品的技术方案,并对ZnFe2O4、ZnGa2O4气敏材料的制备和气敏性能进行了研究,认为Sb掺杂ZnFe2O4敏感材料适合于乙酸传感器,用于海洛因毒品的检测。     

平面电磁波理想金属表面散射场分布及粗糙度参数关系的理论分析

在散射表面的均方根起伏小于入射电磁波长条件下,借用标量理论之正弦光栅衍射场分布结果,分析了不同粗糙度参量条件下,矢量微扰理论二级以上微扰项带来的偏差;并定性分析了由散射场微分角分布的测量,计算随机分布散射表面粗糙度参数的可信度。     

油田水中新型水驱示踪剂氟苯甲酸的气相色谱-质谱分析

建立了油田水中新型水驱示踪剂 2 -( 2 -FBA)的痕量分析方法。该方法将过滤、固相萃取、衍生等样品前处理技术有效地结合在一起 ,应用气相色谱 -质谱 ( GC/ MS)技术对其进行定性和定量测定。结果表明 :方法具有较高的灵敏度和可靠的不确定度 ,油田水取样量为 2 5 0 m L时 ,2 -FBA最低检测限达 4ng/ L。 40 0 ng/ L2 -FBA的单次测量结果扩展不确定度为 5 0 ng/ L,即相对扩展不确定度优于 1 4%。本方法采用 4-甲基 -氟苯甲酸 ( 4 -TMFBA)作为内标物质校正衍生及测量过程。2 -FBA的浓度为 5～ 2 0 0 0 ng/ L,标准曲线的相关系数>0 .9998。此方法适用于油田、环境、生物、药物等样品中痕量 2 -FBA的快速、准确分析。同时也为其它氟代苯甲酸作为油田示踪剂提供了分析方法     

The Effect of Laser Texturing of Steel Surfaces and Speed-Load Parameters on the Transition of Lubrication Regime from Boundary to Hydrodynamic

Laser surface texturing (LST) is an emerging, effective method for improving the tribological performance of friction units lubricated with oil. In LST technology, a pulsating laser beam is used to create thousands of arranged microdimples on a surface by a material ablation process. These dimples generate hydrodynamic pressure between oil-lubricated parallel sliding surfaces. The impact of LST on lubricating-regime transitions was investigated in this study. Tribological experiments were carried out on pin-on-disk test apparatus at sliding speeds that ranged from 0.15 to 0.75 m/s and nominal contact pressures that ranged from 0.16 to 1.6 MPa. Two types of oil with different viscosities (54.8 cSt and 124.7 cSt at 40°C) were evaluated as lubricants. Electrical resistance between flat-pin and laser-textured disks was used to determine the operating lubrication regime. The test results showed that laser texturing expanded the range of speed-load parameters for hydrodynamic lubrication. LST also reduced the measured friction coefficients of contacts that operated under the hydrodynamic regime. The beneficial effects of laser surface texturing are more pronounced at higher speeds and loads and with higher viscosity oil.     

电化学蚀除法调控1Cr18Ni9Ti表面润湿性的研究

在微流体、自清洁材料、生物材料、食品制药等领域,很多零部件工作表面需要具有特定的润湿性以满足使用要求。材料表面微观形貌对表面润湿性具有重要影响,表面微观形貌包括多方面参数,针对1Cr18Ni9Ti材料,以电化学蚀除法为技术手段,通过大范围内调整加工参数,获得不同表面微观形貌,以表面形貌参数中的轮廓算术平均偏差Ra、微观不平度十点高度Rz、轮廓最大高度Ry反映轮廓高度特征,以轮廓单峰平均间距S、轮廓微观不平度的平均间距Sm反映轮廓宽度特征,以宽高比参数Sm/Ra、Sm/Ry和Sm/Rz反映轮廓形状特征,试验研究经过电化学蚀除形成不同表面微观形貌后的润湿特性,结果表明轮廓算术平均偏差Ra越大、轮廓微观不平度的平均间距Sm越小,宽高比参数Sm/Ra、Sm/Ry和Sm/Rz越小,表面润湿性越好。利用回归分析和BP神经网络对表面接触角进行模拟和预测,结果表明采用回归分析实现表面微观形貌的预设计和采用BP神经网络预测表面形貌特征参数对接触角的影响是可行的。     

厦门市大气颗粒物中水溶性离子分布特征及其对酸雨的影响研究

为研究厦门市大气颗粒物的污染特征及其对酸雨的影响,于2012年12月至2013年7月在厦门市各区分别采集大气中TSP、PM10、PM2.5颗粒物样品,利用离子色谱法分析了其中的水溶性离子成分含量。结果表明,厦门市大气颗粒物中水溶性离子成分分布特征为：Na＋和Ca2＋离子主要主要分布在TSP、PM10中,而SO42-离子则主要分布在PM10和PM2.5中。说明Na＋和Ca2＋离子更容易富集在粗颗粒物粒子上,而SO42-离子主要存在于细颗粒物粒子中。厦门市大气颗粒物中对雨水酸度有重要缓冲作用的Ca2＋、Mg2＋离子浓度处于较低水平,说明厦门市大气颗粒物对雨水酸度缓冲作用较低,这是厦门地区酸雨发生率较高的原因之一。     

基于MALDI源红外光解离质谱-光谱技术的金属-氨基酸配合物离子的结构研究

红外光解离(IRPD)质谱-光谱技术是研究气相离子结构的有力工具。本工作结合傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FT-ICR-MS)和台式光学参量振荡器(OPO)红外激光系统,针对气相中铷-组氨酸和铷-赖氨酸配合物离子进行红外光解离光谱研究。实验中配合物离子通过基质辅助激光解吸电离(MALDI)产生,而非由常用的电喷雾离子源(ESI)产生。光谱结果显示,两种配合物离子[His+Rb]+和[Lys+Rb]+分别在3 500 cm-1和2 935 cm-1处存在最大吸收。通过密度泛函理论(DFT)计算方法对[His+Rb]+的结构进行进一步研究,结果表明,[His+Rb]+离子主要来源于His+Rb-03,而非其最低能量构型His+Rb-01。