表面粗糙度对螺旋槽干式气体密封性能的影响

考虑螺旋槽干式气体端面密封(S-DGS)的表面粗糙度,通过求解可压缩流平均雷诺方程,研究了不同速度条件下密封端面不同区域的各向同性表面粗糙度对密封气膜刚度和泄漏量的影响。结果表明:密封端面各区域表面粗糙度对密封性能的影响规律各不相同,并且转速对表面粗糙度与密封性能的关系产生影响;为满足气体密封具有较高气膜刚度的同时具有较低的泄漏量,同时满足较高的性价比,设计时应选取合适的表面粗糙度值。     

磨合阶段的机械密封端面形貌特征研究

表面粗糙度对机械密封性能有着显著影响。利用MMU-2摩擦磨损试验机和表面轮廓仪,对3个不同粗糙程度的密封端面进行了摩擦磨损试验。引入特征粗糙度,研究了3个不同粗糙程度的密封端面在摩擦磨损过程中的特征粗糙度变化规律,并与表面的轮廓算术平均偏差粗糙度变化规律进行了比较。研究表明,不同初始粗糙程度的端面在跑合过程结束后,粗糙度趋于一致。这一结果为利用特征粗糙度正确设计机械密封端面,合理选择端面加工方法提供了依据。     

接触式机械密封端面泄漏模型的研究进展

泄漏率是评定机械密封性能的主要参数。接触式机械密封端面泄漏过程复杂,影响因素较多,且泄漏率是一个与运行时间相关的变量,而非稳态参数,因此其泄漏模型的建立是机械密封研究领域的难点。国内外的学者对接触式机械密封端面泄漏模型进行了大量的研究,相继提出了经验公式和数值计算模型。本文介绍了边界摩擦状态和混合摩擦状态的泄漏率经验公式;分析了包含密封端面间的液膜压力、微凸体接触比压、液膜厚度和载荷平衡方程的泄漏率数值计算模型,对不同作者在不同假设条件下采用数值计算模型得出的泄漏率计算结果进行了比较分析;探讨了经验公式和数值计算模型存在的问题。     

轴承表面弹性变形对倾斜轴颈轴承润滑性能的影响

采用平均Reynolds方程,在考虑润滑油粘压效应、轴承表面粗糙度的前提下,分析了轴承表面受载变形对倾斜轴颈轴承润滑性能的影响,并计算分析了不同表面粗糙度和表面方向参数下,考虑和不考虑轴承表面变形时的轴承润滑性能。结果表明,在分析倾斜轴颈轴承的润滑性能时,必须考虑轴承表面变形;在偏心率和轴颈倾斜角较大时,计及轴承表面变形以后,考虑轴承表面形貌参数对轴承润滑性能分析结果的影响不明显。     

考虑粗糙度效应的微孔化机械密封摩擦副接触特性分析

针对机械密封装置在启停阶段或某些特定工况下出现高温以及摩擦磨损严重等问题，探究考虑粗糙度效应的微孔化机械密封端面接触压力及温升的变化规律，以揭示机械密封端面的真实接触状态。基于分形理论建立机械密封静环粗糙表面和动环微孔接触模型，采用数值计算方法，研究微孔对机械密封端面接触压力和温升的影响，以及表面粗糙度对机械密封端面接触面积、接触压力、温升的影响。结果表明：微凸体经过微孔时，微凸体嵌入微孔边缘使得接触压力峰值增大，导致切削发生；摩擦过程中，压力最高点位置因为微凸体的弹塑性变形而不固定，改善了微凸体的受力情况；微孔降低了密封端面的接触面积，从而使得微凸体的接触减少、压力极值点减少，降低了密封端面摩擦副的温度，改善了密封端面的磨损状况；表面粗糙度越小，接触面积越大，接触压力、端面温度更加均匀，表面粗糙度越大，端面磨损风险更加严重。     

球体滚压参数对表面质量的影响

论述了滚压参数对球体滚压后零件表面粗糙度及表面硬度的影响 ,提出了合理的滚压参数 ,并对滚压条件作了全面分析     

基于多孔介质模型的机械密封静压泄漏特性分析

针对接触式机械密封普遍存在的渗漏现象,考虑到流体在多孔介质中的流动和在密封端面间的流动具有相似特征,基于多孔介质模型建立密封端面间渗流模型,通过对动量方程和连续性方程的推导,得到适用于密封端面间流体流动的控制方程,提出一种密封端面间泄漏率的解析计算新方法,并与COMSOL数值模拟得到的泄漏率进行对比分析;研究孔隙率、端面表面粗糙度、膜厚、密封介质压力和弹簧比压对静压泄漏特性的影响规律。结果表明,泄漏率随孔隙率、端面表面粗糙度、膜厚和密封介质压力的增大而增大,随弹簧比压的增大而减小,解析计算结果和数值模拟结果的变化趋势基本一致,证明该解析法计算泄漏率具有实用性和可行性。     

双端面机械密封在涡旋式天然气压缩机中的应用

介绍了涡旋式天然气压缩机的总体结构和驱动侧轴端设置的双端面机械密封结构,对双端面机械密封的主要参数特性和计算公式进行了分析,给出了各参数的计算结果,涡旋式天然气压缩机经过400h连续运转试验,双端面机械密封状况良好,无泄漏和磨损现象。     

On elastic deformation, inter-asperity cavitation and lubricant thermal effects on flow factors

Separate or combined effects of elastic deformation and inter-asperity cavitation of rough surfaces and lubricant thermal effect, resulting from different lubrication conditions, on flow factors were investigated based on an extended Reynolds equation and associated equations. The numerical results reveal that the flow factors given by Patir and Cheng are valid only over the range of big ratio of film thickness to roughness (h/σ), while their validities obviously drop for small h/σ due to the separate or combined effect of the above influencing factors. Moreover, variations of flow factors due to the combined effect of deformation and inter-asperity cavitation are significantly different from those by separate effects of these influencing factors. Therefore, Patir and Cheng's flow factors should be used with caution and corrected according to specific lubrication conditions.     

机械密封端面微变形研究进展

机械密封端面微变形是造成机械密封失效的主要原因之一,是机械密封研究的主要课题之一.对国内外机械密封端面微变形的研究现状和进展进行了分析,表明理论模型只能求解一些几何形状比较规则的密封环,应用范围非常有限；数值模拟方法中有限元法不仅可以求解截面形状复杂的密封环,而且还可模拟机械密封实际工况,应用和发展潜力很大.端面微变形测试是采用传统电阻应变测试方法,该方法以点测量为基础,不能获得全场的变形信号.因此,寻找更可靠的测试技术并研制一套测量系统已经成为目前机械密封端面微变形研究的重要课题.     

A Transient Mixed Lubrication Model of a Rotary Lip Seal with a Rough Shaft

A rotary lip seal, widely used in machines containing rotating shafts, is usually protected from mechanical and thermal damage by a thin film of lubricant under the lip, separating the lip and the shaft surfaces. However, under some transient conditions such as those during startup and shutdown, the fluid film is not fully established or it breaks down, and the seal operates in the mixed lubrication regime. To simulate such cases, a transient mixed lubrication analysis has been developed. It generates predictions of such seal operating characteristics as load support sharing between hydrodynamic and contact pressure, contact and cavitation area ratio, the reverse pumping rate, and the average film thickness. In most previous numerical simulations of the rotary lip seal, the shaft surface is modeled as perfectly smooth. In the present study, a more realistic shaft surface with asperities is used, and the effect of the shaft surface roughness on the behavior of the seal is investigated.     

基于微凸体侧接触模型的机械密封端面混合摩擦热理论预测

基于微凸体侧接触模型,推导了机械密封端面混合摩擦热计算式,研究了转速、摩擦间隙和粗糙度对常用机械密封端面混合摩擦热的影响。结果表明：常用混合摩擦状态下的机械密封端面微凸体接触多为第Ⅱ类弹塑性接触;当转速ω ≤ 2 800 r/min时,微凸体接触摩擦热所占比重较大,但随着转速上升,黏性摩擦热比重逐渐增大至百分之百;随着摩擦间隙d的增大,黏性摩擦热和微凸体接触摩擦热曲线均呈下降趋势,当d ≥ 2.8σ时,微凸体接触摩擦热减小至零,而黏性摩擦热随d变化不大;随着粗糙度的增加,端面摩擦热先下降后上升,在近1.6 μm处最小,因而在机械密封设计时,存在某一粗糙度使混合摩擦热最少。     

双端面机械密封环温度场的有限元分析

利用ANSYS软件对双端面机械密封环温度场进行了分析,考虑双端面机械密封环两侧不同气体泄漏介质的影响,绘出了密封环温度分布云图及等温线图,并分别讨论了主轴转速、润滑油温度发生变化时对密封环端面温度场的影响。结果表明,密封环端面内径处温度最高;静环换热效果较动环差;密封环周围主要是通过润滑油的换热,而与气体换热量较小。     

Modeling the effect of skewness and kurtosis on the static friction coefficient of rough surfaces

Engineering surfaces possess roughnesses that exhibit asymmetrical height distributions. However, the Gaussian distribution is most often used to characterize the topography of surfaces, and is also used in models to predict contact and friction parameters. In this paper, the effects of kurtosis and skewness on different levels of surface roughness are investigated independently. This is accomplished by adopting the Pearson system of frequency curves and used in conjunction with a static friction model for rough surfaces to calculate the friction force and friction coefficient. This study is the first attempt to independently model the effect of kurtosis and skewness on the static friction and friction coefficient. It is predicted that surfaces with high kurtosis and positive skewness exhibit lower static friction coefficient compared to the Gaussian case. More importantly, it is predicted that, for high kurtosis values, the static friction coefficient decreases with decreasing external force rather than increasing as seen with increasing skewness. This is a very promising result for applications involving smooth lightly loaded contacts such as magnetic storage devices and microelectromechanical systems. The practical significance of the present model is specifically demonstrated on static friction predictions in magnetic storage head–disk interfaces. Such predictions can be used to determine the optimal characteristics of such devices prior to fabrication to achieve lower friction in terms of surface roughness, mechanical properties, apparent contact area, and operational environment.     

Solution and analysis of VL combined seal lubrication model under the effect of wear

Through the finite element calculation of VL combined seal models under different wear conditions, contact pressure distributions of models are obtained. Considering the coupling effect between seal deformation and lubricating oil film, a mathematical model of elastohydrodynamic lubrication for VL combined seal is established. Based on the theory of small deformation, the elastic deformation of VL composite seal under high pressure is obtained by the deformation influence coefficient matrix method. Considering the influence of sealing surface wear and surface roughness, the oil film thickness distribution and oil film pressure distribution of VL combined seal are solved by the finite difference method. The analysis results show the wear of VL combined seal, the decrease of viscosity, the increase of roughness and rotational speed can raise the thickness and pressure of lubricating oil film. The correctness of numerical simulation is verified by experimentally measuring the friction torque and leakage rate of seal.

     

密封结构中粗糙表面特征对其气密性的影响

基于Gauss分布函数和指数自相关函数关系建立三维粗糙表面的数学模型,获得密封面的数值粗糙表面。进而在三维数值粗糙表面的基础上,采用流动数值分析方法,对金属垫片密封结构的气密性进行了研究,分析表面粗糙度、应力以及材料力学特性等相关参数对泄露率的影响。为构建泄漏率表达式,引入流量因子表征现有模型泄漏率与平行圆板模型的差异,流量因子是膜厚比的函数。该工作实现了静接触密封结构泄漏特性定量评估的数值分析方法,对各种硬密封结构的高精度设计有着重要指导意义。     

A New Roughness Parameter Including Hardness and Contact Frequency Effects on Lubricated Rolling/Sliding Wear

Surface roughness, roughness arrangement, film thickness, material hardness, and run-in process have significant effects on the lubricated rolling/sliding wear of mechanical components such as gears and bearings. In conventional analysis, a film thickness parameter is calculated by a geometric approach to study the wear resistance of a contact system without considering the effects of material hardness and run-in process. Although the conventional parameter is simple, it does not correlate with some experimental observations. In this work, a new roughness parameter is developed for the prediction of lubricated rolling/sliding wear. Surface roughness will be adjusted by its hardness and contact frequency. The calculation results are consistent with four groups of experimental data. It is proved that the conventional models can be derived as a special case of the new model when two contact surfaces have the same properties. The new model can be used in the optimal design and manufacturing of mechanical interfaces to reduce lubricated rolling/sliding wear.     

核主泵用流体静压密封环圆锥面超精密磨削

提出采用工件旋转杯形砂轮切入磨削原理来加工核主泵用流体静压密封环圆锥面新方法,对密封环圆锥面的径向轮廓误差随砂轮半径、回转台与砂轮中心距,砂轮俯仰角、砂轮侧偏角的变化规律进行深入分析,发现选择适当的机床结构参数,采用工件旋转杯形砂轮切入磨削原理加工核主泵用流体静压密封环圆锥面时,由磨削原理引入的径向轮廓误差极小,为纳米量级。根据最小径向轮廓误差和最小磨削接触弧长原则确定了核主泵用流体静压密封环圆锥面的超精密磨削实现策略。在工件旋转杯形砂轮切入磨削机床上实现了核主泵用碳化硅密封环圆锥面的高精度、低表面粗糙度磨削,测得周向跳动、径向轮廓误差和表面粗糙度Ra分别为0.16 m、0.15 m和3 nm。     

On the Modeling of Elastic Contact between Rough Surfaces

The contact force and the real contact area between rough surfaces are important in the prediction of friction, wear, adhesion, and electrical and thermal contact resistance. Over the last four decades various mathematical models have been developed. Built on very different assumptions and underlying mathematical frameworks, model agreement or effectiveness has never been thoroughly investigated. This work uses several measured profiles of real surfaces having vastly different roughness characteristics to predict contact areas and forces from various elastic contact models and contrast them to a deterministic fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based contact model. The latter is considered “exact” because surfaces are analyzed as they are measured, accounting for all peaks and valleys without compromise. Though measurement uncertainties and resolution issues prevail, the same surfaces are kept constant (i.e., are identical) for all models considered. Nonetheless, the effect of the data resolution of measured surface profiles will be investigated as well. An exact closed-form solution is offered for the widely used Greenwood and Williamson (GW) model (Greenwood and Williamson, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A, vol. 295, pp. 300–319), along with an alternative definition of the plasticity index that is based on a multiscale approach. The results reveal that several of the theoretical models show good quantitative and qualitative agreement among themselves, but though most models produce a nominally linear relationship between the real contact area and load, the deterministic model suggests otherwise in some cases. Regardless, all of the said models reduce the complicated surface profiles to only a few key parameters and it is therefore unrealistic to expect them to make precise predictions for all cases.