Design of Accelerated Life Test for Sleeve Bearing of Construction Equipment Based on Wear Prediction

Joint bearings of attachments play a key role in the reliability of construction equipment. These joint bearings operate in very harsh environments with strongly varying dynamic impact loads and oscillating under low sliding speeds. The bearings therefore operate in boundary lubrication, which means that direct metal-to-metal contact inevitably renders the sleeve bearing highly prone to wear. The assessment of durability for sleeve bearings is carried out using a test bench with oscillatory motion. However, estimating a quantitative accelerated factor considering the actual operating conditions is limited. The aim of this work is to determine the experimental conditions of the accelerated life test and to analyze the quantitative accelerated factor considering the wear limits of bearings. The wear limits are determined by the analysis of dimensional management that simulates the dispersion of a bucket end position by using 3DCS dedicated software. The accelerated factor is obtained by the comparing the times required to reach the wear limits. This test duration is calculated by the prediction methodology of wear depth based on the correlation between wear rate and film parameter. After the wear tests are performed using a test bench with actual bearings, the wear depth is measured to verify the estimated bearings. The proposed methodology is useful to design an accelerated life test under periodically changed lubrication condition caused by oscillatory motion.     

Wear properties of dry bearing liners at ambient and elevated temperatures

Dry bearings have been used increasingly over the last few years to replace conventional grease-lubricated metallic bearings in aerospace applications, particularly where maintenance is difficult or in hostile environments where fluid lubrication is impossible.The friction and wear properties of a wide range of experimental and commercial dry bearing liners have been examined in conditions of reciprocating line contact on a modified pin-on-ring apparatus at temperatures up to 150 °C. The development of the apparatus is briefly described. Accelerated wear data are provided in a few hours as opposed to the several months required for full-scale bearing test rigs. The specific wear rates differed appreciably under ambient conditions, varying by approximately two orders of magnitude. The application of additional heat generally increased the wear rate although some materials had an optimum performance at temperatures above ambient. In general liners containing synthetic reinforcing fibres, e.g. polyamide or polyester, appear to exhibit superior wear properties to those containing glass fibres. Comparisons are drawn between the data obtained from these accelerated tests and the results of those obtained on journal bearings.     

高速电主轴用脂润滑轴承性能试验

以高速磨削电主轴用角接触陶瓷球轴承B7005C/HQ1P4为研究对象,分别在油雾润滑和脂润滑下对轴承进行高速性能试验,通过对比分析转速、载荷与温升的关系研究了脂润滑轴承的高速性能。结果表明,在循环水冷却的条件下,转速低于40 000 r/min或dmn值小于1.44×106mm.r/min时,高速电主轴可以使用脂润滑陶瓷球轴承。     

水润滑复合橡胶轴承的摩擦学特性试验研究

以自来水为润滑介质 ,用 MPV- 2 0 0型摩擦磨损试验机分别研究了载荷、速度、运行时间等对 30 mm× 5 0mm复合橡胶轴承的摩擦系数和磨损率的影响 ,结果表明 :在较高载荷和较低转速下 ,形成了水膜动压润滑 ,轴承的摩擦系数和磨损率都较低。对作用机理进行了系统的分析 ,为水润滑橡胶轴承的实际应用提供理论依据     

水凝胶/热塑性聚氨酯复合材料在水润滑条件下的摩擦学性能

为提高水润滑轴承的承载能力，利用水凝胶在水润滑条件下的水合作用来改善热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）轴承材料的摩擦学性能。利用聚乙烯醇、海藻酸钠、壳聚糖等材料制备水凝胶颗粒，并通过熔融共混法制备水凝胶/TPU复合材料；在0.3和0.5 MPa的载荷下测试复合材料的摩擦磨损性能，利用激光干涉表面轮廓仪和扫描电子显微镜观察其磨损表面形貌，分析其磨损机制。结果表明：水凝胶微粒可以通过水合润滑改善摩擦副的润滑条件，从而降低摩擦因数和磨损量，提高复合材料的摩擦性能；水凝胶质量分数4%时复合材料具有最佳的摩擦磨损性能，其在0.3和0.5 MPa工况下相对于TPU试样的平均摩擦因数减少率分别为52.31%和43.94%。研究结果为开发高性能水润滑轴承材料提供了一种方法。     

Refined simulation of friction power loss in crank shaft slider bearings considering wear in the mixed lubrication regime

Friction reduction is a fundamental factor in decreasing fuel consumption of internal combustion engines. During the design stage of the engine the simulation of friction in the crank mechanism plays a vital role to develop optimum solutions. Due to the interaction of oil and elastic structures with rough surfaces in slider bearings, complex simulation models have to be used for representing the relevant physical behavior. The following article is focused on crank shaft slider bearings of large engines.The article describes a procedure evaluated by measurements showing how to model wear profiles of slider bearings to reach a high quality friction forecast. A fundamental influencing factor of bearing friction is given by the mixed lubrication regime and it is considered in the simulation model as part of asperity contact friction and hydrodynamic friction. Further effects result from the compliance in radial and width directions of the bearing structure and the wear of the bearing surface. Furthermore, the specific operating conditions of the slider bearing such as load, temperature, shaft speed and oil characteristics are essential and have to be taken into account.The objective of this investigation is to propose the wear profile of the bearing surface for the simulation model to be treated iteratively, where simulation results for the amount of mixed lubrication are successively assessed. For this purpose an iterative procedure is introduced and validated by measurements on a slider bearing test rig.The applied simulation method is based on elastic multi-body systems; the lubrication film contact is calculated based on Reynolds differential equation via the pressure balance calculated iteratively in the time domain. The model accounting for the mixed lubrication regime is based on the theory of Greenwood and Tripp.     

Differences in Mechanisms for Fretting Wear Reduction between Oil and Grease Lubrication

The different mechanisms of fretting wear in oil and grease lubrication and methods to reduce fretting wear were examined by means of thrust ball bearings in this study. Tests of fretting wear under oil lubrication were conducted. It was confirmed that high-viscosity oil can reduce fretting wear at high velocity (i.e., high frequency) through oil film formation. In the case of grease lubrication, the influence of velocity on fretting wear was significantly different for low- and high-viscosity greases. Grease with low-viscosity base oils could reduce fretting wear at high velocity. In contrast, grease with high-viscosity base oils could reduce fretting wear at low velocity. Grease thickeners were found to be effective in forming a layer that could prevent fretting wear. These results highlight the large differences in effective fretting wear reduction mechanisms between oil and grease lubrication.     

水润滑橡胶轴承的摩擦磨损特性及机理研究

以含沙量不同的自来水为润滑介质，用MPV-200型摩擦磨损试验机分别研究了载荷、速度、运行时间等对水润滑橡胶轴承的摩擦系数和磨损率的影响，得出橡胶轴承在不同水质，不同工况下的摩擦学特性，并对作用机理进行了系统的分析，为水润滑橡胶轴承的实际应用提供理论依据。     

Tribological study of elastomeric bearings for marine propeller shaft system

Elastomeric compounds, due to their favourable properties like sufficient hardness, toughness and natural resistance to abrasion and corrosion, are commonly used as bearing material for propeller shaft system of Indian Coast Guard Ships. Recently unequal and non-uniform wear of these bearings has resulted in unscheduled lay off of the Coast Guard Ships. To solve this problem of bearing wear, a mixed lubrication analysis of sea-water lubricated journal bearing has been attempted in the present study. A computer code was written to estimate lubricating film thickness for a given set of load and speed condition, and to predict the lubrication regime for the specified surface roughness parameters. To validate the theoretical analysis performed in the present study, the results obtained from the computer simulation have been compared with the established studies on the water lubricated bearing.To understand the uneven wear of marine bearings, actual geometric clearances of new and worn out bearings recorded by the ship maintenance team, and the operational data (load, speed and operating hours), obtained from the log books of ICGS Sangram (AOPV) of Indian Coast Guard, are listed in the present paper. The dynamic viscosity of sea water, surface roughness of propeller shaft and bearings, and particulate contamination has been measured. Finally, the suggestions have been enlisted for proper operation of shaft-bearing system so as to maintain the wear within the permissible limits during ship's operational cycle.     

固体润滑涂层在干摩擦及有油条件下的摩擦磨损性能

采用MRH-3环块磨损试验机对FM-510二硫化钼润滑涂层在于摩擦及有油条件下进行了摩擦磨损性能的考察和评价,评价结果表明：该涂层在干摩擦条件下具有低的摩擦系数、高的承载能力和长的耐磨寿命,摩擦系数随负荷增高而降低,随速度提高也降低。摩擦偶对双面涂膜比单面涂膜有更长的耐磨寿命,速度低时涂层的磨耗小,寿命长,可满足特定条件下的干摩擦工作要求,在有油润滑条件下二硫化钼基的FM-510润滑涂层可显减轻对偶磨损程度,摩擦系数比单独使用油润滑时大大降低。在难以形成连续的流体润滑薄膜,亦即不能形成流体动力润滑的情况下。摩擦偶对涂敷固体润滑涂层是解决其润滑问题的有效方案。     

干摩擦工况下Si3N4/PTFE配副材料摩擦磨损特性与转移膜形成分析

为使全陶瓷轴承在干摩擦工况下可靠运转,选用四氟乙烯(PTFE)材质的保持架为全陶瓷轴承提供润滑.利用Rtec销/盘摩擦磨损试验机,以PTFE盘与氮化硅(Si3 N4)销为摩擦副,研究Si3 N4/PTFE在不同载荷和转速条件下的摩擦磨损性能,通过SEM对Si3 N4表面的转移膜形貌进行观察,分析转移膜形成原因.结果表明...     

纳米磷酸盐薄膜的表面摩擦磨损性能研究

研究了轴承钢表面的纳米磷酸盐薄膜对轴承钢表面摩擦性能的影响。采用PHI595SAM型俄歇能谱仪对GCr15轴承钢试样表面纳米磷酸盐薄膜进行了分析和厚度测量。通过四球试验机和铁姆肯摩擦磨损试验机对表面覆盖磷酸盐薄膜的试样与普通试样进行了摩擦磨损对比试验。结果表明:表面覆盖20 nm厚磷酸盐薄膜的试样,具有良好的减摩抗磨效果。同时也对其高速轴承润滑系统的影响进行了讨论,发现纳米磷酸盐薄膜可以有效地改善高速轴承的润滑状态,延长轴承的使用寿命。     

UHMWPE基水润滑轴承摩擦及润滑特性的试验研究

针对纤维填料改性UHMWPE水润滑轴承的摩擦磨损性能进行研究。在平面摩擦磨损试验机上对玻璃纤维及碳纤维填料对UHMWPE复合材料摩擦性能进行试验,并分析GF-CF-UHMWPE材料与Thordon SXL材料在干摩擦、水润滑工况下的摩擦因数及磨损量。最后,采用径向水润滑轴承试验台对比研究了GF-CF-UHMWPE轴承和Thordon SXL轴承在不同载荷下摩擦因数随转速的变化规律。结果表明:纤维填料能显著增强UHMWPE的减摩性和耐磨性,GF-CF-UHMWPE材料具有更好的耐温性能,线性热膨胀系数也显著减小;GF-CF-UHMWPE轴承具有相同载荷下启动转速低,启动摩擦因数小的特性。     

Effect of wear of bearing surfaces on elastohydrodynamic lubrication of metal-on-metal hip implants

The effect of geometry change of the bearing surfaces owing to wear on the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) of metal-on-metal (MOM) hip bearings has been investigated theoretically in the present study. A particular MOM Metasul bearing (Zimmer GmbH) was considered, and was tested in a hip simulator using diluted bovine serum. The geometry of the worn bearing surface was measured using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and was modelled theoretically on the assumption of spherical geometries determined from the maximum linear wear depth and the angle of the worn region. Both the CMM measurement and the theoretical calculation were directly incorporated into the elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis. It was found that the geometry of the original machined bearing surfaces, particularly of the femoral head with its out-of-roundness, could lead to a large reduction in the predicted lubricant film thickness and an increase in pressure. However, these non-spherical deviations can be expected to be smoothed out quickly during the initial running-in period. For a given worn bearing surface, the predicted lubricant film thickness and pressure distribution, based on CMM measurement, were found to be in good overall agreement with those obtained with the theoretical model based on the maximum linear wear depth and the angle of the worn region. The gradual increase in linear wear during the running-in period resulted in an improvement in the conformity and consequently an increase in the predicted lubricant film thickness and a decrease in the pressure. For the Metasul bearing tested in an AMTI hip simulator, a maximum total linear wear depth of approximately 13 microm was measured after 1 million cycles and remained unchanged up to 5 million cycles. This resulted in a threefold increase in the predicted average lubricant film thickness. Consequently, it was possible for the Metasul bearing to achieve a fluid film lubrication regime during this period, and this was consistent with the minimal wear observed between 1 and 5 million cycles. However, under adverse in vivo conditions associated with start-up and stopping and depleted lubrication, wear of the bearing surfaces can still occur. An increase in the wear depth beyond a certain limit was shown to lead to the constriction of the lubricant film around the edge of the contact conjunction and consequently to a decrease in the lubricant film thickness. Continuous cycles of a running-in wear period followed by a steady state wear period may be inevitable in MOM hip implants. This highlights the importance of minimizing the wear in these devices during the initial running-in period, particularly from design and manufacturing points of view.     

Chemical Degradation of a Multiply Alkylated Cyclopentane (MAC) Oil During Wear: Implications for Spacecraft Attitude Control System Bearings

The wear-induced chemical degradation process was examined using deliberately under-lubricated thrust ball bearings to create wear in a reasonable time frame. The liquid-phase products were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy and gel-permeation chromatography. Our results indicate that oil molecules react with the freshly created clean Fe surface produced during wear, and fragment into radicals by breaking C–C bonds. These free radicals produce alkenes, which can then be further attacked by radicals, leading to the formation of larger molecules (oligomers and eventually polymers). A side reaction, production of iron carboxylate salts, also occurred during wear. Additional experiments indicate that organic acids can be produced by radical reaction with the oxidized areas of the bearing surfaces and wear particles, and these acids can then attack the clean Fe surfaces created by wear to form iron carboxylate salts. We used our experimental results to estimate the amount of degradation likely to be produced in attitude control system bearing tests under conditions that produce wear and poor performance. We find that multiply alkylated cyclopentane (MAC) oil chemical degradation is an effect of wear, and is insufficient to be a cause of failure itself. Life predictions for MAC-lubricated attitude control system bearings must be based on predictions of oil transport and wear since failures are due to the failure of the lubrication system, not of the lubricant itself.     

不同维度碳纳米材料对水润滑橡胶轴承摩擦磨损性能的影响

以碳纳米管(MWNT)、多层石墨烯(MLG)和纳米石墨(NG)为填料,采用溶液共混法制备3种不同维度碳纳米材料改性的丁腈橡胶基复合材料试样。在水润滑及重载工况下对3种材料进行摩擦磨损试验,结合摩擦因数、表面形貌和磨损量等参数的测试对材料的摩擦学性能进行比较,通过SEM电镜表征,揭示不同维度碳纳米填料的作用机制。结果表明:碳纳米材料的加入能够明显降低丁腈橡胶材料低速下的摩擦因数,提高其抗磨性能,其中三维结构纳米石墨的改性效果最优。3种碳纳米填料的作用机制分别为:一维碳纳米管因长径比大,易与橡胶分子形成物理交联点,并且起到微轴承作用;二维石墨烯易于脱落转移形成良好的固体润滑膜来改善摩擦磨损性能;三维纳米石墨由于颗粒的粗糙表面与橡胶基体相互嵌入,能增加黏附力,且能减少界面脱黏现象。     

A study of friction in worn misaligned journal bearings under severe hydrodynamic lubrication

Friction occurs in all mechanical systems such as transmissions, valves, piston rings, bearings, machines, etc. It is well known that in journal bearings, friction occurs in all lubrication regimes. However, shaft misalignment in rotating systems is one of the most common causes of wear. In this work, the bearing is assumed to operate in the hydrodynamic region, at high eccentricities, wear depths, and angular misalignment. As a result, the minimum film thickness is 5–10 times the surface finish, i.e., near the lower limit of the hydrodynamic lubrication when taking into account that in the latest technology CNC machines the bearing surface finish could be less than 1–2 μm.An analytical model is developed in order to find the relationship among the friction force, the misalignment angles, and wear depth. The Reynolds equation is solved numerically; the friction force is calculated in the equilibrium position. The friction coefficient is presented versus the misalignment angles and wear depths for different Sommerfeld numbers, thus creating friction functions dependent on misalignment and wear of the bearing. The variation in power loss of the rotor bearing system is also investigated and presented as a function of wear depth and misalignment angles.     

Mapping of Grease Migration in High-Speed Bearings Using a Technique Based on Fluorescence Spectroscopy

A novel approach that allowed the identification of (in) active grease reservoirs in high-speed superprecision angular contact ball bearings for spindle applications is described. To improve the design of these grease-lubricated bearings it is necessary to measure grease migration and determine the lubrication role of internal grease reservoirs. Hence, a technique based on fluorescence spectroscopy is successfully applied that allowed the identification of grease migration in such a bearing. Therefore, this technique provides a new way to further improve grease migration in critical bearing locations with the ultimate goal of attaining even higher speeds and longer life.     

往复冲击对脂润滑成膜性能影响的试验研究

冲击现象广泛存在于工业链、滚动轴承等机械零部件中,严重的情况下会引起冲击磨损。为探究冲击载荷对脂润滑条件下成膜性能的影响,在点接触光干涉弹流试验台上对锂基脂润滑条件下的膜厚演化进行冲击试验研究。试验时钢球和玻璃盘的初始间隙设置为0,冲击载荷按三角波往复变化。结果发现：在第一个冲击周期内,接触区存在大块的增稠剂纤维团,该纤维团造成接触区内的脂膜凹陷;随着冲击周期的增加,接触区内的大块增稠剂纤维团消失,脂膜厚度逐渐降低,润滑状态进入到薄膜润滑状态,最后发生了表面损伤;在任何一个冲击周期内,中心膜厚和最小膜厚大部分的时间都呈现固定值;中心膜厚随着冲击周期数的增加而减小,最小膜厚在最初的100个周期内变化很小,此后逐渐降低,最后为0。     

轴瓦轮廓修形对发动机连杆轴承磨损性能的影响

为了消除发动机连杆轴承在做功行程中两端出现的偏磨损,减少轴承的摩擦功耗,建立了某发动机曲轴系柔性多体动力学分析模型并进行了动力学仿真计算。根据连杆轴瓦内孔变形量仿真结果对轴瓦表面轮廓进行了修形设计。计算结果表明：对轴瓦轮廓修形后,轴承的润滑性能变化较小,最大油膜压力及最小油膜厚度随曲轴转角的变化趋势及数值大小均与原圆柱轮廓基本接近,消除了做功行程中的轴瓦偏磨问题,轴承的粗糙接触摩擦功耗无论是最大值还是平均值均降低,轴瓦表面粗糙接触压力沿轴瓦宽度方向分布均匀。