Comparisons of different heat transfer models of a walking beam type reheat furnace

Four different heat transfer models (Model-1 to -4) for the prediction of temperature of the slabs of a walking beam type reheat furnace have been compared. The models are classified based on the solution methodology and simplifications. In the first three models (Model-1 to -3), the furnace is modelled as radiating medium with spatially varying known temperature. Model-1 solves the 3D transient conduction in the slab and radiation in the furnace separately and is coupled via the boundary condition. In the second model, both radiation in the furnace and conduction in the slab are solved simultaneously. A user defined function (UDF) programme has been developed to process the movement of the slabs. Model-3 is similar to Model-2 but it includes additionally the skid support systems for the slabs. In the Model-4, convection in the furnace has been included in addition to all the features considered in Model-3. The convection has been modelled with the consideration of flow of hot gas through the inlet of the burners. All the models have been compared for their performance and computational time. Model-1 has been found to be quite economical and accurate. The inclusion of skid supporting system has little effect in the temperature distribution in the slab.     

板坯加热炉内加热特性的数值分析

以某公司热轧厂常规与双蓄热烧嘴组合供热的板坯加热炉为研究对象,建立该加热炉炉内流动、传热、燃烧和板坯运动吸热过程的三维物理数学模型,运用CFD仿真技术对其进行详细的数值计算,得到炉内稳态的速度场和温度场分布规律、板坯的升温曲线以及板坯温度分布均匀性,计算结果与"黑匣子"实验测量数据吻合良好。本文给出的板坯加热特性计算方法为研究加热炉新工艺、优化板坯加热温度制度提供了科学依据。     

板坯加热炉内常规燃烧与富氧燃烧数值计算对比分析

以某公司热轧厂板坯加热炉为研究对象,建立该加热炉内流动、传热、燃烧和板坯运动吸热过程的三维物理数学模型,运用CFD仿真技术对其进行详细的数值计算,重点对比分析了常规燃烧和富氧燃烧特性,得到了各自的炉内速度场和温度场分布规律、板坯的升温曲线以及板坯温度分布均匀性,计算结果与“黑匣子”实验测量数据吻合良好.总结出的富氧燃烧...     

CSP均热炉内板坯传热数值模拟研究

针对武钢CSP均热炉内板坯的传热进行了数值模拟研究,对板坯在炉内的热状态、板坯断面温度场进行了分析,为CSP均热炉加热工艺的优化提供了参考依据。     

Efficiency analysis of radiative slab heating in a walking-beam-type reheating furnace

The thermal efficiency of a reheating furnace was predicted by considering radiative heat transfer to the slabs and the furnace wall. The entire furnace was divided into fourteen sub-zones, and each sub-zone was assumed to be homogeneous in temperature distribution with one medium temperature and wall temperature, which were computed on the basis of the overall heat balance for all of the sub-zones. The thermal energy inflow, thermal energy outflow, heat generation by fuel combustion, heat loss by the skid system, and heat loss by radiation through the boundary of each sub-zone were considered to give the two temperatures of each sub-zone. The radiative heat transfer was solved by the FVM radiation method, and a blocked-off procedure was applied to the treatment of the slabs. The temperature field of a slab was calculated by solving the transient heat conduction equation with the boundary condition of impinging radiation heat flux from the hot combustion gas and furnace wall. Additionally, the slab heating characteristics and thermal behavior of the furnace were analyzed for various fuel feed conditions.     

A heat transfer model for the analysis of transient heating of the slab in a direct-fired walking beam type reheating furnace

A mathematical heat transfer model for the prediction of heat flux on the slab surface and temperature distribution in the slab has been developed by considering the thermal radiation in the furnace chamber and transient heat conduction governing equations in the slab, respectively. The furnace is modeled as radiating medium with spatially varying temperature and constant absorption coefficient. The steel slabs are moved on the next fixed beam by the walking beam after being heated up through the non-firing, charging, preheating, heating, and soaking zones in the furnace. Radiative heat flux calculated from the radiative heat exchange within the furnace modeled using the FVM by considering the effect of furnace wall, slab, and combustion gases is introduced as the boundary condition of the transient conduction equation of the slab. Heat transfer characteristics and temperature behavior of the slab is investigated by changing such parameters as absorption coefficient and emissivity of the slab. Comparison with the experimental work show that the present heat transfer model works well for the prediction of thermal behavior of the slab in the reheating furnace.     

A numerical analysis of slab heating characteristics in a walking beam type reheating furnace

Numerical analysis of slab heating characteristics in a reheating furnace has been accomplished using FLUENT, a commercial software. The phenomena in the furnace are periodically transient because the slabs are transported toward a rolling mill with every time interval controlled. Unsteady calculation has been performed to obtain a periodically transient solution. A User-Defined Function (UDF) program has been developed to process the movement of slabs because FLUENT cannot handle the movement using its default functions. When the mean temperature of a slab emitted to the rolling mill does not change, calculation is considered to have converged and is stopped. This convergence criterion is appropriate for achieving an analytical solution. With the boundary and initial conditions given, over 55 new slabs are inserted to get a converged solution. Skid posts and beams are included in the calculation because they disturb radiation heat transfer from hot combustion gas to the slabs. This article examines what the slabs experience in the furnace before they are emitted to the rolling mill and whether a slab emitted to the rolling mill satisfies the required slab conditions, such as target temperature and skid severity.     

钢坯加热新工艺及计算机辅助设计

运用钢坯加热计算研究不同材质、不同尺寸的扁钢坯在步进式加热炉中加热时温度场的变化规律、辅助设计了几种台金钢坯的加热工艺，为合金钢坯在新建的步进式炉中加热提供了可靠的工艺曲线。实际应用效果良好，实现了节能，并提高了生产率。     

步进式加热炉内钢坯水冷黑印的模拟研究

采用全隐式有限差分法,建立了步进式加热炉内钢坯温度场的数值计算模型,编制了钢坯加热过程的模拟软件。分别对不同工况下的钢坯加热过程进行模拟计算,得到了滑轨结构、滑轨高度和滑轨质材等对钢坯出炉温度分布和黑印温差的影响。为消除黑印,提高钢坯加热质量提供了科学依据。     

Performance Evaluation of Two Heat Transfer Models of a Walking Beam Type Reheat Furnace

Two different heat transfer models for predicting the transient heat transfer characteristics of the slabs in a walking beam type reheat furnace are compared in this work. The prediction of heat flux on the slab surface and the temperature distribution inside the slab have been determined by considering thermal radiation in the furnace chamber and transient heat conduction in the slab. Both models have been compared for their accuracy and computational time. The furnace is modeled as an enclosure with a radiatively participating medium. In the first model, the three-dimensional (3D) transient heat conduction equation with a radiative heat flux boundary condition is solved using an in-house code. The radiative heat flux incident on the slab surface required in the boundary condition of the conduction code is calculated using the commercial software FLUENT. The second model uses entirely FLUENT along with a user-defined function, which has been developed to account for the movement of slabs. The results obtained from both models have a maximum temperature difference of 2.25%, whereas the computational time for the first model is 3 h and that for the second model is approximately 100 h.     

混合煤气成分变化对加热炉内温度场影响的数值模拟研究

以燃用高炉、焦炉混合煤气的实验加热炉为研究对象,建立炉内二维稳态传热、流动及燃烧的数学模型,研究混合煤气成分变化对加热炉内温度场的影响,计算结果显示高炉煤气含量在一定范围内增加时,炉内温度水平和钢坯加热区温度均匀性逐渐降低.这些与华凌涟钢集团轧钢加热炉的实际情况基本一致.     

连铸连轧辊底式加热炉薄板坯的温度场计算

分析了CSP工艺中辊底式加热炉及炉中板坯的换热特性,建立了板坯换热的二维非稳态数学模型,用差分法计算出了加热炉中不同时刻板坯断面的温度场,给出了板坯在加热炉中的温度变化曲线,为优化加热炉的加热制度提供了理论依据。     

Investigation of the slab heating characteristics in a reheating furnace with the formation and growth of scale on the slab surface

In this work, the development of a mathematical heat transfer model for a walking-beam type reheating furnace is described and preliminary model predictions are presented. The model can predict the heat flux distribution within the furnace and the temperature distribution in the slab throughout the reheating furnace process by considering the heat exchange between the slab and its surroundings, including the radiant heat transfer among the slabs, the skids, the hot combustion gases and the furnace wall as well as the gas convection heat transfer in the furnace. In addition, present model is designed to be able to predict the formation and growth of the scale layer on the slab in order to investigate its effect on the slab heating. A comparison is made between the predictions of the present model and the data from an in situ measurement in the furnace, and a reasonable agreement is found. The results of the present simulation show that the effect of the scale layer on the slab heating is considerable.     

Radiative slab heating analysis for various fuel gas compositions in an axial-fired reheating furnace

A transient radiative slab heating analysis was performed to investigate the effect of various fuel mixtures on the performance of an axial-fired reheating furnace. The various fuel mixtures tested were assumed to be attained by mixing COG (coke oven gas) and BFG (blast furnace gas), which are the two main byproduct gases found in the integrated steel mill industry. The numerical prediction of radiative heat transfer was calculated using an FVM radiation solving method, which is a well-known and efficient method for curvilinear coordinates. The WSGGM (weighted sum of gray gas model) was also adopted to calculate the radiative heat transfer in composition dependent media. The entire furnace was divided into fourteen sub-zones to calculate the radiative thermal characteristics of the furnace without flow field calculations. Each sub-zone was assumed to have homogeneous media and wall temperatures. All of the medium and wall temperatures were computed by calculating the overall heat balance using some relevant assumptions. The overall heat balance was satisfied when the net heat input equaled the three sources of heat loss in each sub-zone, wall loss, skid loss, and slab heating loss.     

加热炉钢坯加热质量的数值模拟研究

处理不同入炉温度的钢坯需采用合理的加热时间和工艺,针对此问题,采用数值模拟的方法研究人炉温度分别为200,400,600,700℃的钢坯最佳加热时间和加热质量。通过利用Fluent流体计算软件建立了钢坯非稳态导热模型和氧化烧损模型,模拟结果表明：在相同的加热工艺下,钢坯人炉温度为27℃,炉内停留时间为180min时,位于预热段的第5块钢坯表面受到的辐射热流最大,达到92kW／m^2,出炉钢坯氧化率为1．419％;钢坯入炉温度为200℃时,合理的炉内停留时间为150min,出炉温度达到1183℃,出炉钢坯氧化率为1．307％。     

辊底式连续热处理炉钢坯二维传热过程数学模型的研究

以某公司拟建的辊底式连续热处理炉为研究对象,在详细分析其传热机理的基础上,针对其钢坯厚度变化较大的特点,建立了钢坯在炉内连续加热和摆动加热过程数学模型,采用数值计算方法对其进行了仿真计算,并利用设计大纲提供的数据间接验证了所建模型的正确可靠性。所开发的辊底式热处理炉计算机数值仿真系统可以动态模拟不同燃料、不同规格的钢坯在炉内的运行状况及其钢坯各典型点的温度变化规律;可以确定在不同的热处理工艺制度下、不同规格的钢坯所需要的最佳运行方式和最佳工艺制度。     

Cooling of Laser Slab by Forced Convection through a Heat Sink

The present study addresses a novel cooling scheme for the high-power solid-state laser slab. The scheme cools the laser slab by forced convection in a narrow channel through a heat sink. Numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the thermal effects of a Nd:YAG laser slab for heat sinks of different materials, including the undoped YAG, sapphire, and diamond. The results show that the convective heat transfer coefficient is non-uniform along the fluid flow direction due to the thermal entrance effect, causing a non-uniform temperature distribution in the slab. The heat sink lying between the coolant fluid and the pumped surface of the slab works to alleviate this non-uniformity and consequently improve the thermal stress distribution and reduce the maximum thermal stress of the slab. The diamond heat sink was found to be effective in reducing both the highest temperature and the maximum thermal stress; the sapphire heat sink was able to reduce the maximum thermal stress but not as effective in reducing the highest temperature; and the undoped YAG heat sink reduced the maximum thermal stress but tended to increase the highest temperature. Therefore, cooling with the diamond heat sink is most effective, and that with the sapphire heat sink follows; cooling with the undoped YAG heat sink may not apply if the highest temperature is a concern.     

基于瞬态非线性分析的中厚板坯加热过程应力场仿真研究

为提高中厚板坯加热效率和防止出现热应力裂纹,需要精确研究中厚板坯加热升温热应力规律。本文在热弹塑性分析理论基础上,采用有限元方法,研究了中厚板坯加热过程中全时域内热应力场变化规律。本文针对实际生产加热工艺,建立了3500板坯加热过程分析模型,考虑了导热系数、比热变化对加热的影响,仿真了中厚板坯的加热过程,得出加热炉温度与加热速度对板坯加热过程热应力的影响规律,具有重要工程应用意义。     

步进梁式方坯加热炉的新发展

简要介绍在低温轧制中，步进梁式加热炉在炉型、水梁、立柱，垫块与燃烧控制系统及优化控制系统等方面新的发展趋势。     

Research on a 3D Temperature Field Model of a Slab with Oxide Layer Growth

Slab heating plays an important role in the production of iron and steel materials. However, it is a very complex process involving physical and chemical change. In this study, we built a numerical heat transfer model to predict the three‐dimensional transient temperature field of a slab based on the implicit finite difference method. The model takes the growth of the oxide layer into account, as well as the impact on heat transfer. Slab temperature and oxide layer thickness were calculated in each step. The model considers three kinds of boundary conditions. It displays the temperature variation of each part of the slab in the furnace at all time, the heating curve, and the growth in the thickness curve of the oxide layer. This model can be used to control heating time, optimize the heating curve, and improve production efficiency, thereby reducing cost. The model is also useful for calculation of rolling force, as well as the control of carbon isolation and product microstructure.