基于CFD的水轮发电机组推力轴承油膜温度研究

为研究某水轮发电机组推力轴承的油膜润滑及冷却情况,建立推力轴承数值模拟计算模型,分析轴承温度和压力分布,基于流固耦合方法计算轴瓦变形情况。结果表明：该推力轴承轴瓦变形量极小,可以忽略其对轴承安全运行的影响;但该推力轴承在轴瓦外径处最大温度已超出安全运行范围,而且高温区域面积较大,影响轴承安全运行。基于正交试验方法,分析主要运行参数对推力轴承温度的影响程度。结果表明：进油压力对轴承温度影响最大,其次是进油温度,镜板转速对轴承温度的影响很小;随着润滑油进油压力和进油温度增加,推力轴瓦温度会随之上升,而随着镜板转速的增加,推力轴瓦温升减小。通过极差分析得到推力轴承最优工况组合,对于水轮发电机组的安全稳定运行有着一定的指导意义。     

The influence of film temperature boundary conditions on the performance of fluid film bearings

Results are presented of a study of the effect of various film temperature boundary conditions on the performance of fluid-film bearings. A three-dimensional thermohydrodynamic analysis is applied to a square inclined pad. Conditions studied range from non-conducting boundaries to conditions for which the film alone limits heat transfer to the boundaries. The importance of the boundary temperatures is shown to depend upon the value of two dimensionless groups determined by the operating conditions. It is shown that the case of non-conducting boundaries does not necessarily lead to a lower bound prediction of pressure generation. An intermediate case considers the runner to be an isothermal surface at such a temperature as to produce zero net heat transfer to the runner. For this case it is shown that there is no “typical” apportioning of the film energy loss between conduction to the pad and that carried away by the oil.     

卧式水电机组用径向滑动轴承热弹流特性分析

研究轴颈挠度和瓦块表面热弹变形对卧式水电机组径向滑动轴承静态润滑性能的影响。推导考虑轴颈挠度和轴瓦热弹变形后的油膜厚度表达式;用中心差分法结合ANSYS软件联立求解雷诺方程、能量方程、固体热传导方程、密度方程、黏度方程和轴瓦热弹变形等,得到径向滑动轴承的热弹流润滑(TEHD)特性,并与不计入轴颈挠度及轴瓦热弹变形的油膜动压润滑特性进行比较。结果表明:在考虑轴颈挠度和轴瓦瓦面热弹变形的影响后,油膜压力、温度、厚度沿着轴承宽度中心线的对称特性消失;油膜压力峰值增大,峰值点位置由轴向中心区偏移至出口区;油膜温度峰值增大,最高温度发生在出口区;润滑区内的最小油膜厚度大幅度减小,油膜最小厚度处于出口侧边界附近;轴承润滑流量减小,损耗略有增大;轴承稳态运行时,轴颈偏位角基本一致。     

3D Two-way coupled TEHD analysis on the lubricating characteristics of thrust bearings in pump-turbine units by combining CFD and FEA

The thermal elastic hydro dynamic(TEHD) lubrication analysis for the thrust bearing is usually conducted by combining Reynolds equation with finite element analysis(FEA). But it is still a problem to conduct the computation by combining computational fluid dynamics(CFD) and FEA which can simulate the TEHD more accurately. In this paper, by using both direct and separate coupled solutions together, steady TEHD lubrication considering the viscosity-temperature effect for a bidirectional thrust bearing in a pump-turbine unit is simulated combining a 3D CFD model for the oil film with a 3D FEA model for the pad and mirror plate. Cyclic symmetry condition is used in the oil film flow as more reasonable boundary conditions which avoids the oil temperature assumption at the leading and trailing edge. Deformations of the pad and mirror plate are predicted and discussed as well as the distributions of oil film thickness, pressure, temperature. The predicted temperature shows good agreement with measurements, while the pressure shows a reasonable distribution comparing with previous studies. Further analysis of the three-coupled-field reveals the reason of the high pressure and high temperature generated in the film. Finally, the influence of rotational speed of the mirror plate on the lubrication characteristics is illustrated which shows the thrust load should be balanced against the oil film temperature and pressure in optimized designs. This research proposes a thrust bearing computation method by combining CFD and FEA which can do the TEHD analysis more accurately.     

Three-Dimensional Thermohydrodynamic Analyses of Rayleigh Step Air Foil Thrust Bearing with Radially Arranged Bump Foils

A three-dimensional (3D) thermohydrodynamic (THD) model for air foil thrust bearings (AFTBs) is presented. The nonisothermal Reynolds equation is solved using pressure boundary conditions at the cooling air plenum considering local temperature-dependent viscosity and density. Air film temperature is calculated using the 3D energy equation with thermal boundary conditions at the top foil, thrust runner, and top foil’s leading edge. The cooling air plenum distributes the cooling air to multiple radially arranged cooling channels. The plenum temperature and pressure are found from mass and energy balance equations applied to the plenum. Temperature fields of the top foil, bump foils, thrust disc runner, bearing plate, and cooling air channels are also solved through appropriate energy balance equations with their surroundings. A robust computational algorithm with multiple iteration loops was developed to find all the temperature fields. THD analyses were performed for AFTB with outer radius of 50 mm up to 100,000 rpm. As the cooling air source pressure is increased, the plenum pressure also increases and its temperature decreases due to more cooling capacity. However, cooling effectiveness is not necessarily proportional to the pressure because the flow residence time inside the cooling channels is inversely proportional to the pressure. The analyses show that the thrust disc temperature is a parabolic function with speed, and thermal expansions of the thrust disc and thrust plates contribute to the most significant driving force of thermal instability. Optimum cooling air pressure was found around 12,500 Pa for the proposed AFTB design at the reference simulation condition.     

船用水润滑推力轴承扇形推力瓦润滑性能数值分析

采用数值分析方法研究了船用水润滑推力轴承扇形推力瓦的润滑性能问题,计算得出了水膜厚度、压力分布、推力瓦位移场和温度场的三维分布规律.研究表明:在推力瓦不同位置有着较大温度差,水膜最大厚度和最大压力、推力瓦最高温度和最大变形均出现在推力瓦周向出水口的位置.     

Average flow model with elastic deformation for CMP

We present a three-dimensional (3D) average flow model considering elastic deformation of pad asperities for chemical mechanical planarization. To consider the contact deformation of pad asperities in the calculation of the flow factor, 3D contact analysis of a semi-infinite solid based on the use of influence functions is conducted for computer-generated rough surfaces. The average Reynolds equation and boundary conditions of both force and momentum balance are used to investigate the effects of pad roughness and external pressure conditions on a film thickness and wafer position angles. It is found that the position angles decrease with the increasing of the applied pressure and the roughest pad has the highest position angles at any given load. Comparing elastic and rigid pads, the minimum film thickness formed between the elastic pad and the wafer is thinner than that between the rigid pad and the wafer.     

推力轴承支承方式及间隙影响研究

研究了推力轴承支承方式及油膜间隙对推力轴承性能的影响,利用Newton-Raphson法编制差分计算程序,求得了推力轴承Reynolds方程和二维能量方程的数值解,得到了不同支撑方式下瓦块的油膜厚度、压力分布和温度分布。计算结果表明,点支承扇形瓦推力轴承的热力学性能要好于线支承扇形瓦推力轴承,同时支承处的油膜厚度对瓦块的承载能力影响很大。可以通过控制每个瓦块支承处的油膜厚度,避免推力轴承内部偏载的发生,降低推力瓦块的最大温升。     

基于多物理场耦合的可倾瓦滑动轴承性能优化分析

针对大型可倾瓦滑动轴承的湍流效应和瓦块变形,基于COMSOL和MATLAB的联合仿真构建三维热弹流体动力润滑模型.模型中,考虑湍流的修正雷诺方程、能量方程和热传导方程的计算采用COMSOL偏微分方程物理场模块实现,瓦块变形计算采用COMSOL中热应力物理场模块实现,多物理场耦合和计算过程控制利用MATLAB实现.基于所...     

利用边界层理论确定弹性金属塑料瓦油膜能量方程的进油温度边界条件

针对推力轴承的基本结构,利用边界层理论确定弹性金属塑料瓦（EMP瓦）油膜能量方程的进油温度边界条件,结合“三峡推力轴承方案”中EMP瓦推力轴承数据,分析考虑热边界层对进油温度影响时,EMP瓦推力轴承润滑性能的变化情况。计算结果表明：考虑热边界层对进油温度的影响时,进油平均温度和最高油膜温度均有所升高,最大压力也有所增加,最小油膜厚度、流量及功耗都有所下降,说明热边界层对推力轴承的润滑性能产生了一定的影响。     

PTFE-faced centre pivot thrust pad bearings: Factors affecting TEHD performance

The paper presents a thermoelastohydrodynamic (TEHD) analysis of thrust bearings with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) faced pads. The influence of pad active surface geometry on main characteristics such as temperature profile, film thickness and pressure field are investigated. Due to the high compliance of the PTFE layer, deformations of the active surface due to pressure are quite large and have to be taken into account. The initial geometry of the pad is also of great importance; a parametric study on the pad geometry permits clarification of both geometry and deformation effects. The geometry of the pad, particularly for centrally pivoted pads, has to be considered in order to accurately predict performance of PTFE-faced tilting-pad thrust bearings.     

刚性和弹性支撑可倾瓦推力轴承稳态特性分析

建立刚性球头支撑和弹性橡胶垫支撑可倾瓦推力轴承热弹流耦合模型；在弹性橡胶垫支撑可倾瓦推力轴承橡胶垫的弹性变形分析中采用了变形协调矩阵方法，以协调匹配橡胶垫变形和水膜厚度分布，同时在搜索稳态解的过程中引入模拟退火算法；基于变分原理求解Reynolds方程，得到了轴承水膜压力分布，并比较2种推力轴承在转子存在角不对中时的静特性。结果表明：理想工况下，刚、弹支可倾瓦推力轴承稳态特性没有明显区别；当转子存在不对中时，刚性球头支撑可倾瓦轴承在不同瓦块之间受力偏载严重，进而导致瓦面最小水膜厚度过小，瓦块容易出现磨损，而弹性支撑瓦不同瓦块之间水膜力分布更均匀，利于轴承的长期可靠运行。     

轴向推力轴承性能仿真及试验研究

推力轴承是离心压缩机的关键部件,其性能对压缩机的可靠性有决定性的影响。本文首先利用THRUST软件建立了可倾瓦止推轴承的三维模型,并考虑轴承瓦块、推力盘和油膜之间的流场-温度场-弹性变形的耦合,获得转子转速1500 r/min,2000r/min,2500 r/min,3000r/min 和3500r/min下可倾瓦推力轴承的油膜厚度、转子轴向位移及轴瓦温度。同时,建立试验装置并进行试验研究,最大轴承载荷为30000N。最后将试验结果与软件仿真结果相对比,发现模拟得出的瓦块温度和轴位移值与试验相吻合,从而证明THRUST软件的算法适用于本文研究的工况范围内的推力轴承的模拟,可为推力轴承的性能预测、优化设计及改造提供指导。     

扇形推力轴瓦润滑性能的数值分析

采用数值分析方法研究了重型机械装备中扇形推力轴瓦的润滑性能问题,计算了单个扇形推力轴瓦瓦面的油膜形状性能、油膜压力和油膜温度的分布规律,以及功率损失和流量等参数。对不同工况下扇形推力轴瓦润滑参数进行计算,可以实现扇形推力轴瓦润滑性能的预报,计算结果可供扇形推力轴瓦设计和润滑性能研究作参考。     

Analyse théorique et expérimentale des effets thermiques dans les butées hydrodynamiques à géométrie fixe

Theoretical and experimental analysis of thermal effects in fixed geometry thrust bearings. This paper deals with both theoretical and experimental analyses of thermal phenomena in thrust bearings. The test allowed us to measure the pressure and the temperature fields and the minimal film thickness separating the two surfaces in relative motion. The experimental data are obtained on a hydrodynamic thrust bearing with eight fixed pads. The influence of operating conditions (applied load and rotational speed) on the thrust bearing performance is also analysed. The numerical simulation is done using a thermohydrodynamic computer code taking into account the local thermal effects.     

阶跃载荷扰动条件下推力轴承热瞬态过程研究

用一维绝热模型研究了滑动推力轴承在阶跃载荷冲击下的热瞬态行为.通过对轴承油膜压力、温度和推力盘的动力学参数进行建模,应用有限差分以及Runge-Kutta法等对模型求解,获得了大载荷阶跃冲击条件下推力轴承热瞬态过程中性能参数的非线性响应曲线,给出了瞬态过程中轴承最高温度、最小膜厚等参数的变化规律.结论认为如果轴承设计和运行不当,轴承有可能因为瞬态过程中温升过高或膜厚的突然减小而失效.     

推力瓦热瞬态变形机理及抑制方法研究

针对核主泵水润滑推力轴承在事故工况下的热瞬态过程,建立了热固耦合瞬态有限元分析模型。基于所建立模型,分析了常见两层和三层结构推力瓦热瞬态过程瓦面变形,重点分析了三层结构推力瓦隔热层厚度对瓦面变形的影响。随后,进一步探索了遏制瓦面凹变形的方法,阐明了热瞬态过程中瓦面温度场分布不均是产生瓦面凹变形的主因。进一步提出一种新型包边式推力瓦,并仿真验证其能够有效降低热瞬态过程瓦面凹变形,为核主泵水润滑推力轴承的推力瓦设计提供了新思路。     

Improving the performance of spring-supported thrust bearing by controlling its deformations

The performance of the spring-supported thrust bearing is studied with three-dimensional thermo-elastic hydrodynamic lubrication theory. The generalized Reynolds equation, the energy equation, the heat conduction equation, and the thermo-elastic deformation equation are solved simultaneously using the combination of the finite difference method and finite element method. Thermo-elastic deformation plays an important role in the performance of the spring-supported thrust bearing. Several factors such as spring pattern, pad thickness and initial pad geometry are analyzed. The results show that the above factors influence the performance of the bearing significantly. Suggestions based on the results are put forward to assist design considerations.     

基于热流固耦合理论斜-平面曲轴止推片润滑性能分析

利用数值分析方法,建立斜-平面曲轴止推片单向热流固耦合模型,分析不同油膜厚度对斜-平面曲轴止推片润滑能力、温度场及变形的影响规律。结果表明:油膜的压力场、温度场、壁面切应力的峰值随油膜厚度的增加而降低,随转速的增加而上升;空穴现象亦有同样的规律,但主要发生在与油沟接触的平面区域上;轴瓦出口湍泄量及摩擦因数随油膜厚的增大而增加,随转速的升高而增加;转速越高摩擦功耗越大,而油膜厚度越大摩擦功耗越小;止推片温度场随油膜厚度及转速的变化规律与润滑油膜的温度场相同;止推片变形主要受温度影响,油膜厚度越小、转速越大变形越大。     

超高速涡轮泵机械密封热弹流润滑特性研究

以超高速涡轮泵用机械密封为研究对象,针对超高速工况下密封界面多场耦合变形行为和热弹流润滑特性不明等问题,建立密封动静环和润滑液膜的耦合数学模型,研究不同转速和密封压力下的密封界面润滑特性和端面变形行为,分析相应的密封性能变化规律。结果表明：超高速工况下密封端面产生沿泄漏方向收敛的液膜间隙,密封动环的高温热变形是主因;随密封压力的增大,液膜间隙的收敛角减小,最大膜厚和泄漏率增大,端面温升明显减小;随着转速的增大,液膜间隙的收敛角、端面温升和泄漏率增大,摩擦扭矩减小。建立的流固热力耦合模型可为超高速涡轮泵用机械密封端面的优化设计提供理论指导。