基于疲劳短裂纹行为的疲劳寿命估算方法

在疲劳短裂纹形成和扩展行为基础上，提出了一种疲劳寿命估算方法。计算结果表明，该方法具有满意的预测精度。     

切应力状态下疲劳短裂纹的试验研究

通过扭转疲劳试验和塑料复型膜技术研究了中碳钢试样的疲劳短裂纹特性。疲劳短裂纹发生在长度方向与最大切应力相近的片状铁素体中，并在初期迅速扩展。但当其达到晶界时，裂纹扩展速度降低，甚至停止增长，成为不扩展裂纹。只有当应力强度因子满足ＬＥＦＭ条件时，裂纹才会克服晶界障碍继续扩展，最后形成主导裂纹导致试样破坏。疲劳断裂包含有全部三种断裂模式。     

Effect of sigma phase on near-threshold fatigue crack growth behavior and ultrasonic evaluation in AISI 316L stainless steel

In this work, we examined the influence of microstructural changes, such as an intermetallic sigma (??) phase, on the fatigue behavior of high-temperature aged AISI 316L stainless steel. Nondestructive ultrasonic test and fatigue crack growth tests were performed to determine the threshold stress intensity factor of these artificially aged specimens. Ultrasonic test results characterizing the microstructural changes were compared with those of the fatigue tests to propose an empirical formula capable of predicting the threshold stress intensity factor by a nondestructive method. We observed a strong correlation between the increase in the volume fraction of the ?? phase and the decrease of ??K_th. Ultrasonic velocity increased in response to the coarsening behavior of the ?? phase in the vicinity of the grain boundaries.     

晶界时效析出物对Ni-Cr奥氏体钢高温低周疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的影响

本文通过裂纹密度,晶界开裂率,裂纹扩展速率和断口金相等的定量测定,讨论了晶界时效析出物对大气和真空中Ni-Cr奥氏体不锈钢高温低周疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展的影响,并分析了该影响与晶粒大小的关系。时效材的高温低周疲劳裂纹的萌生周次,裂纹扩展速率和扩展方式取决于氧化程度,晶界和晶粒间的相对强度及晶界脆性等因素的综合作用。大气中,晶界时效析出物显著地提高了晶界和晶粒间的相对强度,故有时效析出物的晶界是强的,而真空中有时效析出物的晶界是弱的,因为,晶界时效析出物此起的晶界脆性已成为主要的影响因素。     

Effects of Mn content and texture on fatigue properties of as-cast and extruded AZ61 magnesium alloys

Fatigue behavior of as-cast and extruded AZ61 magnesium alloys in ambient air (20 °C–55%RH) was investigated. It was found that size and distribution of cast defect influenced tensile and fatigue performance of the as-cast alloy. Fatigue limit of the as-cast alloy was significantly low compared to the extruded alloy. The casting defects served as stress concentration sites for fatigue crack nucleation. Fatigue tests were also carried out on a high Mn content alloy. All of the specimens failed from an inclusion near the specimen surface. Fatigue limit of Mg alloy with high Mn content was lower compared to that of the low Mn content alloy. Further, investigation on the effect of texture on fatigue and fatigue crack growth behavior of the extruded AZ61 magnesium alloy plate was carried out. The results showed that fatigue strength in the longitudinal direction to the extruded direction was higher compared to those in the transverse and 45° directions. Significant effect of specimen orientation on fatigue crack growth behavior for both short and long cracks was found near the threshold region. However, regardless of specimen orientation, the da/dN–ΔK_eff curves for all three kinds of specimens were in a narrow band. It is suggested that the difference in the fatigue life among the specimen orientations will be mainly due to the difference in the crack closure behavior. A transition of fracture mechanism was found for a long crack. Slip fracture mechanism was dominant above the transition point, whereas below the transition point, slip fracture mechanism was associated with cleavage fracture.     

Creep-fatigue crack growth behavior in GH4169 superalloy

This study aims to examine the crack growth behavior of turbine disc GH4169 superalloy under creep-fatigue loading. Crack growth experiments were performed on compact tension specimens using trapezoidal waveform with dwell time at the maximum load at 650 °C. The crack growth rate of GH4169 superalloy significantly increased with dwell time. The grain boundaries oxidize during the dwell process, thereby inducing an intergranular creep-fatigue fracture mode. In addition, testing data under the same dwell time showed scattering at the crack growth rate. Consequently, a modified model based on the Saxena equation was proposed by introducing a distribution factor for the crack growth rate. Microstructural observation confirmed that the small grain size and high volume fraction of the d phase led to a fast creep-fatigue crack growth rate at 650 °C, thus indicating that two factors, namely, fine grain and presence of the d phase at the grain boundary, increased the amount of weakened interface at high temperature, in which intergranular cracks may form and propagate.     

环境湿度对铸铝合金超声疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响研究

针对铸铝合金A356-T6开展了不同环境湿度下的超声疲劳裂纹扩展试验和实验室环境湿度下的常规疲劳裂纹扩展试验。由试验结果可知,超声疲劳在干空气环境中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率最低,而在蒸馏水环境中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率最高。常规疲劳在实验室环境中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率和超声疲劳在蒸馏水环境中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率几乎一致。针对Wei建立的环境湿度对铝合金材料疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测模型进行了修正,得到了铸铝合金A356-T6在任意环境湿度和试验频率下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测模型。     

Bearing Fatigue Life Tests of Two Advanced Base Oils for Space Applications Under Vacuum and Atmospheric Environments

Four series of rolling-element bearing fatigue tests were conducted with 51104 size thrust ball bearings with three balls made from SUJ2 (AISI 52100) steel lubricated with two advanced synthetic base oils used for space applications. The test lubricants were perfluoropolyether (PFPE) and multiply alkyated cyclopentane (MAC). Each oil was tested with bearings under vacuum and atmospheric environments. The bearings were tested at a maximum Hertzian stress of 4 GPa on the inner and outer races. The outer race was rotated at a speed of 250 rpm. A pool lubrication system was used. Fresh lubricant was used for each test bearing. Testing in vacuum conditions was at 5 × 10^?2 Pa. The test oils were analyzed to determine whether changes occurred as a result of operating in air and in a vacuum. In a vacuum environment, the PFPE 815Z oil exhibited a longer fatigue life than the MAC 2001A oil. However, in an air environment, the MAC 2001A oil had a longer L₁₀ fatigue life than the PFPE 815Z oil. The fatigue life tests of PFPE 815Z oil in vacuum resulted in a longer L₁₀ life than when tested in an air environment. In an air environment, hydrogen fluoride was generated in the bearing tests with the PFPE 815Z oils. Under vacuum conditions, hydrogen fluoride was not generated with the PFPE 815Z oil, resulting in longer bearing fatigue lives. The fatigue life tests of MAC 2001A oil in a vacuum resulted in shorter L₁₀ fatigue life than in an air environment. The shorter life was attributed to the lower elastohydrodynamic oil film formation with the MAC 2001A oil because of a higher operating temperature and decomposition of the oil in vacuum.     

Environmental strength evaluation of welded steel joint in sea water

Corrosion fatigue crack growth behaviours were experimentally evaluated for the parent metal, as-welded and PWHT specimens of SM53B steel. Multi-pass welding was done by a submerged arc welder. Metallographic observations along the weld fusion boundary were made to investigate the variation of microstructures through the thickness direction. PWHT was carried out at 650°C with holding time of 1/4hr and 40hr. The corrosion fatigue test was conducted in 3.5% NaCl solution with the frequency of 3Hz. In all cases, crack growth in corrosive environment was faster than that of in air. Besides, at the low †K region, crack growth was greatly influenced by corrosive environment and the heat treatment condition.     

Crack propagation behaviour in fretting fatigue

Fretting fatigue and normal, or unfretting, fatigue tests of a stainless steel SUS304L and an aluminium alloy A2024-T3 were carried out to investigate the effects of the contact pressure and the stress ratio on the crack propagation behaviour. The crack propagation behaviour was represented by the crack propagation rate da/dNversus the crack length a or the stress intensity factors ΔK_eff and K_max In fretting fatigue, crack propagation was divided into two stages, namely S_I and S_II. The value of da/dN in the S_I stage was very high, even under a stress intensity factor less than the threshold for normal fatigue, and decreased gradually with crack growth because of crack closure and the decreasing fretting effect. The decrease in da/dN was marked in the case of high contact pressure and low stress ratio such as when R = −0.33, where R denotes the minimum stress divided by the maximum stress. During fretting fatigue crack closure occurred at an oblique short crack in the early stages of crack propagation in both the SUS304L steel and the A2024-T3 alloy; it also occurred at the oblique cracked surface of the shear lips formed in the A2024-T3 alloy during crack growth. However, in the S_II stage, which followed the S_I stage, da/dN increased with crack growth as for normal fatigue.     

Fatigue crack growth behavior in ultrafine grained low carbon steel

Ultrafine grained (UFG) low carbon (0.15 wt.% C) steel produced by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was tested for investigating the effect of load ratio on the fatigue crack growth rate. Fatigue crack growth resistance and threshold of UFG steel were lower than that of as-received coarse grained steel. It was attributed to the less tortuous crack path. The UFG steel exhibited slightly higher crack growth rates and a lower ΔK_th with an increase of R ratio. The R ratio effect on crack growth rates and ΔK_th was basically indistinguishable at lower load ratio (R>0.3), compared to other alloys, which indicates that contribution of the crack closure vanishes. The crack growth rate curve for UFG steel exhibited a longer linear extension to the lower growth rate regime than that for the coarse grained as-received steel.     

大型储罐用12MnNiVR钢板焊接接头的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展试验研究

对原油储罐用国产12MnNiVR钢板焊接接头进行了空气和储罐污水中的疲劳裂纹扩展试验。通过七点增量递增多项式局部拟合求导的方法,对试验过程中记录的各组数据进行处理,得到12MnNiVR钢板焊接接头在空气及原油储罐污水中的疲劳裂纹扩展特性。并用Paris公式对试验数据进行回归处理,得出其疲劳裂纹扩展速率方程。试验结果表明,石油储罐的污水溶液对12MnNiVR钢焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展速率没有显著影响。     

Growth behavior of short surface fatigue cracks in 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel

Fatigue tests by axial loading (R-0.05) were carried out to investigate short fatigue crack growth behavior in 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel at room temperature using smooth and a small notched flat specimen. All the data of the fatigue crack growth rate in the present tests were analyzed as a function of the stress intensity factor equation in conjunction with crack closure behavior. Analysis was performed accounting for the relation of surface effective stress range,Ua and depth effective stress range,Ub. In the case of isotropic crack growth properties,Ub=(ΔK_ta/ΔK_tb) ·Ua. By use ofUb obtained from the analysis, crack growth rates to surface direction coincide with those of depth direction.     

Characterization of the Q* parameter for evaluating creep crack growth rate for type 316LN stainless steel

In this study, the Q* parameter was characterized to evaluate the Creep crack growth rate (CCGR) of type 316LN stainless steel. Creep crack growth (CCG) data were obtained by CCG tests under different applied loads at 600°C. An additional CCG test was conducted at 550°C to investigate the possible temperature dependence of the stress intensity factor. An equation using the Q* parameter for evaluating CCGR was proposed, and this parameter was characterized and compared with the typical C* fracture parameter, which is commonly used. The Q* parameter exhibited good linearity of the data, exhibiting no nonlinearity-induced dual value at the early stage. The Q* parameter was suitable for characterizing the CCGR regardless of different applied loads and types of steels. In addition, fracture microstructures near the crack revealed a typical intergranular fracture mode, and this fracture was dominantly propagated along the grain boundary. The cracks were developed by the growth and interlinking of cavities, which were attributed to the precipitates forming along the grain boundary.

     

Fractographic analysis of fatigue damage in 7000aluminium alloys

In this paper, an attempt is made to correlate the fatigue damage in 7000 aluminium alloys with different impurity contents to the microstructural features and to explain their interdependence through fractographic observations. The Paris constants of these alloys in the form of hot‐forged plates subjected to the overaged T73 temper are evaluated and differences in the fatigue crack growth rate described by striation spacing measurements. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of fatigue fracture surfaces revealed that the type and morphological parameters of coarse intermetallic particles play a critical role in fatigue crack growth behaviour. The elemental distribution determined by means of energy‐dispersive spectroscopy analysis showed that the fractured particles accelerating the crack advances are larger particles of Fe‐rich phases. The fatigue crack growth rate increases considerably with increasing amounts of these particles. The smaller η, S and Mg₂Si particles contribute beneficially to fatigue life.     

A study on fatigue damage modeling using neural networks

Fatigue crack growth and life have been estimated based on established empirical equations. In this paper, an alternative method using artificial neural network (ANN) -based model developed to predict fatigue damages simultaneously. To learn and generalize the ANN, fatigue crack growth rate and life data were built up using in-plane bending fatigue test results. Single fracture mechanical parameter or nondestructive parameter can’t predict fatigue damage accurately but multiple fracture mechanical parameters or nondestructive parameters can. Existing fatigue damage modeling used this merit but limited real-time damage monitoring. Therefore, this study shows fatigue damage model using backpropagation neural networks on the basis of X-ray half breadth ratioB/B ₀ , fractal dimensionD _f and fracture mechanical parameters can estimate fatigue crack growth rateda/dN and cycle ratioN/N _f at the same time withinengineering limit error (5%).     

Mechanism of Crack Growth in Lubricated Rolling/Sliding Contact

In order to explain the mechanism of rolling-contact fatigue crack growth analytically, fracture mechanics are applied to a semicircular surface crack inclined at an angle to the elastic half-space loaded by Hertzian stresses.

It is shown that the surface traction is the controlling factor for lubricant seepage into the crack and for shear mode crack growth rate. It is also clarified that the generation of pits results from tensile mode crack growth mainly due to the oil hydraulic pressure action.     

Effects of temperature and oxidation on threshold stress intensity factor of 12% Cr steel for steam turbine rotor component

Threshold stress intensity factor (ΔK _th ), one of the important parameters in plant design, is the value below which fatigue crack growth becomes unrecognizably slow. Although studies on the each effect of various factors such as temperature, frequency, stress ratio, oxidation and grain size on the ΔK _th have been reported widely, only few research works were reported on the complex effect of the plural factors acting simultaneously. In this study, the analysis of the complex effect of temperature and oxidation on ΔK _th of 12Cr steel, the turbine rotor material of the USC (ultra super critical) power plant, has been carried out. Two types of fatigue tests were performed in the air and in the nitrogen gas conditions. Experimental results showed that ΔK _th value increases with temperature increase and formation of oxidation scale. However it was observed that the magnitude of each effect is reduced when two factors are introduced simultaneously.     

Surface Fatigue Initiated by Fatty Acids

The performance of fatty acids under inerted atmospheres is found to depend upon base stock. The presence of aromatics in the base oil causes severe failure of the test specimens even under conditions of light load. The severity increases with increasing acid chain length in the series C₄ to C₁₈. The results are rationalized by suggesting a surface fatigue mechanism. The generation of a carboxylate anion is assumed to cause crack growth and the cyclic stressing of the moving member which occurs during the sliding process is assumed to cause rapid crack propagation.     

A study on tensile and fatigue properties of aged NAS 254N stainless steel at elevated temperatures

The effects of aging on tensile properties and fatigue crack growth behaviors of NAS 254N stainless steel was studied. Yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the aged specimens were almost the same as the as-received (as-rec.). The fracture strain, however, was decreased significantly by the aging, and the fracture surface of the aged at room temperature (RT) test was intergranular. As test temperature increased, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation decreased. And a type of serration was observed at 550-650°C As strain rate decreased, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength decreased, but elongation increased. It was observed that tensile strength and strain had a sudden change at one point. And this critical temperatureT _cr was 550°C. The effect of aging time on the tensile strength and strain was also investigated. Tensile strength and strain decreased significantly beyond 100hrs. Fatigue crack growth rate at RT was enhanced by the aging at high stress intensity factor range. This is due to the occurrence of the intergranular fracture in the aged specimen. At 650°C, the fatigue crack growth behavior was almost the same without intergranular fracture.