考虑油膜润滑的轮毂轴承弯曲疲劳寿命预测与分析*

为精确分析预测某型轿车轮毂轴承的弯曲疲劳寿命,考虑轴承工作状态下游隙与油膜厚度的关系,以及温度对游隙和油膜厚度的影响,结合点接触弹流油膜厚度计算方法,精确计算其最小油膜厚度值;根据ISO提供的对Lundberg-Palmgren寿命模型修正方法,计算油膜参数和润滑剂黏度比,从而确定修正系数,建立改进的寿命模型。为了验证改进模型的正确性,使用旋转弯曲疲劳寿命试验机进行疲劳试验,试验结果在误差合理区间内,证明研究模型的可靠性。建立轮毂轴承载荷分布分析模型,讨论中心距对最大滚动体载荷的影响,研究轮毂轴承的疲劳寿命在不同纯弯矩载荷和不同车速下随中心距的变化规律。结果表明：弯矩载荷是影响疲劳寿命的主要因素,增加中心距可以延长轴承寿命;轴承润滑条件与轴承转速有关,在一定范围内,转速越高,其内部润滑越充分,使用寿命越长。     

花键微动磨损和损伤累积的耦合机制及寿命预测

渐开线花键联轴器在航空领域应用广泛，花键在复杂工况下往往达不到预期寿命，其中花键轴不对中对花键服役寿命产生较大影响。基于有限元方法建立了高效的花键三维仿真模型，分析内外花键轴偏斜0.3°时花键各齿载荷分布规律，基于Archard磨损模型计算接触区域各节点的磨损深度，并基于ABAQUS的UMESHMOTION子程序和Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian技术更新网格，采用Brown-Miller和Smith-Watson-Topper临界平面准则充分考虑花键齿面和齿根区域的应力状态差异，并拟合花键循环寿命、最大磨损深度与磨损系数之间的关联规律，采用试验方法测试表面磨损形貌，验证模型的有效性，为花键联轴器的设计和校核提供指导依据。结果表明：磨损演化逐渐改变初始应力集中区域的几何形状，从而减少了应力集中效应，提高了花键剩余寿命。当磨损系数较大时，花键以磨损失效为主，当磨损系数较小时，花键以疲劳裂纹萌生失效为主。     

陶瓷滑动轴承磨损可靠性建模及仿真分析

以一种全Al₂O₃陶瓷滑动轴承为研究对象,基于Evans陶瓷磨损失效模型和轴承几何模型,建立陶瓷滑动轴承的磨损深度函数模型,并编制MatLab仿真程序确定磨损深度概率分布函数。使用所建立磨损深度函数模型一阶原点矩及二阶中心矩结合数值积分法建立陶瓷轴承磨损可靠度模型,并使用Monte Carlo可靠度仿真方法进行验证。根据磨损可靠度计算与仿真结果,分析不同参数对可靠度的影响,结果表明：可靠度随工作时长、载荷、转速的增加而减小,随轴瓦长度增加而增大,且可靠度曲线都呈现出初期变化平缓,随后快速变化,最后再次趋于平缓的趋势。     

An experimental investigation of wear and fatigue life reduction of boundary lubricated spherical roller thrust bearings

Wear and fatigue life reduction in boundary lubricated spherical roller thrust bearings has been investigated. Previously presented results from measurements show that there is a significant change in the washer profile due to wear. This change in surface profile greatly affects the fatigue-life of the bearings. A fractional factor experiment series was used to study how the contacting surfaces of the bearing were affected by the rotational speed, load, hardness of the contacting surfaces and type of oil. The results show that the fatigue life and amount of wear on the washer surfaces were affected by the type of lubricant and rotational speed. A change of the load or a change of the hardness of the contacting surfaces did not influence the wear or the fatigue life of the contacting surfaces.     

轴颈倾斜对人字槽径向气体轴承性能影响的数值研究

由于制造误差、偏斜力矩及弹性变形等原因会导致轴颈在轴承中倾斜,使轴承气膜厚度和压力分布发生变化,会对轴承的工作性能产生影响。为研究轴颈偏斜对轴承性能的影响,通过有限元摄动法求解雷诺方程,研究轴颈偏斜角度和偏斜距离对人字槽气体轴承气膜厚度、压力场、静态和动态特性的影响,并分析轴颈倾斜对人字槽径向轴承临界质量等参数的影响规律。结果表明:轴颈偏斜距离变化对轴承静态和动态性能影响较大,偏斜角度对轴承性能影响较小;随着偏斜距离增大,量纲一承载力和临界质量均大幅减小、量纲一摩擦力矩呈现小幅下降趋势。     

Optimization of partially crowned roller profiles for tapered roller bearings

The roller profile plays a key role in the overall performance of roller bearings. In traditional profile design for roller bearings, the roller profile was often analyzed in terms of the bearing performance, particularly the fatigue life. However, the bearing dynamic stiffness and fatigue life were seldom considered simultaneously in the design of Tapered roller bearings (TRBs). Among the available roller profiles, the partially crowned roller profile has been acknowledged as one of the best from the viewpoint of the bearing fatigue life and stiffness characteristics. This paper presented a design optimization for the partially crowned roller profile to improve the performance of TRBs. Two profile parameters of rollers employed for TRBs including the central flat length and crown radius were investigated. The optimal design parameters for the roller profile were obtained in consideration of both bearing fatigue life and stiffness. The proposed design approach was useful and applicable for further geometrical optimization, manufacturing, and engineering application of rolling bearings.     

A study of friction in worn misaligned journal bearings under severe hydrodynamic lubrication

Friction occurs in all mechanical systems such as transmissions, valves, piston rings, bearings, machines, etc. It is well known that in journal bearings, friction occurs in all lubrication regimes. However, shaft misalignment in rotating systems is one of the most common causes of wear. In this work, the bearing is assumed to operate in the hydrodynamic region, at high eccentricities, wear depths, and angular misalignment. As a result, the minimum film thickness is 5–10 times the surface finish, i.e., near the lower limit of the hydrodynamic lubrication when taking into account that in the latest technology CNC machines the bearing surface finish could be less than 1–2 μm.An analytical model is developed in order to find the relationship among the friction force, the misalignment angles, and wear depth. The Reynolds equation is solved numerically; the friction force is calculated in the equilibrium position. The friction coefficient is presented versus the misalignment angles and wear depths for different Sommerfeld numbers, thus creating friction functions dependent on misalignment and wear of the bearing. The variation in power loss of the rotor bearing system is also investigated and presented as a function of wear depth and misalignment angles.     

Experimental Study of the Smoothing Effect of a Ceramic Rolling Element on a Bearing Raceway in Contaminated Lubrication

The effects of steel and ceramic rolling elements on protrusions from the raceway of a bearing were experimentally investigated. Such protrusions, which are normally caused by solid contaminants in the lubricating oil, create stress concentrations and lead to a reduction in the rolling contact fatigue life of the bearing. To compare the over-rolling effects of steel and ceramic rollers, experiments with steel discs with artificial dents on the surfaces were performed using a modified twin-disc machine. The results show that ceramic rollers can reduce the height of the protruded edge of an artificial dent more than steel rollers, which means that they are more effective in smoothing a damaged surface. The stresses at the contact were calculated by finite element analysis based on the deformed profile of the dented surface. The reduction in the stress level due to the smoothing effect of ceramic rollers is greater than that of steel rollers. According to the Lundberg–Palmgren bearing fatigue model, that smoothing ensures a significantly longer rolling contact fatigue life for a bearing. To put the idea into practice, a rolling ball bearing with two of its nine steel balls replaced with silicon nitride balls (referred to as a “partial hybrid bearing”) was run, together with a full steel bearing of the same model, on a bearing tester in a highly contaminated lubrication condition. The results show that the partial hybrid bearing suffers from less damage in terms of wear. The post-experiment examination of the damaged surface of the bearing raceway found that the surface of the partial hybrid bearing was smoother than that of the full steel bearing. This reveals the smoothing effect of the rolling ceramic element on the contaminant-damaged bearing surface.     

Hydrodynamic lubrication analysis of journal bearing considering misalignment caused by shaft deformation

Hydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of a journal bearing, taking in to consideration the misalignment caused by shaft deformation, are analyzed. Film thickness expression of the misaligned journal bearing is inferred. Film pressure, load-carrying capacity, attitude angle, end leakage flow-rate, frictional coefficient, and misalignment moment of a journal bearing are calculated for different values of misalignment degree and eccentricity ratio. The results show that there are obvious changes in film pressure distribution, the highest film pressure, film thickness distribution, the least film thickness, and the misalignment moment when misalignment takes place. Therefore, it is necessary to consider misalignment caused by shaft deformation when analyzing the lubrication of journal bearing.     

Effect of Roller Geometry on Roller Bearing Load–Life Relation

Cylindrical roller bearings typically employ roller profile modification to equalize the load distribution, minimize the stress concentration at roller ends, and allow for a small amount of misalignment. The 1947 Lundberg-Palmgren analysis reported an inverse fourth-power relation between load and life for roller bearings with line contact. In 1952, Lundberg and Palmgren changed their load–life exponent to 10/3 for roller bearings, assuming mixed line and point contacts. The effect of the roller–crown profile was reanalyzed in this article to determine the actual load–life relation for modified roller profiles. For uncrowned rollers (line contact), the load–life exponent is p = 4, in agreement with the 1947 Lundberg-Palmgren value, but crowning reduces the value of the exponent, p. The lives of modern roller bearings made from vacuum-processed steels significantly exceed those predicted by the Lundberg-Palmgren theory. The Zaretsky rolling-element bearing life model of 1996 produces a load–life exponent of p = 5 for flat rollers, which is more consistent with test data. For the Zaretsky model with fully crowned rollers, p = 4.3. For an aerospace profile and chamfered rollers, p = 4.6. Using the 1952 Lundberg-Palmgren value p = 10/3, the value incorporated in ANSI/ABMA and ISO bearing standards, can create significant life calculation errors for roller bearings.     

转子-滑动轴承系统不对中-碰摩耦合故障分析

针对滑动轴承支撑下的转子系统发生不对中故障进而引起不对中-碰摩耦合故障的诊断问题,基于非线性有限元法,应用短轴承油膜力、等效不对中力矩及Hertz接触理论建立双盘不对中-碰摩耦合故障转子系统动力学模型,并通过增广的拉格朗日方法来处理接触约束条件,以保证转盘和机匣相互接触时满足边界渗透深度在规定的容差范围内。同时,结合试验研究分析了在不同转速条件时,滑动轴承支撑下的耦合故障转子系统的相关动力学特性。研究表明碰摩故障在耦合故障中处于主导地位,不对中故障主要会激发高倍频谱处于从属地位;并且随着转速的提高,系统频率成分以高倍频为主,逐步由拟周期运动进入混沌运动状态,同时由于不对中力矩与碰摩力的作用,油膜失稳现象局部被抑制,一、二阶油膜振荡现象均滞后显现。研究结果可为滑动轴承支撑下耦合故障转子系统故障诊断提供依据。     

金属抗磨自修复材料对球轴承寿命的影响

采用2组相同型号的滚动轴承疲劳寿命强化试验机,设置相同的外部环境及试验条件,在其中1组试验机的润滑油箱中按比例加入金属抗磨自修复材料,进行对比试验研究。结果表明,添加金属抗磨自修复材料的强化试验机的润滑油理化指标无明显变化,轴承振动值稳定,且轴承疲劳寿命明显延长。     

Theoretical investigations on the performance of an externally adjustable fluid-film bearing including misalignment and turbulence effects

An externally adjustable fluid-film bearing has been devised whereby the hydrodynamic conditions can be changed as required in a continuously controlled manner. Principal feature of the externally adjustable pad bearing is the facility to control the bearing clearance and film thickness gradient in circumferential direction, irrespective of the operating conditions. Unlike a tilting pad bearing, this bearing can have both radial and tilt adjustments. A single pad externally adjustable pad bearing will perform as a conventional partial arc bearing when the adjustments are set to zero.The paper deals with the effect of turbulence and misalignment on steady state characteristics of a centrally loaded 120° single pad externally adjustable bearing. The bearing has an aspect ratio of one and operates over a wide range of eccentricity ratios with adjustments and degrees of misalignment. Reynolds equation incorporated with linearized turbulent lubrication model of Ng and Pan is solved using a finite difference method. Static performance characteristics calculated are presented in terms of attitude angle, Sommerfeld number, friction variable, misalignment moment and oil flow. A study with various adjustments predicts that negative radial and negative tilt adjustment configuration results in superior static characteristics as compared to a conventional fluid-film bearing.     

计及轴颈倾斜的径向滑动轴承流体动力润滑分析

分析了稳定状态下轴受载变形导致轴颈倾斜时，径向滑动轴承流体动力润滑特性；推导了轴受载变形导致轴颈倾斜时的轴承油膜厚度达式；计算了不同轴颈倾斜角、轴颈倾斜方位和轴承偏心率等情况下的轴油膜压力、油膜反力(承载量)、端泄流量、轴颈摩擦系数和保持轴承稳定作的力矩。结果表明，轴受载变形导致轴颈倾斜时，无论是轴承油膜压力布和最大油膜压力、油膜厚度分布和最小油膜厚度，还是轴承承载量、端流量和保持轴承稳定工作的力矩等摩擦学性能，都有明显的变化。     

基于牛顿迭代法的波箔型止推轴承不对中特性分析

为研究波箔型气体轴承运行过程中偏角不对中对轴承性能的影响,选择波箔气体止推轴承作为研究对象,从Reynolds控制方程出发,研究偏角不对中情况下,轴承各个部分的气膜厚度分布情况;结合边界条件,运用牛顿迭代算法计算得到气膜压力分布,进一步分析不对中对波箔止推轴承的承载能力和摩擦力矩的影响。研究结果表明:偏角不对中对于波箔止推轴承的性能有较大影响;随着偏角的增大,最大气膜压力增加,轴承的压力分布越来越不均匀,轴承摩擦力矩增大,系统稳定性大幅降低,但承载能力有一定增强;当偏角过大时,不能得到收敛的结果,轴承几乎失效,对比正常运行的波箔型止推轴承,性能大幅下降;扇形箔数量的增加会导致轴承的承载能力与稳定性均减小。     

含水工况下T406对轴承疲劳寿命影响的试验研究

通过在滚子-钢球寿命试验机上测试圆柱滚子疲劳寿命评价含水工况下添加剂T406(苯三唑十八胺)对疲劳寿命的影响。应用光学显微镜,扫描电镜(SEM)和能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDS)分析滚子点蚀坑形貌和表面化学反应膜成分,对水和T406对轴承滚子接触疲劳寿命可能的影响机制进行分析。结果表明,在含水工况下添加剂T406能够提高滚子的疲劳寿命。T406通过在金属表面的聚集中和氢离子,从而阻止水对金属表面的有害影响,提高轴承疲劳寿命。     

轿车后轮轴承磨粒磨损失效特性与产生机理

通过对 2 0 0余套早期失效的轿车后轮轴承失效统计分析发现 ,磨粒磨损及烧伤是后轮轴承主要的失效形式 ,该失效形式占所有轴承失效率的 6 0 %。根据轿车后桥半轴的结构、后轮轴承装配状况、及轿车后轮的动力学特性 ,本文提出了轿车后轮发生磨粒磨损及烧伤损坏的失效模型 :(1)在惯性载荷作用下 ,轴承内圈与轴颈接触部位的切向蠕动形成粘着磨损颗粒 ;(2 )半轴轴端螺纹防松键槽侵入轴颈与轴承内孔配合段 ,导致键槽锐边在轴承内孔刮研 ,产生切削微屑 ;(3)蠕动及刮研作用产生的磨损颗粒进入轴承滚道表面 ,与滚动体形成三体磨粒磨损。(4)在制动鼓的维修过程中 ,磨损颗粒的异常侵入 ,同样会导致轴承发生磨粒磨损失效。本文提出 ,防止轿车后轮轴承发生早期磨粒磨损失效的有效途径是 :(1)尽量避免与轴承配合的轴颈圆柱表面受到结构或工艺性的损害。(2 )提高轴颈与轴承内孔表面的光洁度和配合精度 ,以降低蠕动造成的磨损颗粒大小和数量。(3)通过密封等防范措施 ,防止磨损颗粒的侵入。     

基于修正L-P模型的轮毂轴承载荷分布与弯曲疲劳寿命分析

以第三代轮毂轴承为研究对象,推导了弯矩作用下滚动体与内滚道、外滚道的接触变形与接触载荷,提出了更为准确的接触载荷分布计算模型,分析了不同工况下轮毂轴承内部接触载荷和接触角的周向分布规律。在轮毂轴承内部载荷分布的一次修正基础上,考虑不同位置角的滚道材料和滚动体的接触疲劳,利用乘积定律进行统计处理,得到了第三代轮毂轴承疲劳寿命的修正L-P模型。结合ISO281—2007寿命修正计算方法,针对润滑现象进行二次修正,得到了经过润滑修正的第三代轮毂轴承疲劳寿命模型。利用旋转弯曲疲劳试验机进行了轴承的弯曲疲劳试验,试验结果显示,该疲劳寿命模型计算得到的理论值与试验值的误差在10%以内,验证了模型的正确性。     

Importance of pin geometry on pin-on-plate wear testing of hard-on-hard bearing materials for artificial hip joints

The contact mechanics between the pin and the plate used in simple wear screening tests were investigated in this study. Both soft-on-hard, such as ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)-on-metal or UHMWPE-on-ceramic, and hard-on-hard, such as metal-on-metal, bearing couples were considered. The effect of the pin geometry and the misalignment between the pin and the plate were investigated on the predicted contact pressure distribution at the bearing surfaces using the finite element method. It was demonstrated that in the case of soft-on-hard bearing couples, neither the geometrical discontinuity of the pin surface nor the misalignment could cause a significant increase in the contact stress. However, for hard-on-hard combinations, even with a very small misalignment of 0.5 degrees between the pin and the plate, the geometrical discontinuity could lead to a more than tenfold increase in the predicted contact stress. This elevated contact stress may lead to a large scatter in the wear data and, even more importantly, structural damage of the bearing surfaces.     

飞轮轴承许用磨损寿命估算算法

在轴承拟静力学法和轴承磨损理论基础上建立了飞轮轴承磨损寿命估算模型,分析了轴承预紧力、转速和结构参数对轴承磨损特性的影响并进行了试验验证。结果表明:轴承磨损寿命随着预紧力和沟道半径的增大而增加,当增加到一定值后,随其增大而减小;随着转速增大,磨损寿命降低,当转速较低时,转速对轴承磨损寿命影响较大,转速较高时对磨损寿命影响变小。