Tribochemistry of Fluorinated Fluids Hydroxyl Groups on Steel and Aluminum Surfaces

This paper describes products of tribochemical reactions of Z-Dol 2500 and 1H,1H,2H,2H-tetra-fluorooctanol, produced on steel and aluminum surfaces. The fluorooctanol was used as a model compound to study the reactions of hydroxyl groups. Tribochemical reactions were initiated by friction in the steel/steel and steel/Al contacts, using an Optimol SRV (Schwingung Reibung Verschleiβ) reciprocating sliding tester. The products of these reactions, deposited in the wear scars on steel and Al discs, were studied using reflective FTIR spectrometry (microscopy and grazing angle) and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Under boundary lubrication conditions on metal surfaces, fluorinated compounds containing hydroxyl groups formed carboxylic and alkoxyl salts. FTIR spectra indicate that Fe and Al carboxylic salts occur mainly in bidentate configuration.     

Additive Mechanism Investigation of Perfluoropolyether Lubricants with a Phosphazene Additive

The tribological characteristics of magnetic thin film media coated with perfluoropolyether (PFPE) lubricants (ZDOL and AM300J) and a phosphazene additive (X-IP) were investigated in this study. The drag test results show that under ambient and hot/wet conditions the media coated with AM300J lubricant have higher retention on the test track than those coated with ZDOL 2000 PFPE lubricant. The phosphazene additive X-IP was observed to strongly anchored to the surface and was not as easily removed as PFPE lubricants alone. The retention characteristics of X-IP are independent of either AM or ZDOL. Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) depth profile data and Angle-Resolved X-Ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy (XPS) reveal that X-IP molecules were distributed near the disk surface in the X-IP and PFPE lubricants mixed layer, indicating a strong bonding/adhesion of X-IP to the disk surface. Together with the drag testing data, the authors conclude that the preferential distribution of X-IP close to the disk surface in the mixed layer helps to improve lubricant retention performance at the head-disk interface.     

The Dynamic Properties of Annular Gas Squeeze Film Dampers

The step jump method is used to characterize the stiffness and damping of flat-faced gas lubricated squeeze film dampers. Analytic solution of a linearized form of the isothermal and compressible Reynolds equation yields closed form expressions for the step and frequency responses of the gas film. Results from the step jump method obtained both analytically and numerically are shown to be good approximations of the gas film stiffness and damping. A Prony series is proven to be an effective constitutive model capable of representing the stiffness and damping of the gas film in both the time and frequency domains in analytic form. Using the analytic constitutive model, closed form solutions for the motion of squeeze film dampers are now possible.     

Erosion Debris Particle Observations and the Micromachining Mechanism of Erosion

Erosion debris particles produced by particle impact erosion of pure Ni and a stainless steel have been examined in the scanning electron microscope for the purpose of determining whether micro-machining is an operative mechanism of erosion by alumina particles. Macroscopic machining chips generally exhibit well-defined lamellae on the side of the chip away from the tool face, and such lamellae are also observed in micromachining chips produced by abrasion or scratch testing. The aspect ratio of such chips is generally large. In the present work, the aspect ratios and shapes of erosion debris particles formed at angles of incidence below the peak erosion angle (α_c) were generally consistent with the dimensions of the impact craters formed on the eroded surface and with the hypothesis that they were formed by micromachining. However, most of the debris particles did not exhibit characteristic lamellae. This may be explained by the fact that the surface from which they are formed is very rough even on a scale similar to the size of the debris particles. This is not true in abrasion: Micromachining chips formed from such a surface would be expected to have surfaces which would obscure the existence of lamellae. However, some chips would be expected to come from the few relatively smooth areas of the surface, and these should show lamellae. Examples of such chips were, indeed, found, and micrographs of these chips are nearly indistinguishable from micrographs of micromachining chips formed by abrasion or scratch tests. It is concluded that micromachining is an operative mechanism of erosion which is of greatest importance at low angles of incidence. Debris particles formed at higher angles of incidence are generally more platelike.     

Promotion of Anti-Wear Property of Sodium Stearate by Oxygen and Surface Active Agents

The anti-wear properties of a water-based lubricant were studied using a newly designed friction tester which enabled the rubbing with nascent surface under controlled atmospheres. Sodium stearate considerably reduced the wear of steel in oxygen rich atmospheres.

Supplementary adsorption tests were performed to identify the anti-wear film formed on the rubbed surface. Surface analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that metal stearate film was heavily formed on the rubbed surface in oxygen rich atmospheres. The measurement of metal elements in the protective film by atomic absorption spectroscopy clarified that the main constituent of the film was iron stearate. These results of adsorption tests could support that iron stearate might prevent the wear of steel in the wear test.

It was observed that a surface active agent prevented the formation of lubricative oxide film, but when used with sodium stearate, it synergistically promoted the anti-wear property of sodium stearate. This was attributed to the fact that the surface active agent improved the permeability of recrystallized sodium stearate to the rubbing area.     

Proposal of an FTIR Methodology to Monitor Oxidation Level in Used Engine Oils: Effects of Thermal Degradation and Fuel Dilution

This article describes a procedure, based on ASTM standards D7214 and E2412, that has been defined to improve quantification of oil oxidation in used engine oils. Taking into account typical problems that can be found in this type of sample, including thermal oxidation and fuel dilution, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were analyzed also considering the effect of the oil formulation. Two zones were considered inside the typical wavenumber range for quantification of oxidation, where those problems can be detected and assessed more easily: zone A between 1725 and 1650 cm^?1, where the main oxidation products, such as aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and ketones, occur due to thermal degradation of the oil; and zone B between 1770 and 1725 cm^?1, where esters due to potential biodiesel dilution problems are detected.     

高压内啮合齿轮泵的三维CFD数值计算与试验研究

由于内啮合齿轮泵特殊的工作原理,其计算模型涉及微小间隙的问题和动网格的运用,计算复杂,难度较大。同时,内啮合齿轮泵在高压工作状态下,内部泄漏量较大,数值计算的精度难以保证。基于此,本文采用流体力学软件FLUENT,基于2.5D动网格技术建立了适合于高压内啮合齿轮泵的三维流体数值计算模型,对内啮合齿轮泵的流动性能进行分析。为提高高压工况下内啮合齿轮泵的CFD数值计算精度,在内啮合齿轮泵的三维数值计算模型中,利用粘性壁面边界条件的方法,模拟两齿轮之间的接触啮合,全面分析两齿轮的啮合点对数值计算结果的影响,并与试验结果进行比较。结果表明:本文提出的模型可以较好地预测内啮合齿轮泵在高压工况下的流动特性,并可为齿轮泵的数值计算提供参考。     

Atomic Force Microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy Investigation of Additive Interactions Responsible for Anti-Wear Film Formation in a Lubricated Contact

Rational formulation of lubricants requires an understanding of additive interactions that impact antiwear film qualities such as thickness, topography, and friction. In an effort to understand the complex additive interactions responsible for formation of anti-wear and friction-reducing films, atomic force microscopy (AFM) in conjunction with Raman microscopy has been used to conduct a nanoscale investigation of the wear tracks formed by a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) in the presence of various commercial lubricant additives combinations. Of the additives examined, zinc dithiophosphate (ZnDTP)-based additives are found to be solely responsible for the formation of a thick (hundreds of nm) film that exhibits a pitted topography. Addition of a molybdenum-based friction modifier to the lubricant blend reduces the film thickness considerably and reacts to produce MoS ₂ on the surface, suggesting an interaction with the zinc dithiophosphate–based additive that prevents antiwear film formation. Formation of MoS ₂ , found only in the wear track, is consistent with a dramatic reduction of friction coefficient measured in the HFRR. Subsequent addition of borated dispersants to the lubricant reveals a further reduction in friction coefficient and a modest return of anti-wear film. However, addition of detergents to the formulation increases the friction coefficient and also promotes the formation of an anti-wear film. Nanoindentation measurements on the bulk properties of the anti-wear films determined that all of the anti-wear films had similar modulus and hardness measurements which were lower than that of the parent steel material, but did not correlate with the friction measurements obtained from the HFRR. This indicates that nanoscale measurements on material properties of the film are necessary to elucidate friction properties of the interface, and that these properties cannot be determined from macroscale measurements on the bulk film.

     

Antiwear Behavior of ZDDP and Fluorinated ZDDP in the Presence of Alkylated Diphenyl Amine Antioxidants

Environmental regulations have called for a reduction of phosphorus content in engine oils in recent years. The anti-wear additive zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP), which is also an antioxidant, is one of the most important components of engine oil additives. ZDDP is a major source of phosphorus. One way to reduce phosphorus levels is to replace ZDDP with new environmentally friendly antiwear agents that have similar or superior wear performance compared to ZDDP. Another way to address the environmental issue is to reduce the amount of ZDDP in engine oils. At the same time, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of ZDDP by finding optimum conditions that would result in improved antiwear performance. The antiwear mechanism of ZDDP involves its degradation thermally and tribologically, leading to the formation of an antiwear film that consists of polyphosphates and sulphides. The structure of the antiwear film is almost similar in both types of degradation. But the breakdown efficiency of ZDDP is diminished by the parallel reaction of ZDDP with other additives, as well as the antagonistic effects of these additives. The new fluorinated ZDDP complex developed has shown better wear performance compared to ZDDP. This would allow the possibility of further reduction of phosphorus in engine oils compared to current levels. In this paper we study the interaction of ZDDP and fluorinated ZDDP with alkylated diphenylamine. The impact of antioxidant on wear performance was examined using a ball-on-cylinder tribometer. The interactions between ZDDP and the fluorinated ZDDP with the antioxidant were studied using NMR and the surface of the tribofilm was examined using SEM, TEM, and Auger spectroscopy.     

Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Ultraprecision Machining of Brittle Materials with Ultrasonic Vibration

Ductile machining of brittle materials, even at a high critical depth-of-cut, has been realised by applying ultrasonic vibration to a diamond tool tip. A surface roughness Ra of 100 nm at a 2 μm depth-of-cut was achieved. A discussion on fundamental principles of ultrasonic machining, the material removal mechanism and the calculation of critical factors are presented in this paper.     

辐射板强化喷管换热与红外抑制效果试验研究

试验研究了在发动机喷管中加装金属辐射板前后,喷管壁面温度、热喷流温度与喷管红外辐射特征的变化。结果表明,加装金属辐射板后,热喷流与喷管壁面之间的热量传递显著增强,热喷流中心温度降低,壁面温度明显升高,在90°方向上,热喷流3～5μm波段的红外辐射强度降低了38.5%。文中从热喷流、喷管壁面以及金属辐射板等相关部件的温度变化情况对红外辐射强度的变化原因进行了解释。      

Experimental and Simulation Studies on the Solid-Particle Erosion of WC-MgO Composites

This article reports our recent studies on WC-4.3 wt% MgO composites with a particular interest in the effect of grain-growth inhibitors (VC and Cr₃C₂) addition on its resistance to erosive wear. It is shown that the maximum erosion rate of the WC-MgO composite occurred at an impingement angle of 90°. With the addition of the grain-growth inhibitors (0.25 wt% VC and 0.25 wt% Cr₃C₂), the erosion resistance increased, particularly profound at the impingement angle of 90°, due to refined microstructures with improved mechanical properties. In addition, computational simulation based on a microscale dynamic model was conducted to investigate the effects of the grain boundary strength and grain size on the erosion resistance of the WC-MgO composites in order to better understand the microstructural effect on the erosive performance of the composites. It is demonstrated that the grain refinement with weak grain boundary strength has a negative effect on the erosion resistance.     

变型锥蜗杆诱导法曲率和卷吸速度的计算分析

根据齿轮啮合理论,应用衡量机械传动性能的诱导法曲率和卷吸速度来分析研究变型锥蜗杆.通过建立数学模型.对变型锥蜗杆蜗轮啮合时沿接触线法线方向的诱导法曲率和卷吸速度进行了推导,并赋值计算,与普通锥蜗杆传动进行了比较.通过对比计算结果,表明了变型锥蜗杆传动在接触点处的诱导法曲率稍小而卷吸速度较大,验证了变型锥蜗杆在此点传动性能略具优越性,对其进一步研究具有很好的参考价值.     

真伪天麻二维相关红外光谱法的鉴别研究

本文采用红外光谱法并结合二维相关(Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy)分析技术,对药用天麻和伪品天麻(芭蕉芋)进行了无损快速鉴别研究。天麻和芭蕉芋在外观上很相似,都是成椭圆或扁卵圆形的块茎,皱缩而稍弯曲,并且在一维谱图上差别很细微,而在二维谱图上显示出较大的差别。在800～1500cm~(-1)波段范围内,天麻在同步图上有二个较强的自动峰,分别在1237cm~(-1)和1415cm~(-1)附近,而芭蕉芋有四个较强的自动峰,在1024、1055、1194、1225cm~(-1)附近,1400cm~(-1)处也有相关峰,但是较微弱,二维相关谱可以提高谱图的分辨率,增加谱图的识别能力,可用于药材真伪品的鉴别。该法快速、准确,为客观评价中药材的来源提供了一种新的方法和手段。     

大间隙磁性液体与迷宫交替式组合密封的数值及试验研究

为了提高大间隙磁性液体密封的耐压能力,在多级磁源磁性液体密封的基础上提出一种新型的磁性液体与迷宫交替式组合密封结构并设计一种普通的具有二级磁源的磁性液体与迷宫交替式组合密封结构。试验研究0.3 mm到0.7 mm间隙下具有机油基、煤油基和酯基磁性液体的交替式组合密封耐压能力,数值模拟该交替式组合密封中密封间隙内的磁场强度,由磁性液体密封耐压理论计算出该交替式组合密封中磁性液体密封的理论耐压值,对交替式组合密封的试验结果与该交替式组合密封中磁性液体密封的理论耐压值进行比较和分析。结果表明,与多级磁源磁性液体密封相比,该交替式组合密封显示良好的密封能力;当密封间隙大于0.4 mm时,该交替式组合密封的耐压能力随着间隙的增大而减小。     

莱钢1080m3高炉开口机故障分析与改进

介绍了莱钢1 080m3高炉开口机存在的故障,分析了故障原因,并进行技术改造,消除了缺陷,有效提高了系统的安全性和可靠性.     

Theoretical and Experimental Studies of the Bone Damage Detection by the Ultrasonic Method

Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing - The bones elastic characterization using the nondestructive technique based on the propagation of the ultrasonic waves well studied in this paper. The...     

硅片边缘超声振动抛光实验装置的研究

研制一种新型硅片边缘超声振动抛光装置,利用抛光振子超声振动所产生的能量对硅片边缘倒角斜面进行抛光加工,以达到提高硅片边缘表面质量的目的。抛光振子的工作面与硅片一侧的整个倒角斜面完全接触,并且能够实现不同工艺条件下的抛光实验。实验装置由抛光振子、振子的固定装夹装置、硅片的定位安装装置以及抛光压力和抛光液供给系统组成。抛光振子由超声电机的振子改造而成,根据硅片尺寸及硅片边缘倒角斜面的角度确定抛光振子工作面的角度,利用ANSYS软件对振子进行有限元分析,并对加工后振子进行了实际测试。该实验装置能够实现硅片与抛光振子之间无宏观相对转动的实验,又能对抛光时间、抛光转速、抛光压力,抛光液流量等工艺参数进行控制,进而研究不同参数对抛光实验的影响。