Characteristics of Oxyfuel and Air–Fuel Combustion in an Industrial Water Tube Boiler

The characteristics of oxyfuel combustion and air–fuel combustion in the furnace of a typical industrial water tube boiler using methane as the operating fuel are investigated. Two oxyfuel cases are considered. The analysis is conducted for two oxyfuel cases that correspond to 21% O₂ and 29% O₂ in the oxidizer mixture (O₂ + CO₂). A renormalized group (RNG) turbulence model and the eddy dissipation model are utilized in the present work to provide the turbulence characteristics and the production rate of species. The solution of the radiative transfer equation was obtained using the discrete ordinates radiation model. The set of governing equations and the boundary conditions are solved numerically using Fluent computational fluid dynamics code considering a single-step reaction kinetics model for methane–oxyfuel combustion. Comparison of both oxyfuel combustion and air–fuel combustion indicates that the temperature levels are reduced in oxyfuel combustion. The results show that the temperature levels are greatly reduced as the percentage of recirculated CO₂ is increased. It is concluded that the flame propagation speed in the CO₂ environment is lower than that in N₂. It is found that the natural gas and oxygen consumption rates are slower in oxyfuel combustion relative to air–fuel combustion. Heat transfer from the burnt gases to the water jacket along the different surfaces of the furnace is calculated. It is shown that the energy absorbed is much lower in the case of oxyfuel combustion along all surfaces except for the end part of the furnace close to the furnace rear wall. However, the same performance of the methane-oxy-flames is expected by increasing the oxygen concentration slightly above 29%.     

Effect of Nonequilibrium Condensation of Moist Air on the Boundary Layer in a Supersonic Nozzle

INTRODUCTIONMapstudies[1-13lonthecondensationshockwaveoccurringinthecaseoftherapidexpansionofmoistairorsteaminasupersonicnozzlehavebeenper-formed,andthecharacteristicsofcondensationshockwavhavenearlybeenclarified.Acondensationshockwavalsooccursinthebladepassageinasteamturbinel14'15].Suchacondensationshockwavethatinteractswiththeboundary1ayeronthesurfaceofthettirbineblade,affectsthellowinthebladepas-sageinasteamturbine.However,thefiowinthebladepaJssagewiththecondensationshockwaveisnotyetun…     

Effect of Axisymmetric Sonic Nozzle Geometry on Characteristics of Supersonic Air Jet

The effect of nozzle geometry on sonic line and characteristics of supersonic air jet was studied. Computational fluid dynamics was applied in this study. The axisymmetric nozzle geometries investigated were two different contour converging nozzles, two different conically converging sharp-edged nozzles and a sharp-edged orifice. The results show that the supersonic jet structure, sonic line and streamlines in supersonic jet are strongly influenced by the nozzle geometry, and the total pressure loss increases with the increase of Mach disk diameter. The present numerical simulation is an effective tool to evaluate compressible flows in supersonic air jet.     

The Impact of Preheating on Stability Limits of Premixed Hydrogen–Air Combustion in a Microcombustor

For the purpose of investigating the effects of preheating on microcombustion, an experiment of premixed flame in a microcombustor with inner diameter of 2 mm is conducted. The reactants are preheated, with the preheating temperatures of 23, 250, and 500°C, respectively. According to the experimental results, proper preheating temperature enhances the flame stability to some extent. For example, at 0.08 L/min, the stability limits change from 0.336–5.185 to 0.347–5.704, while the preheating temperature increases from 23°C to 250°C. Computational fluid dynamic simulation reveals that preheating intensifies the reaction, and increases the reaction temperature accordingly. Therefore, the micro flame has higher stability after preheating. But in the cases with extremely high preheating temperature of 500°C, blowout becomes more serious. According to the simulation results, the thermal expansion of preheated reactants increases the flow velocity in the micro-scale combustor. Subsequently, the imbalance between flow velocity and burning velocity causes blowout.     

The Reduction of Thermal Nitrogen Oxides（NOx） Emission Using Staged Combustion in Furnace

The experimental study described in this paper is to investigated the control of thermal nitrogen oxides emissions from a 2.28 MW gas-fired test furnace.Tests,including changing axial or radial air flow rate.adding cooling water,and adding staged air,were performed to characterize and opimize the fuel-rich burning zone and the fuel-lean burnout zone independently.Detailed measurements of O2,CO2,CO,NOand NOx were made at the fuel-rich burning zone and furnace exit.The influence of forming CO,NO and NOx was examined.Results indicated that adding staged air in the fuel-rich burning zone(75cm from burner)will reduce the maximum NO and NOx emissions.Adding cooling water in a right position may further lower the NO and NOx emissions.In addition,the least formation of thermal nitrogen oxides in the first stage fuel-rich burning zone will occur at the stoichiometric ratio‘s inverse value ,(φ1)^-1,0.65 to 0.7.     

The Reduction of Thermal Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Emission Using Staged Combustion in Furnace

The experimental study described in this paper is to investigate the control of thermal nitrogen oxides emissions from a 2.28 MW gas-fired test furnace. Tests, including changing axial or radial air flow rate, adding cooling water, and adding staged air, were performed to characterize and op(imize the fuel-rich burning zone and the fuel-lean burnout zone independently. Detailed measurements of O_2, CO_2, CO, NO and NOx were made at the fuel-rich burning zone and furnace exit. The influence of forming CO, NO and NOx was examined. Results indicated that adding staged air in the fuel-rich burning zone (75 cm from burner) will reduce the mawximum NO and NO_x emissions. Adding cooling water in a right position may further lower the NO and NO_x emissions. In addition, the least formation of thermal nitrogen oxides in the first stooge fuel-rich bunting zone will occur at the stoichiometric ratio's inverse value, (φ_1)~(-1), 0.65 to 0.7.     

Effect of Guide Vanes on the Performance of a Variable Chord Self—Rectifying Air Turbine

INTRODUCTIONWiththeconventionalenergyresourceslikelytogetexhaustedinafewdecades,theinexhaustiblesourcesofenergyhavetotaketheirplace.Alternateenergyfromtheoceanisattractingtheattelltionoftheresearchersinrecentyearsduetoitsperennialavailabilityandminimumhealthhazards.Ofthemanypossibleformsofoceanenergy,waveenergyispromising.Waveenergyisanalternateformenergy,whichispollutantfreeandinnearfutureitislikelytobeeconomicallyviable.Countrieswhicharesurroundedbyseaandpossessremotelysituatedislandcom…     

The Simulation of Influence of Different Coals on the Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler‘s Combustion Performance

The combustion performance of the boiler largely depends on the coal type. Lots of experimental research shows that different fuels have different combustion characteristics. It is obvious that fuel will change the whole operating performance of Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC). We know even in a pilot-scale running boiler, the measurement of some parameters is difficult and costly. Therefore, we developed the way of simulation to evaluate the combustion performance of Chinese coals in CFB. The simulation results show that, different coals will result in different coal particle diameter and comminution depending on their mineral component and the change will affect the distribution of ash in CFBC system. In a word, the computational results are in accordance with experimental results qualitatively but there are some differences quantitatively.     

Study on the Effect of the Side Secondary Air Velocity on the Aerodynamic Field in a Tangentially Fired Furnace with HBC—SSA Burner

INTroDUCTIONThe Horizontal Bias Combustioll Pulverized Coal(HBC) burner for tangential firing system has advantages of improving flame stabilization, slaggingresistance, pollution control and high combustionefficiency[']. However, in the thin and tall furnace firedwith coal with strong slagging telldency) it is possiblethat slagging occurred on water-cooled wall, especiallywhen the cross-sectional and volumetric heat releaserate are very high in the burner domain.The HBC burner with Si…     

Modeling the Occurrence and Methods of Reducing Thermal Deviations of Upper Furnace Heating Surfaces in a 1000 MW Dual Circle Tangential Firing Single Furnace Ultra-Supercritical Boiler

The FLUENT computational fluid dynamics software package was used to model outlet velocity and temperature inhomogeneity in a 1000 MW dual circle tangential firing single furnace ultra-supercritical boiler. These computations allowed a theoretical analysis of thermal deviations at the furnace outlet and suggested means of reducing such deviations. This work involved study of radiative and convective heat transfer of the upper furnace platen superheaters, the radiative–convective heating surfaces above the furnace nose and the convective heating surfaces in the horizontal flue. The results demonstrated that the radiant heat load of the heating surfaces of the platen superheaters is related to the sectional dimensions of the furnace and exhibits a bimodal distribution in the boiler modeled during this work. It was also determined that a large recirculation zone is formed in the central section of the horizontal flue owing to velocity superposition. After establishing the thermal load distribution characteristics and the causes of thermal deviations at the various heating surfaces, further modeling was performed to assess the extent to which thermal deviations could be reduced by decreasing residual rotation at the furnace outlet via horizontally swinging the over fire air (OFA). The effects of OFA swing angles on velocity and temperature inhomogeneity at the furnace outlet were subsequently analyzed, and an OFA swing of ?10° was found to be optimal based on considerations of thermal deviations at the furnace outlet, the airflow field in the furnace, and safe operation of the boiler.     

Performance and Emission Characteristics of Tylosema Esculentum Biodiesel in a Diesel Engine： An Experimental Investigation

Biodiesel derived from indigenous feed stocks such as Tylosema esculentum kernel oil is deemed a feasible alternative to petroleum diesel for the diesel engine. This paper presents results of investigation of performance and emissions characteristics of diesel engine using Tylosema biodiesel. In this investigation, Tylosema biodiesel was prepared, analyzed and compared with the performance of petroleum diesel fuel using a single cylinder compression ignition diesel engine. The specific fuel consumption, engine torque, engine brake power, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were analyzed. The tests showed a decrease in engine brake power and torque with increase in engine load, while specific fuel consumption showed an increasing trend with maximum variation of 33% between the two fuels at engine load of 90%. Emission levels of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide showed an increasing trend with increase in load for both fuels. Tylosema biodiesel produced significantly lower concentrations of hydrocarbons than petroleum diesel, while levels of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were largely comparable to those of petroleum diesel. Soot production from combustion ofTylosema biodiesel was found to be approximately 98% lower than that from combustion of petroleum biodiesel, demonstrating insignificant contribution to environmental pollution.     

Effect of Non-Equilibrium Condensation of Moist Air on Flow Field in Ludwieg Tube

The time-dependent behavior of non-equilibrium condensation of moist air through a Ludwieg tube with a diaphragm downstream is investigated by using a computational fluid dynamics work. The two-dimensional, compressible, Navier-Stokes equations, fully coupled with the condensate droplet growth equations, are numerically solved by a third-order MUSCL type TVD finite-difference scheme with a second-order fractional time step. Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model is employed to close the governing equations. The present computations represent the experimental flows well. The results obtained show that for an initial relative humidity over 40 %, the periodic excursions of the condensation shock occurs in the Ludwieg tube, and the frequency increases with the initial relative humidity. It is also found that total pressure loss due to non-equilibrium condensation in the Ludwieg tube should not be ignored even for a very low initial relative humidity. Furthermore, the variations of condensation properties are also di     

Effect of Nozzle Bulge on Diesel Engine＇s Performance and Emission

为了研究油嘴凸出量对柴油发动机性能和排放的影响,通过三种不同厚度的喷油器油嘴垫片改变喷油器的油嘴凸出量,并在全负荷、部分负荷情况下测试三种不同油嘴凸出量对发动机性能和排放的影响。试验结果表明,不同的油嘴凸出量对发动机的性能和排放影响非常大,并且需要综合考虑各种测试结果,选择合适的油嘴凸出量,使发动机的性能和排放达到最佳,这对于发动机燃烧开发试验有一定的指导意义。     

Effect of Non-Newtonian Viscosity for Surfactant Solutions on Vortex Characteristics in a Swirling Pipe Flow

Effects of non-Newtonian viscosity for surfactant solution on the vortex characteristics and drag-reducing rate in a swirling pipe flow are investigated by pressure drop measurements, velocity profile measurements and viscosity measurements. Non-Newtonian viscosity is represented by power-law model (T = kD n). Surfactant solution used has shear-thinning viscosity with n < 1.0. The swirling flow in this study has decay of swirl and vortex-type change from Rankin's combined vortex to forced vortex. It is shown that the effect of shear-thinning viscosity on the decay of swirl intensity is different by vortex category and the critical swirl number with the vortex-type change depends on shear-thinning viscosity.     

Low—NOx Combustion and Experimental Investigation in a ROtary Type Pulverized Coal Classifier

In order to improve the combustion conditions, maximize the carbon burnout for low-NO_x firing systems and meet the requirements for ignition and flame stabilization as low volatile and low quality coal are burned in boilers, finer pulverized coal should be used. Hence, it is of great practical importance to study the rotary type classifier for the MPS type medium-speed mill. In this paper, we first review the low-NO_x combustion technology, then some model tests of rotating classifier are completed. The results show that the classifier performances are very satisfactory, with the fineness of the finished produce beingR ₉₀ ^f <10%. Rules for designing and controlling rotating classifier are also developed in this paper.     

Low－NOx Combustion and Experimental Investigation in a Rotary Type Pulverized Coal Classifier

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An all-condition simulation model of the steam turbine system for a 600 MW generation unit

Coal-fired generation units in China often operate under off-design loads. The off-design performance has important influence on operation energy consumption of generation units. An all-condition model is of critical importance for studying the off-design performance. In this paper, an all-condition simulation model of the steam turbine system for a 600 MW generation unit is built. Based on the actual system composition, the steam turbine system is divided into several sub equipment. A sub model is established for each device. In the turbine model, a parameter M is defined as the intermediate variable to calculate the extraction pressure of turbine. The operating data from a 600 MW generation unit are used to verify the all-condition model. The heater fouling conditions are also calculated. The result shows that the model successfully predicts the operation parameters under different loads and forecasts the thermal performance of typical equipment failure.     

Effect of barium sulfate and strontium sulfate on charging and discharging of the negative electrode in a lead–acid battery

A fundamental study is undertaken of the mechanism of the formation and dissolution of lead sulfate on the negative electrode in a lead–acid battery. This involves in situ examination of a lead sheet, on which a small amount of BaSO₄ or SrSO₄ powder is fixed by pressing, in sulfuric acid solution by means of electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) combined with cyclic voltammetry (CV). It is found that both BaSO₄ and SrSO₄ provide seed crystals for the precipitation of PbSO₄. The PbSO₄ crystals are formed more rapidly on SrSO₄ than on BaSO₄ during the oxidation (discharge) process. The dissolution of PbSO₄ crystals formed on SrSO₄ crystals is very slow during the reduction (charge) process.     

Effect of a Polymer Additive on Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Behaviors of Upward Air–Water Flow in an Inclined Smooth Circular Tube

This article presents an experimental study of the effect of polyacrylamide (PAM) on heat transfer and frictional pressure drop behaviors of upward air–water two-phase flow in an inclined smooth circular tube with an upward inclination angle of 8 degrees from the horizontal direction. The test tube has an inside diameter of 40 mm and an outside diameter of 48 mm. A PAM water solution with a concentration of 300 ppm was used in the experiments. The liquid phase superficial velocities are 0.52, 1.02, and 1.46 m/s and the gas-phase superficial velocities are from 1.79 to 6.54 m/s. Heat transfer tests were performed by cooling the air–water flow inside the test tube through its wall using the cooling water with a heat transfer length of 3 m, and two-phase pressure drops were measured over a length of 3.1 m. Results show that the air–water two-phase frictional pressure drops can be reduced from 26.2% to 42.7%, while the two-phase heat transfer coefficients can be reduced from 39.7% to 80.8% with addition of PAM. Furthermore, new proposed physical mechanisms of the two-phase frictional pressure drop and heat transfer reductions are used to explain the experimental results.     

Numerical Study of the Effect of Imaginary Circle Diameter and Initial Flow Field on the Aerodynamic Field in a Tangentially Fired Furnace

INTRoDUCTIoNInthetangeatiallyfiringsystempulverized-coal-and-airjetsareinjectedintothefurnacethIoughslotbtirnersinfourcornersofthefUInace.Theaxesofburnersaretangellttooneorsevera1imaginarycir-clesinproperordertoformastablerotationalfireballwithhightemperatureinoperation.Sotheimag-inarydiameterofiisanimportantgeometricstructureparameterindesigningatangentiallyfiredfurnace,whichistheemphasisofthisstudy.Atpresent,theimaginarycirclediameterrkiisusuallydesignedwithsmallvalueandtheconcentricfir…