彼阳新盖口服液中钙锌含量测定

本文研究了乳酸钙,葡萄糖酸锌含量测定,采用同位镀汞阳极溶出法在pH=5.8的HAc—NaAc缓冲溶液中,测定补锌制剂中锌的含量.线性范围0.02～0.08μg/ml,检出限为0.08μg/ml.以EDTA掩蔽Zn~(2+),间接KMnO_4法测定钙的含量。本文提出的方法是一种不经分离而能直接测定乳酸钙和葡萄糖酸锌的简便易行的方法.     

钙镁滴定应用联合掩蔽剂消除干扰的新技术

氧化钙、氧化镁滴定时由于重金属离子干扰和氢氧化镁沉淀会对钙和指示剂产生吸附,导致测试数据误差较大,现在通常使用氰化钾作为掩蔽剂,但其毒性较大。该文通过理论和实践创新总结出联合掩蔽剂方法,该方法不仅能有效地将重金属离子全部掩蔽消除,而且环保无毒、成本低廉、流程简便。重要的是可以使钙镁滴定数据更加准确可信。     

氢化物发生-电加热原子吸收光谱法测定铁精矿中砷

本文研究了采用过氧化钠溶解铁精矿,经水浸取,硫酸酸化后用氢化物技术将痕量的砷从铁精矿中分离、富集,用碘化钾、抗坏血酸和酒石酸作还原剂和掩蔽剂测定铁精矿中的砷。用标准加入电加热原子吸收光谱法消除基体效应,该方法具有灵敏度高,干扰少、快速、准确度高等优点。     

氟橡胶耐酸配方设计及基础性能表征

通过实验考察了硫化剂、吸酸剂、填料对耐酸氟橡胶配方性能的影响,包括硫化性能、硬度、拉伸性能和压缩永久形变,研究各组分的最佳配比。实验结果表明,氟橡胶硫化剂双酚AF用量在2.2 phr-2.5 phr范围内,其综合性能最好;吸酸剂对硫化胶的交联过程及不饱和键生成有明显影响,单独使用Ca(OH)2时,加入量为8phr最佳;填料硫酸钡的作用旨在提高硫化胶的耐酸性能,由于其对吸酸剂的屏蔽作用在使用时需相应提高吸酸剂用量。     

酸溶法柔性光纤传像束的玻璃组成及性能

酸溶法柔性光纤传像束的单丝由芯料、皮料和酸溶玻璃构成。本文首先分别探讨了皮料玻璃的组成、化学稳定性和折射率以及酸溶玻璃的组成、酸溶特性和析晶性能。然后重点分析了芯料、皮料和酸溶玻璃的性能和工作参数的匹配问题。研究结果表明:皮料玻璃的混合碱效应不仅可以提高玻璃的化学稳定性,而且有利于提高光纤的机械强度。同时,控制酸溶玻璃中B2O3/SiO2比例可以较好地兼顾玻璃的酸溶特性和抗析晶性能。此外,酸溶法单丝作业芯、皮、酸溶玻璃工艺参数的匹配,不仅要求缩小它们在成纤温度范围内的粘度差异,而且应尽可能保持稳定的粘度比值。CDG2皮料玻璃、ASG2酸溶玻璃以及商用芯料玻璃的物理化学性质以及工作参数的匹配性可以满足柔性光纤传像束的要求。     

以坡缕石为原料制备方沸石

以江苏盱眙坡缕石为原料,经提纯后分别采用直接碱溶法、模板剂法、溶胶-水热法制备方沸石晶体。采用XRD、SEM对产物进行表征,结果表明:三种方法都可以制备出方沸石晶体,其中溶胶-水热法制备的方沸石纯度高,结晶度好,颗粒大小均匀,粒径分布在3.5~5μm之间。模板剂的加入可以提高方沸石晶体的结晶度,但碱溶法和模板剂法得到的产物中仍含有石英和坡缕石杂质。     

锌冶炼高铁液中锗的测定——水杨基荧光酮光度法

在一定浓度盐酸溶液中,且一定比例OP乳化剂存在时,低含量的水杨基荧光酮溶液与待测溶液中的锗形成灵敏度高、选择性好水溶性络合物,比色测定范围符合比尔定律,本文将对锌冶炼在线液体分析时加入不同的掩蔽剂进行锗的检测,此分析方法结果稳定、准确、可靠。     

蓄冷剂在葡萄模拟物流中的应用

目的 以微环境气调箱为载体,将蓄冷剂应用于葡萄模拟物流中,研究其作用效果.方法 以"阳光玫瑰"葡萄为实验材料,于冷库中气调保存,分别在预冷24 h(记为0d)和30d时取出放入蓄冷剂,记为微环境气调箱(Microenvironment modified atmosphere packaging,mMAP)+蓄冷剂组,不加入蓄冷剂的记为mMAP组作为对照,研究在3d常温((25士1)℃)模拟物流过程中蓄冷剂的加入对微环境气调箱内温度及葡萄果实感官品质、营养品质、色泽、硬度的影响,采用主成分得分分析对2组葡萄状态进行打分,再以生理指标和酶活性的变化规律分析蓄冷剂的加入对模拟物流过程中葡萄的影响.结果 mMAP+蓄冷剂组箱内温度可低于mMAP组1～2 ℃,且mMAP+蓄冷剂组果实感官品质更佳,腐烂率、脱粒率及果梗褐变率更低,好果率更高,(30+3)d时可高于mMAP组12.61％,可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、VC、叶绿素等营养物质流失速度更慢,色泽变化更小,硬度较高,主成分得分分析结果为mMAP+蓄冷剂组＞mMAP组,且加入蓄冷剂后物流的果实相对电导率更低,呼吸作用及乙烯释放速率更弱,过氧化物酶活性更高,多酚氧化酶活性更低.结论 蓄冷剂的加入可有效维持葡萄模拟物流过程中的品质,并可使0d常温采后物流时长延至3d,30 d常温采后物流时长延至2d.     

重铬酸钾法测定化学耗氧量消除氯离子干扰新掩蔽剂的研究

本文提出了一种以重铬酸钾为氧化剂,以硝酸银和硝酸铋为掩蔽剂消除氯离子干扰,测定化学耗氧量的新方法,并研究了消化过程中的各种条件,如硫酸浓度、消化时间等。采用硝酸银和硝酸铋联合掩蔽剂可以取代标准重铬酸钾法测定(COD)中使用的硫酸汞,从而避免汞对环境的污染,并使用这种新方法测定了多种类型的水样。结果表明,本法操作简便、快速灵敏、准确度高,并具有广泛的适应性。     

多功能纳米腐植酸的制备及抗菌性能研究

以风化煤为原料,Z17与ZS复配作晶粒调整剂,采用碱溶酸析沉淀法配加高剪切方式,制备了具有平均粒径60nm、分布均匀的纳米腐植酸。对影响制备的因素:pH值、剪切速度、晶粒调整剂用量和陈化时间进行优化研究,得出最优化工艺条件:用A17+ZS作晶粒调整剂、pH=2.5、剪切转速为2500r·min-1、陈化时间3.5h。用扫描电镜(SEM)、凝胶色谱分析仪(GPC)及比表面积分析仪(BET)对产物的粒径、形貌、分子量大小、比表面积及孔径进行表征;同时以大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为菌株,采用三角瓶震荡试验法,对普通腐植酸和纳米腐植酸的抗菌性能进行研究。结果表明:纳米腐植酸对大肠杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌率分别为99.1%和98.6%。     

Spatial frequency masking in human vision: binocular interactions.

Binocular contrast interactions in human vision were studied psychophysically. Thresholds were obtained for sinewave grating stimulation of the right eye in the presence of simultaneous masking gratings presented to the right eye (monocular masking) or left eye (dichoptic masking). In the first experiment, thresholds were measured at 0.25, 1.0, 4.0, and 16.0 cycle per degree (cpd) as a function of the contrast of masking gratings of identical frequency and phase. Thresholds rose nonmonotonically with masking contrast. At medium and high contrast levels, dichoptic masking was more effective in elevating contrast thresholds than monocular masking, and approached Weber's Law behavior. In the second experiment, spatial frequency tuning functions were obtained for test gratings at five spatial frequencies, by measuring threshold elevation as a function of the spatial frequency of constant-contrast masking gratings. At 1.0, 4.0, and 16.0 cpd, the tuning functions peaked at the test frequencies. The dichoptic tuning functions had a bandwidth of about 1 octave between half-maximum points, narrower than +/- 1 octave bandwidths of the monocular tuning functions. At 0.125 and 0.25 cpd, the tuning functions were broader and exhibited a shift in peak masking to frequencies above the test frequencies.     

Masking for Halftone

Abstract

In a recent paper¹ the author drew attention to important differences between the colours of continuous tone and halftone images and a set of equations was established connecting the colour of a halftone area (when expressed in terms of the densities to red, green and blue light) with the dot sizes of the printers. In the present paper it is shown that because yellow inks used in practice are ideal, these equations are soluble giving the halftone masking equations. If it is assumed that the strengths of the Inks are high, the masking procedure is considerably simplified. The resulting masks are non-linear, having greater contrast in the highlights and less contrast in the shadows than conventional masks (which would give correct masking only for continuous tone processes), but the average contrast is similar. It is also shown that, in spite of the various simplifying assumptions, this masking procedure should result in good reproduction of colours and neutrals.     

Quantitative assessment of image quality enhancement due to unsharp-mask processing in x-ray fluoroscopy

Spatial unsharp-mask processing and its variants are commonly used in x-ray radiography to enhance image contrast. We investigated the effect of three unsharp-masking filter kernels of different sizes on the detection of an advanced guidewire tip in simulated x-ray fluoroscopy image sequences. To isolate the effect of visual temporal processing, we repeated the experiments on single images. Filter gains were selected so that all three kernels increased the contrast of a 0.018-in. (0.457-mm) guidewire by a factor of 2 but had different effects on image noise and signal profiles. There was no statistically significant effect of unsharp masking on human-observer performance in single images. However, all three kernels significantly improved average performance in image sequences, and the guidewire contrast required for detection was reduced by 32%-40%. A prewhitening channelized observer model predicted the disparity between sequences and single images and fitted measurements at different kernel sizes well. A nonprewhitening observer model did not. We conclude that unsharp masking is a simple and effective method of improving guidewire visualization in fluoroscopically guided interventional procedures and that quantitative image quality studies are essential for evaluation of image-processing techniques in sequences such as x-ray fluoroscopy.     

Ratio model serves suprathreshold color--luminance discrimination

We extended earlier results [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 16, 2625 (1999)] to examine how the responses of the three postreceptoral mechanisms are combined to subserve discrimination of suprathreshold stimuli. Test thresholds were obtained in the presence of suprathreshold pedestals selected in different quadrants of the red-green/luminance and blue-yellow/luminance planes of cardinal color space. We showed that (1) test threshold was directly proportional to pedestal contrast for pedestal contrasts exceeding five times pedestal contrast threshold, and (2) there were exceptions to this proportionality, notably when the test and pedestal directions were fixed in the cardinal directions. Results support a ratio model of suprathreshold color-luminance discrimination, in which discrimination depends on a ratio of outputs of the postreceptoral mechanisms. We also observed that when test threshold was measured as a function of test color-space direction, masking by the achromatic component of the pedestal was less than that by the chromatic component. In addition, masking by a dark (negative luminance component) pedestal was lower than masking by a light (positive luminance) pedestal of a similar contrast. Our results demonstrated that (1) there is no fundamental difference between discrimination in the isoluminant and in the two chromoluminant cardinal planes, (2) there exists the possibility that discrimination in cardinal directions differs from that in noncardinal (intermediate) directions, and (3) suprathreshold discrimination of luminance differences may be more sensitive than that of chromatic differences for a given suprathreshold pedestal.     

Spatial-frequency-tuned mechanisms of the red-green channel estimated by oblique masking

The sustained spatial-frequency-tuned (SF-tuned) mechanisms of nonoriented units were examined by means of orthogonal masking for the Red-Green (R-G) color channel, and those of oriented units by oblique masking for the achromatic channel but not for the color channels. An oblique-masking technique minimizes the artifacts that are due to spatial phase effects, local cues, spatial beats, spatial probability summation, and changing criteria. Therefore the spatial characteristics of the R-G color channel are now investigated by an oblique-masking technique and linked with my paper on orthogonal masking [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 1 (1998)]. The R-G channel was defined by the minimum-flicker and hue-cancellation techniques. A color monitor system was used to generate spatially localized (D6) vertical color test patterns [0.063-8 cycles per degree (cpd)] and sinusoidal oblique color masks (0.031-16 cpd, 1.2-60% contrasts). Color contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs), threshold elevation (TE) versus mask SF (TvSF) curves, and TE versus mask contrast (TvC) curves were measured by the method of constant stimuli with a two-interval forced-choice technique by using Powell's achromatizing lens under sustained (Gaussian, 2-s-duration) conditions. Results show the following: (1) The color CSF is a low-pass function of SF with average half-height SF of 0.7 cpd and cutoff SF of 14 cpd with the use of a color-detection criterion. (2) TvSF curves are broadly bandpass and fall into five groups, peaking at approximately 0.13, 0.5, 2, 4, and 8 cpd. The root-mean-square cone-color CSF is 3.8-5.4 times the stimulus-color CSF. (3) A "crowding effect" similar to that of the TvSF curves of the achromatic channel was also found, but the TvSF curves of the R-G channel are not sharply peaked, similar to the result for orthogonal masking. Data analysis led to the following conclusions: (1) A simple multiple-mechanism model yields one low-pass color mechanism (with average half-height SF of 0.54 cpd) and five bandpass SF-tuned color mechanisms; these six mechanisms are necessary to explain the CSF, TvSF, and TvC data simultaneously. (2) The bandpass mechanisms peaked at approximately 0.13, 0.5, 2, 4, and 8 cpd with average full bandwidths at half-heights of 3.6, 3.2, 2.1, 1.2, and 1.3 octaves, respectively. (3) Since oblique-masking color mechanisms (unlike achromatic oriented mechanisms) have broad orientation tuning under sustained conditions and there is a significant orthogonal masking, the oblique-masking color mechanisms may have contributions from both oriented and nonoriented units. (4) The high degree of similarity between the SF-tuned filters of mechanisms derived from oblique- and orthogonal-masking data suggests that most of the chromatic SF tuning is already accomplished by nonoriented units. (5) The quality of the fit to oblique- and orthogonal-masking data combined dropped enough to reject the hypothesis that the former taps the performance of only the same nonoriented mechanisms as those by the latter. Adding gain parameters that reduce the TEs for orthogonal masking gave a better fit, suggesting that orientation gains are one of the factors involved in the transformation of information from nonoriented to oriented mechanisms. However, the fit was still worse than that for oblique-(6) Since masking-alone or orthogonal-masking-alone data, suggesting that more factors may be involved. primate parvo lateral geniculate nucleus (pLGN) units behave in a fairly linear manner, the color contrast nonlinearity (which follows the linear filter) of a mechanism may be post-pLGN.     

SiC晶须增韧陶瓷基复合材料及其分散研究

阐述了SiC晶须增韧陶瓷基复合材料的进展，指出晶须增韧过程中遇到的难题；综述了近年来对SiC晶须分散摘要并认为化学键合理论在SiC晶须的分散中是主性的研究及其效果，主要介绍了硅烷偶联剂的化学键合理论和物理作用理论，要的。     

光度法测定时适宜酸度范围影响因素的探讨

从数学上讨论了掩蔽剂和各种金属离子对分光光度法测定时适宜酸度范围的影响,并给出了简便的计算公式。     

Inter-observer variation in masked and unmasked images for quality evaluation of clinical radiographs

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of masking on the inter-observer variation in image quality evaluation of clinical radiographs of chest and lumbar spine. BACKGROUND: Inter-observer variation is a big problem in image quality evaluation since this variation is often much bigger than the variation in image quality between, for example, two radiographic systems. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of masking on the inter-observer variation. The idea of the masking was to force every observer to view exactly the same part of the image and to avoid the effect of the overall 'first impression' of the image. A discussion with a group of European expert radiologists before the study indicated that masking might be a good way to reduce the inter-observer variation. METHODS: Five chest and five lumbar spine radiographs were collected together with detailed information regarding exposure conditions. The radiographs were digitised with a high-performance scanner and five different manipulations were performed, simulating five different exposure conditions. The contrast, noise and spatial resolution were manipulated by this method. The images were printed onto the film and the individual masks were produced for each film, showing only the parts of the images that were necessary for the image quality evaluation. The quality of the images was evaluated on ordinary viewing boxes by a large group of experienced radiologists. The images were examined with and without the masks with a set of image criteria (if fulfilled, 1 point; and not fulfilled, 0 point), and the mean score was calculated for each simulated exposure condition. RESULTS: The results of this study indicate that-contrary to what was supposed-the inter-observer variation increased when the images were masked. In some cases, especially for chest, this increase was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this study, image masking in studies of fulfilment of image criteria cannot be recommended.     

SURF imaging for contrast agent detection

A contrast agent detection method is presented that potentially can improve the diagnostic significance of ultrasound contrast agents. Second order ultrasound field (SURF) contrast imaging is achieved by processing the received signals from transmitted dual frequency band pulse complexes with overlapping high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) pulses. The transmitted HF pulses are used for image reconstruction, whereas the transmitted LF pulses are used to manipulate the scattering properties of the contrast agent. In the present paper, we discuss how SURF contrast imaging potentially can overcome problems and limitations encountered with available contrast agent detection methods, and we give a few initial examples of in vitro measurements. With SURF contrast imaging, the resonant properties of the contrast agent may be decoupled from the HF imaging pulses. This technique is thus especially interesting for imaging contrast bubbles above their resonance frequency. However, to obtain adequate specificity, it is typically necessary to estimate and correct for accumulative nonlinear effects in the forward wave propagation.     

Three-stage approach to ultrasound contrast detection

A new method for detecting ultrasound contrast agents using a three-stage pulsing sequence is proposed. The method is based on observations showing that the scattering properties of contrast agents are modified by ultrasonic insonation at high power, but remain unchanged at low power. The objective of the first stage of the pulsing sequence is to use low power pulses to obtain a high resolution reference image without altering the agent. Higher power pulses in the second stage modify the contrast agent. The third stage detects the changes imposed to the contrast agent using low power pulses. A temporal filter is proposed to discriminate contrast response from clutter signal. The method is similar to power Doppler methods in that it uses several pulses to survey the target while destroying the agent. The new idea is to separate detection and destruction to circumvent a trade-off between sensitivity and resolution. Results from in vitro experiments with three different contrast agents are presented. The results are compared with harmonic power Doppler processed from the same data and show that an improvement in sensitivity is achievable by including the high power burst in the pulsing sequence. The results also show that the proposed filter reduces clutter artifacts from moving tissue