直接荧光过滤/平板计数法检测辐照食品

研究建立一种适用于我国香辛料及脱水蔬菜辐照鉴别初筛方法,对11种调味料及5种脱水蔬菜样品在4、5、10 kGy剂量下进行辐照,同时以未辐照样品作为对照。试验结果表明:辐照后4组样品之间Dc值差异显著,4、5、10、0 kGy下辐照处理样品的Dc均值分别为3.1~5.1、3.6~5.7、5.6~7.5和1.3~3.0。随辐照剂量增加,DEFT值基本不变,APC值逐渐降低;当阈值设定为3.0时,可检测出5.0 kGy及5.0 kGy以上辐照处理样品,假阳性率为3.1%。     

低剂量γ辐照对牛肉肌内脂肪酸组成及牛肉质量的影响

取8头黄牛的半腱肌,在60Co源下辐照,剂量分别1.13,2.09及3.17kGy,牛肉在7℃环境下储存10d,评估不同辐照剂量和储存时间(0d或10d)条件下肌内脂肪酸组成及牛肉质量的变化.肉样储存10d后,未辐照的肉样中SFA和MUFA含量比未储存未辐照的牛肉(0d,0kGy)显著上升,而辐照过的肉样SFA和MUFA含量基本不变.辐照后多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、n-3PUFA、n-6PUFA含量和P/S显著下降(0d或10d).不同辐照剂量对脂肪酸的影响差异不显著.辐照后0d,牛肉样滴水损失及TBARS与辐照剂量呈正相关,随着辐照剂量的增加(从0kGy到3.17kGy),滴水损失及TBARS逐步升高;而10d储存后,滴水损失和TBARS则与辐照剂量呈负相关.辐照后牛肉样细菌总数随辐照剂量的增大显著下降.牛肉肌内脂肪脂肪酸组成和比值因辐照而产生变化,而辐照剂量的增加(1.13kGy到3.17kGy)对脂肪酸组成没有显著的影响.3kGy左右的低剂量辐照可以很好的确保牛肉质量,而不会引起脂肪营养较大的损失.     

电子束辐照对泥蚶杀菌保鲜效果的影响

目的：研究电子束辐照对泥蚶微生物数量及其感官质量的影响。方法：泥蚶经不同剂量电子束处理,测定辐照后及冷藏期间菌落总数、大肠菌群及其感官评分。结果：电子束辐照能有效地杀灭泥蚶中的微生物,经过0、1、3、5、7、9kGy 不同剂量处理,泥蚶的菌落总数逐步下降,当泥蚶的初始菌落总数为3.10 × 105CFU/g时, D10=3.12kGy;泥蚶的感官质量与辐照剂量有关,经过7、9kGy 剂量处理后样品产生令人不愉快的异味。结论：结合辐照后及冷藏期泥蚶的微生物和感官指标,泥蚶电子束冷杀菌的适宜剂量为3～5kGy,经3～5kGy 处理后,泥蚶的货架期由对照组的5d 延长至15～19d。     

辐照改性对魔芋胶的影响

采用^60COγ-射线对魔芋粉进行辐照处理,辐照剂量分别为2、4、6、8和10kGy,然后对不同辐照剂量的魔芋样品测定其特性黏度、流变性等指标。结果表明：魔芋胶经6和8kGy辐照后其特性黏度和黏度值与对照相比均有所下降,而在10kGy辐照剂量时则粘均分子量和黏度值下降明显。辐照前后魔芋胶的流体特征不变,均为宾汉塑性流体,但经过10kGy辐照后其屈服应力值由8.63Pa降低到4.51Pa。辐照后魔芋胶的黏度热可逆性提高,经8kGy辐照的样品黏度热可逆性最好。     

速冻芦笋的电子束检疫杀菌和辐照工艺

为了研究电子束辐照处理对速冻芦笋检疫杀菌的工艺及效果,以速冻芦笋为试材,检测电子束辐照下金黄色葡萄球菌和出血性大肠杆菌的D10值,初始污染菌以及感官和营养品质变化。结果表明,接种菌悬液的速冻芦笋中,金黄色葡萄球菌、出血性大肠杆菌的D10值分别为0.35 kGy和0.25 kGy。经4.0 kGy辐照处理后,产品中菌落、霉菌、大肠菌群均未检出,感官指标未发生明显变化,营养品质仅维生素C含量下降稍快。产品的电子束穿透深度剂量分布试验表明,双面辐照工艺,辐照深度为14.2 cm时,不均匀度1.15,可以满足生产要求。建议采用4.0 kGy以下剂量辐照速冻芦笋产品,可以有效控制食源性致病菌,保障产品食用安全性。     

高能电子束辐照带鱼营养及品质变化

带鱼是深受消费者欢迎的海鱼。感染新型冠状病毒的进口带鱼带来极大的食品安全隐患。高能电子束辐照技术是一种高效快速灭活微生物的方法,前期研究发现特定剂量的高能电子束辐照能够灭活新冠病毒。本文研究上述剂量(2,4,7,10 kGy)的电子束辐照对进口带鱼营养、物理、贮藏及感官品质的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,4~10 kGy电子束辐照能显著降低带鱼维生素A含量,显著增加带鱼硬度、弹性、胶黏性、咀嚼性。其中,10 kGy电子束辐照能显著降低带鱼挥发性盐基氮含量。2~10 kGy电子束辐照不会对带鱼感官品质造成不良影响。综合来看,2 kGy电子束辐照最适宜用于带鱼安全与品质保障。     

辐照对市售奶粉品质影响的研究

目的:分析不同剂量辐照对奶粉营养成分的影响。方法:对市售袋装奶粉进行不同剂量的60Coγ照射,辐照剂量分别为0、5、10、15、20kGy,分析了其中主要营养成分、微生物指标和感官指标的前后变化。结果:与对照组相比,5kGy和10kGy组辐照后主要营养成分和感官性状无明显改变,微生物指标大幅度下降:而15kGy和20kGy组辐照后营养成分有显著性改变,p＜0．05,微生物指标为0,感官性状无明显改变。结论:≤10kGy剂量辐照对奶粉营养素没有明显影响,微生物指标大幅度下降,从而延长了奶粉的保质期,增加了奶粉的食用安全性。     

辐照对淀粉黏度特性影响的研究

采用^60Coγ-射线对玉米淀粉进行辐照处理,辐照剂量分别为2kGy、4kGy、6kGy、8kGy和10kGy．然后对不同辐照剂量的淀粉样品测定其黏度热稳定性、冷稳定性、凝沉性、凝胶性等黏度特性指标。结果表明：辐照后淀粉的最高热黏度变小,当辐照剂量在4kGy以上时,其最高热黏度基本稳定在15MPa·s左右。黏度冷稳定性有所提高,黏度热稳定性降低,但其凝胶性和凝沉性没有随着放置时间的延长出现规律性变化。     

辐照处理对鲜切胡萝卜贮藏品质变化研究

目的 研究辐照处理对鲜切胡萝卜贮藏品质变化的影响。方法 将鲜切胡萝卜经不同剂量(1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 kGy)60Coγ射线辐照处理后, 于室温20 ℃贮藏, 在0、3、7、10 d测量其营养品质指标和生理生化指标。结果 60Coγ射线辐照处理对鲜切胡萝卜中可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量基本无影响; 1.0、1.5、2.0 kGy剂量的60Coγ射线辐照处理可较好地保持鲜切胡萝卜的还原糖含量、类胡萝卜素含量、维生素C含量, 其中1.5 kGy剂量处理效果最好; 于20 ℃贮藏, 1.5、2.0 kGy剂量的60Coγ射线辐照处理可较好地保持鲜切胡萝卜的可溶性固形物含量, 抑制多酚氧化酶的活性; 1.0、1.5 kGy剂量的60Coγ射线辐照处理可较好地抑制过氧化物酶的活性。结论 综合60Coγ射线辐照对鲜切胡萝卜各项指标的影响, 确定1.5 kGy是较适宜的剂量。     

辐照对发酵调味品杀菌效果及品质的影响

以4～10 kGy剂量60Coγ射线辐照处理黄豆酱、甜面酱、红腐乳、郫县豆瓣,研究辐照处理对其细菌总数、营养成分和感官品质的影响。结果显示,7～10 kGy剂量辐照可以有效杀灭调味品中的微生物,并且不影响其蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪等营养指标以及色泽、气味、滋味、体态等感官品质,辐照具有较好的应用推广前景。     

Technological and chemical characters of bread prepared from irradiated wheat flour

The present work is a part of research programme aimed to use gamma irradiation to decrease the growth of fungi and the concentration of mycotoxines which present naturaly in collected samples of wheat flour from Egyptian markets (first part). To follow the technological, rheological and chemical characters of bread “Balady” common type in Egypt, same samples of wheat flour were irradiated with 2, 4 and 8 kGy for these purposes. The Egyptian bread type (Balady) had been prepared from irradiated and non-irradiated samples. The chemical analysis proved a significant induction in reducing sugars (RS) which increased gradually with increasing doses as 16.75%, 30.30%, 43.24% after using 2, 4 and 8 kGy respectively. Same trend was observed with total sugars (TS), less changes were observed in non-reducing sugars (NRS) and starch content. Results obtained showed that an actual reduction in dough development time, stability, weaking of dough and height of bread especially for irradiated samples at 4 and 8 kGy but 2 kGy was less effective. The reduction of Alkaline Water Retention Capacity (AWRC) was clear at high doses whereas 2.0 kGy improved the freshness of aged “balady” bread. Concerning, the evaluation of organoleptic characters of bread as judged by the panelists, all the samples were accepted either irradiated or not. But, the lowest values of acceptance resulted from irradiated samples with 4 and 8 kGy. Therefore, using 2 kGy can be recommended for keeping quality of wheat flour to avoid the infestation or pathogenic infection. Whereas high doses (4–8 kGy) can be use for eliminating the mycotoxins with some changes of quality which can be overcome by using some additional matters to get more acceptable bread and less changes in technological characters.     

电子束辐照对小麦分离淀粉流变学特性的影响

从经过电子束辐照处理的小麦中提取淀粉,用Brabender连续粘度计研究不同辐照剂量（0、1.0、2.75、4.4kGy）对其流变学特性的影响,并用排阻液相色谱和多角度光散射仪、折光检测器连用技术（HPSEC-MALLS-RI）测定其分子量分布。结果表明：随着辐照剂量的增加,小麦淀粉的Brabender峰值黏度显著降低,冷稳定性升高,凝沉性减弱,当辐照剂量达到4.4kGy时,小麦淀粉的峰值黏度由85.0BU减小到42.0BU,下降了50.6%,回生值下降了88.2%;同时,小麦淀粉重均分子量逐渐下降,且当辐照剂量达到4.4kGy时,小麦淀粉的重均分子量与未辐照相比下降了1个数量级,说明电子束辐照引起了小麦中淀粉分子的降解,平均分子量减小,导致小麦淀粉流变学特性改变,粘度降低。     

应用电子辐照技术灭活小麦矮腥菌的研究报告

应用电子辐照处理小麦矮腥黑穗菌冬孢子 ,实验室直接研究结果表明 ,5kGy的剂量可使冬孢子丧失萌发力失去活性。注意到电子辐照处理延迟了冬孢子的萌发 ,3kGy可能是控制小麦矮腥黑穗病在中国土地上繁衍的有效剂量。这有待结合田间种植进一步研究     

Changes in growth and antioxidant status of alfalfa sprouts during sprouting as affected by gamma irradiation of seeds

Viking 3000 alfalfa seeds irradiated with gamma rays to doses of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 kGy were sprouted and allowed to grow for up to 8 days at 23 degrees C. Germination, growth (yield and length), antioxidant capacity, and ascorbic acid (AA) were measured during sprouting. Results showed percent germination of the seeds and the rates of growth of the sprouts were inversely related to the radiation dose absorbed by the seeds. Both antioxidant capacity and AA content expressed on a fresh weight basis decreased during growth of the sprouts. Sprouts grown from irradiated seeds had greater antioxidant capacity and AA content on a fresh weight basis than those grown from nonirradiated seeds. However, when the nutritive values were expressed on a per gram of seed basis, irradiation had no effect on the nutritive values of sprouts.     

The irradiation of spices, packaging materials and luncheon meat to improve the storage life of the end products

Spices and packaging materials were exposed to γ‐irradiation at a dose of 10 kGy. Luncheon meat was prepared with irradiated or non‐irradiated spices and packaged in irradiated or non‐irradiated packaging materials. Packaged luncheon meat was treated with 2 kGy. Irradiated and non‐irradiated packaged luncheon meat were kept in a refrigerator (1–4 °C) for 12 months. Microbiological, nutritive and chemical characteristics of luncheon were evaluated after processing and during storage; whereas, sensory quality was evaluated only after irradiation. γ‐Irradiation decreased the microbiological counts of spices, packaging materials and packed products and increased its shelf‐life. No significant differences in moisture, protein, fat, pH value, total acidity, lipid peroxide and volatile basic nitrogen were observed as a result of irradiation. Sensory evaluation showed that all the combinations of treated luncheon meats were acceptable. However, the taste, odour, appearance and texture scores of irradiated packaged products were significantly lower than those of non‐irradiated samples.     

Effects of gamma irradiation on the development and reproduction of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The inhibitory effects of gamma irradiation were demonstrated on the development and reproduction including egg hatch, pupation, adult eclosion and oviposition of Plodia interpunctella. Failure of all these events increased with increasing doses from 0.1 to 1.0 kGy. However, the rates of developmental inhibition were different among three behavioral events. Egg hatch was almost completely inhibited by 0.5 kGy and higher doses. Pupation was completely inhibited by 0.25 kGy, but adult eclosion was not completely inhibited even by 1.0 kGy. In addition, different age groups within the egg and final larval stages differed in their susceptibility to 0.1 and 0.25 kGy doses; the rates of both hatching and pupation were lower when young individuals were irradiated. Fecundity and hatchability of eggs were greatly reduced when pupae were irradiated at 0.1 kGy and completely inhibited at 0.25 kGy and higher doses. This suggests that although some adults eclosed from pupae irradiated at 0.25 kGy and higher doses, they were not able to lay eggs. Our results suggest that irradiation at 0.5 kGy is appropriate for the inhibition of development and reproduction of P. interpunctella.     

QUALITY RESPONSE OF 'BING' AND 'RAINIER' SWEET CHERRIES TO LOW DOSE ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION

'Bing' and 'Rainier' sweet cherries were irradiated at doses of 0.00, 0.15, 0.30, 0.60 and 0.90 kGy using a linear accelerator. Cherries were evaluated for quality immediately after treatment and again after 14 days storage at 1C. No variation in soluble solids, titratable acidity or flavor were noted at any of the irradiation doses. Defects were increased for 'Rainier' cherries at irradiation doses above 0.60 kGy, but no change in defects of 'Bing' cherries were present regardless of irradiation doses. Objective color of 'Bing' cherries was lighter with more red at irradiation doses greater than 0.30 kGy, but this change in color was not evident visually. Objective color of 'Rainier' cherries was reduced at irradiation doses of 0.60 kGy and greater. This reduction in 'Rainier' red color was evident visually at an irradiation dose of 0.90 kGy. No change in 'Bing' green stem color was evident, but 'Rainier' stem color improved at irradiation doses above 0.60 kGy. Firmness of both 'Bing' and 'Rainier' cherries was reduced at irradiation doses of 0.60 kGy and greater. By using the linear accelerator at doses of 0.60 kGy or less, 'Bing' and 'Rainier' cherries can be irradiated with no major quality loss to meet quarantine requirements.     

The influence of γ-irradiation on some biological activities and electrophoresis patterns of wheat grain albumin fraction

Water-soluble proteins were extracted from irradiated wheat grain for the purpose of assaying biological activities, reducing sugars content and SDS–PAGE electrophoresis. The differences between samples after γ-irradiation were tested by analysis of variance at the level of significance (P ? 0.05). Ionising radiation (0.05–10 kGy) caused an increase in the activity of endogenous amylases, statistically significant at doses of 5 and 10 kGy (P ? 0.05), which was well correlated with the highest extractable protein content. γ-Irradiation of wheat grain at a dose of 0.05 kGy caused an increase of inhibition activity against Sitophilus granarius L. α-Amylase, whereas there was a decrease at 10 kGy (P ? 0.05). On the other hand, grain irradiated by 0.5 and 1 kGy doses showed a significant increase in inhibition activity against α-amylase of Tribolium confusum Duv. (P ? 0.05) while at the remaining doses the inhibition activity was on the same level as the control grain. Decrease of Ephesitia kuehniella Zell. α-amylase was observed only at 5 kGy radiation dose (P ? 0.05). At the remaining doses this activity was comparable to non-irradiated grain.     

Sensorial and chemical quality of gamma-irradiated fresh-cut iceberg lettuce in modified atmosphere packages

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of various doses of irradiation on the quality of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce and to determine a suitable maximum dose. Fresh-cut iceberg lettuce packaged in film bags was exposed to 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 kGy of gamma radiation and stored at 3 degrees C for 14 days. CO2 levels were higher and O2 levels were lower in packages containing irradiated lettuce than in those containing nonirradiated lettuce for most of the storage period. Comparison with nonirradiated lettuce indicated that total ascorbic acid (ascorbic acid plus dehydroascorbic acid) content and firmness were not significantly influenced by irradiation at 1 or 2 kGy. The overall visual appearance was best for lettuce irradiated at 1 or 2 kGy. This improved quality may be related to the high CO2 and low O2 levels observed for the irradiated samples. Electrolyte leakage for lettuce increased with higher radiation doses and was correlated (R2 = 0.99) with a soggy appearance. The leakage for lettuce irradiated at > or = 2 kGy was significantly more extensive than that for nonirradiated lettuce. The irradiation of fresh-cut lettuce in modified atmosphere packages at doses of 1 kGy and perhaps 2 kGy for safety enhancement and quality improvement is feasible.     

The influence of gamma irradiation on the immunoreactivity of gliadin and wheat flour

The gliadin fraction of wheat flour gluten is potentially responsible for an allergic reaction in individuals with a genetic predisposition to allergy. In order to study the influence of ionising radiation on the immunogenicity of gliadin, samples of commercial gliadin powder and wheat flour were irradiated with doses between 2.2 and 12.8 kGy. Ethanolic extracts (40% ethanol/water, v/v) of treated samples were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with monoclonal antibodies against ω-gliadin or polyclonal anti-gliadin antibodies and by immunoblotting after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Irradiated gliadin samples show the increase in allergenicity measured by ELISA. A linear relationship between the immune response induced by irradiated gliadin and the applied radiation dose was observed. The increase in immunoreactivity was confirmed by immunoblot assays with sera containing anti-gliadin antibodies. Immunoreactivity of gliadin extracted from irradiated wheat flour was higher than the immune response of pure gliadin irradiated with the same dose. RP-HPLC was applied for the analysis of gliadin constituents after irradiation. The content of ω-gliadins in irradiated samples decreased with increasing radiation dose.