低剂量辐射对小鼠松果腺cAMP水平的影响

采用昆明系小鼠,全身照射低剂量Ｘ射线,剂量为５０￣５００ｍＧｙ,剂量率为１２．５ｍＧｙ／ｍｉｎ,照射后２４ｈ,检测松果腺ｃＡＭＰ含量变化,结果表明５０￣１００ｍＧｙＸ射线全身照射可使松果腺ｃＡＭＰ含量明显升高,其中７５ｍＧｙ组ｃＡＭＰ水平为最高（为假照射组的３．７倍ｐ〈０．００１）。而高剂量的对比观察１￣４Ｇｙ照射,松果腺ｃＡＭＰ水平呈降低趋势,其中２、４Ｇｙ照射组较假照射组明显减少（ｐ〈０．０５     

γ外照射皮肤剂量的测量与计算

人体所遭受的辐射危害，常常以吸收剂量来表示。由于吸收和散射现象的同时存在，使得人体不同深度处受到的照射情况不同。高能γ射线对人体的照射多用于医疗照射，考虑的均为较远距离的照射（即源皮距大于８０～１００ｃｍ的医疗照射）。实际上剂量梯度（在源皮距越小时）...     

小剂量辐射增强化疗药物的抑瘤作用及其机制

在丝裂霉素Ｃ（ＭＭＣ）或环磷酰胺（ＣＰ）腹腔注射前６ｈ，给予荷有Ｌｅｗｉｓ肺癌的Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６小鼠７５ｍＧｙＸ射线全身照射（ＷＢＩ）。结果表明７５ｍＧｙＸ射线全身照射可增强化疗药物的抑瘤作用，肿瘤生长速度明显减慢。同时对与肿瘤免疫相关的某些免疫学指标进行了观察，发现７５ｍＧｙＸ射线全身照射可以促进荷瘤鼠的胸腺和脾细胞的增殖，促进自然杀伤细胞（ＮＫ）、淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞（ＬＡＫ）和特异性杀伤性Ｔ细胞（ＣＴＬ）的杀伤功能，增加脾细胞白细胞介素Ｉ（ＩＬ－２）的分泌量，并且减低ＭＭＣ和ＣＰ对免疫功能的损害。     

骨髓移植前应用钴-60γ射线进行全身照射的剂量学要点

探讨利用普通钴疗机进行全身照射的剂量学要点。通过将源-体中面距延长至346cm,得到98×92cm~2的近似正方形照射野,其对角线长134cm。为了模拟辐射在人体内的作用,制成一具非均匀人体模型,经CT扫描证实其组织等效性良好。体模剂量测定表明:(1)对于平均大小的病人,其对应的有效照射野为25×25cm~2,并讨论了估价人体有效照射野的方法;(2)体中面剂量始终大于体表剂量,但随着人体厚度增加,体中面/体表剂量比减小,两者之间呈明显负相关(r=-0.983,p<0.001),并拟合了回归曲线;(3)前后野(AP)或AP 左右侧野(RL)照射的剂量分布均匀性优于RL照射;(4)组织补偿可显著改善剂量分布均匀性,并叙述了组织补偿技术。     

骨髓移植前应用钴-60γ射线进行全身照射的剂量学要点

探讨利用普通钴疗机进行全身照射的剂量学要点。通过将源-体中面距延长至346cm,得到98×92cm~2的近似正方形照射野,其对角线长134cm。为了模拟辐射在人体内的作用,制成一具非均匀人体模型,经CT扫描证实其组织等效性良好。体模剂量测定表明:(1)对于平均大小的病人,其对应的有效照射野为25×25cm~2,并讨论了估价人体有效照射野的方法;(2)体中面剂量始终大于体表剂量.但随着人体厚度增加,体中面/体表剂量比减小,两者之间呈明显负相关(r=-0.983,p<0.001),并拟合了回归曲线;(3)前后野(AP)或AP 左右侧野(RL)照射的剂量分布均匀性优于RL照射;(4)组织补偿可显著改善剂量分布均匀性,并叙述了组织补偿技术。     

小剂量辐射后近期内诱导的小鼠生殖遗传学适应性反应

预先对小鼠予小剂量照射，３～６ｈ后再接受大剂量Ｘ射线全身照射，观察小剂量辐射对大剂量损伤的拮抗作用。实验结果证明：预先照射０．０１Ｇｙ后，以染色体畸变为观测终点，则骨髓细胞和初级精母细胞染色体畸变均低于单纯大剂量组（ｐ＜０．０１）。雄鼠预先经０．０５ＧｙＸ射线处理６ｈ后全身照射２．０ＧｙＸ射线，在９周内的受育率明显高于单纯大剂量照射组（ｐ＜０．０１）。说明小剂量电离辐射不仅具有降低小鼠遗传物质的损伤作用，而且可以提高受大剂量照射小鼠的生育能力。     

电离辐射诱导在金属硫蛋白在小鼠免疫器官中的表达

观察了电离辐射对金属硫蛋白（ＭＴ）在免疫器官中表达的影响。采用放射性＾１０９Ｃｄ血红蛋白亲和分析法检测组织中ＭＴ含量。观察０．５、２、４、６ＧｙＸ射线全身照射后１６ｈ,及４Ｇｙ全身照射后０．５、２、４、８、１６、２４、４８、７２ｈ,昆明小鼠胸腺及脾脏中ＭＴ含量的变化。结果发现,在０．５～６Ｇｙ剂量范围内胸腺中ＭＴ含量剂量依赖性增高,其中４Ｇｙ和６Ｇｙ组有统计学意义（ｐ〈０．０５）。４ＧｙＸ射线照射后８～４８ｈ胸腺中ＭＴ含量显著增高（ｐ〈０．０５～ｐ〈０．００１）。然而,量效及时研究均未见脾脏中ＭＴ含量的变化。以上结果表明,Ｘ射线能诱导ＭＴ在免疫器官中表达,但表现出明显的组织特异性。     

小剂量照射后小鼠脾巨噬细胞对脾淋巴细胞功能的…

采用昆明小鼠，小剂量Ｘ射线全身照射５０ｍＧｙ￣２５０ｍＧｙ，剂量率为１２．５ｍＧｙ／ｍｉｎ。停照后不同时间处死动物，取出脾脏，用贴壁法分离脾巨噬细胞（ＭΦ）和淋巴细胞，检测受照后脾ＭΦ与受照的脾淋巴细胞功能变化的关系。结果表明，小剂量辐射可使脾ＭΦ功能增强，主要表现在７５ｍＧｙＸ射线全身照射后，脾ＭΦ对脾淋巴细胞ＣｏｎＡ（刀豆蛋白Ａ）反应增强，ＩＬ－１（白细胞介素１）分泌增多。受照的脾ＭΦ只对受照     

低剂量辐射诱导小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡及细胞周期进程的 …

应用流式细胞术观察７５ｍＧｙ Ｘ射线诱导小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡及细胞周期进程的适应性反应。结果表明，１．５或２．０Ｇｙ全身照射后，小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡小体（ＴＡＢ）百分数明显增加，Ｓ期ＴＡＢ百分数明显减少，而Ｇ０／Ｇ１和Ｇ２＋Ｍ期ＴＡＢ百分数明显增加；当１．５或２．０Ｇｙ（攻击剂量，Ｄ２）照射前６ｈ给予７５ｍＧｙ（诱导剂量，Ｄ１）照射时，明显减轻Ｄ２对胸腺细胞凋亡及细胞周期进程的损伤作用。提示，低剂量辐射可     

低剂量辐射增强荷瘤小鼠巨噬细胞功能的实验研究

采用Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｊ小鼠右后肢腓肠肌内接种Ｌｅｗｉｓ肺癌细胞做为实验动物模型，在肿瘤接种后１０ｄ，给予荷瘤小鼠７５ｍＧｙＸ射线全身照射，照射后１８ｈ处死。检测小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的肿瘤细胞静止效应，并采用原位杂交免疫组织化学方法测定腹腔ＭΦ内肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素Ｉβ的ｍＲＮＡ转录水平。结果显示，受照射小鼠的ＭΦ肿瘤静止效应假照射组的５２．９±８．１５增至７９．９±４．２％，ＭΦ内ＴＮＦβ和ＩＬ－     

Conversion from Tooth Enamel Dose to Organ Doses for Electron Spin Resonance Dosimetry

Conversion from tooth enamel dose to organ doses was analyzed to establish a method of retrospective individual dose assessment against external photon exposure by electron spin resonance (ESR) dosimetry. Dose to tooth enamel was obtained by Monte Carlo calculations using a modified MIRD-type phantom with a teeth part. The calculated tooth enamel doses were verified by measurements with thermo-luminescence dosimeters inserted in a physical head phantom. Energy and angular dependences of tooth enamel dose were compared with those of other organ doses. Additional Monte Carlo calculations were performed to study the effect of human model on the tooth enamel dose with a voxel-type phantom, which was based on computed tomography images of the physical phantom. The data derived with the modified MIRD-type phantom were applied to convert from tooth enamel dose to organ doses against external photon exposure in a hypothesized field, where scattered radiation was taken into account. The results indicated that energy distribution of photons incident to a human body is required to evaluate precisely an individual dose based on ESR dosimetry for teeth.     

用TLD测量X射线全身照射的体内相对剂量分布

采用热释光探测器 ( TLD)对人体体模内各点剂量及肺剂量进行模拟实际照射的测量 ,从而对接受全身照射的病人体内剂量 ,特别是肺剂量进行预测量。结果表明 ,体模中心轴线上剂量分布的均匀度( Homogeneity)小于± 14.5%。证明了我们的摆位方法可行 ,可以用于 X射线全身照射治疗。     

一起^60Co源辐照事故中受照人员的剂量估算

本文报道了一起~(60)Co 源辐照事故中受照人员的剂量模拟测量结果。经调查和现场模拟实验,确定了受照条件。使用组织等效人体模型和 LiF(Mg,Cu,P)热释光剂量计测定了受照人员的器官吸收剂量。事故受照人员 F(男)和 L(男)的造血干细胞活存计权等效剂量分别为1.24和0.3 Gy,红骨髓计权平均剂量分别为1.29和0.31 Gy,全身平均吸收剂量分别为1.22和0.32 Gy。     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的航空机组人员辐射剂量评估北大核心CSCD

采用辐射仿真人体面元模型和数字化飞机模型,基于蒙特卡罗方法开展了航空机组人员的航空辐射剂量研究。选取昆明至北京航线为例,评估了航空机组人员在该航线飞行时受到的航空辐射有效剂量率,分析了人体参数对航空辐射有效剂量率的影响,并探索了航线参数变化时机组人员受到的航空辐射有效剂量率的变化。结果表明,机组人员在昆明至北京航线受到的航空辐射有效剂量率为2.114μSv/h,基于中国人参考生理特征的体模和高加索人体参数体模的有效剂量率评估结果差异为25.3%;航线参数中航线的高度是最主要的影响因素,14 km飞行高度的航空辐射有效剂量率达到10 km高度时的1.8倍,同时,航线纬度升高时,机组人员受到的航空辐射有效剂量率也会产生显著的提升。该研究对航空机组人员的辐射剂量评估具有一定的参考和指导意义。     

Implementation of Japanese Male and Female Tomographic Phantoms to Multi-particle Monte Carlo Code for Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry

Japanese male and female tomographic phantoms, which have been developed for radio-frequency electromagnetic-field dosimetry, were implemented into multi-particle Monte Carlo transport code to evaluate realistic dose distribution in human body exposed to radiation field. Japanese tomographic phantoms, which were developed from the whole body magnetic resonance images of Japanese average adult male and female, were processed as follows to be implemented into general purpose multi-particle Monte Carlo code, MCNPX2.5. Original array size of Japanese male and female phantoms, 320x160x866 voxels and 320x160x804 voxels, respectively, were reduced into 320x160x433 voxels and 320x160x402 voxels due to the limitation of memory use in MCNPX2.5. The 3D voxel array of the phantoms were processed by using the built-in repeated structure algorithm, where the human anatomy was described by the repeated lattice of tiny cube containing the information of material composition and organ index number. Original phantom data were converted into ASCII file, which can be directly ported into the lattice card of MCNPX2.5 input deck by using in-house code. A total of 30 material compositions obtained from International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement (ICRU) report 46 were assigned to 54 and 55 organs and tissues in the male and female phantoms, respectively, and imported into the material card of MCNPX2.5 along with the corresponding cross section data. Illustrative calculation of absorbed doses for 26 internal organs and effective dose were performed for idealized broad parallel photon and neutron beams in anterior-posterior irradiation geometry, which is typical for workers at nuclear power plant. The results were compared with the data from other Japanese and Caucasian tomographic phantom, and International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) report 74. The further investigation of the difference in organ dose and effective dose among tomographic phantoms for other irradiation geometries should be carried out by employing additional tomographic phantoms to find out the dosimetric difference of Asian human phantoms from Caucasian-based phantoms.     

CT-W_4(日立)头部扫描时患者的剂量分布

本文应用热释光剂量计和人体模型,测定了 CT-W_4(日立)全身扫描机进行了单层和20层头部扫描时患者脑组织的照射量分布、最大体表照射量、器官剂量和有效剂量当量;导出了头部扫描时患者眼晶体和甲状腺剂量的估算公式。     

医用CT受检者剂量的调查研究

本文介绍了用ＣＴ标准电离室及剂量检测模体，调查研究北京、河北、河南、浙江、内蒙古等省、市、自治区８３台医用ＣＴ的受检者头部剂量和１２台ＣＴ的受检者体部剂量。结果表明，其中有６４台ＣＴ机受检者头部模体中心轴上的多层扫描平均剂量（ＭＳＡＤ）低于国际电离辐射防护与辐射源安全基本标准（ＩＢＳＳ）推荐的ＣＴ剂量指导水平（５０ｍＧｙ），占７７％，高于指导水平的１９台，占２３％；体部模体中心的ＭＳＡＤ均低于ＩＢ     

Experimental Estimation of Effective Dose for Irradiation Geometries in Working Places According to ICRP 1990 Recommendations

Conversion coefficients for the equivalent dose in tissue or organ and the effective dose were estimated experimentally with BeO-TLDs inside a male RANDO phantom against external photon radiation. The experiments were performed for Superior-Inferior and Inferior-Superior geometries in cases of unusual irradiation conditions which were occasionally seen in high radiation areas. For these geometries, a parallel photon beam to the long axis of phantom was irradiated. To evaluate the shielding effect of legs in the Inferior-Superior geometry, measurements with and without legs were done by linking a leg phantom, made of tissue equivalent material. The difference of effective dose by the leg phantom was found to be about 20% in the energy range studied.

The effective dose was calculated from the equivalent dose in tissues or organs by modifying the tissue weighting factors given in ICRP Publ. 60 for males, and the effective dose equivalent according to ICRP Publ. 26 was also derived to be compared with the effective dose. In this experiment, the effective dose was estimated lower than the effective dose equivalent about 40% for Superior-Inferior geometry and about 20% for Inferior-Superior geometry due to the change in tissue weighting factors. However, there was no remarkable difference for Anterior-Posterior geometry.     

北京市消化道造影检查所致受检者的剂量

本文介绍北京市消化道造影检查所致受检者剂量的实验研究结果。文中主要叙述了体模实验的典型照射条件、实验测量结果和剂量估算方法;给出了各种消化道造影的器官剂量转换因子;并采用 Drexler 等人给出的权重因子,估算了食道、上消化道、下消化道和全消化道造影的加权剂量当量,其值对男性受检者分别为2.00、14.70、12.00、和13.70mSv,对女性受检者分别为4.10、14.50、10.80和15.20mSv。     

小剂量照射后小鼠脾巨噬细胞对脾淋巴细胞功能的影响

采用昆明小鼠，小剂量Ｘ射线全身照射５０ｍＧｙ～２５０ｍＧｙ，剂量率为１２．５ｍＧｙ／ｍｉｎ。停照后不同时间处死动物，取出脾脏。用贴壁法分离脾巨噬细胞（Ｍφ）和淋巴细胞，检测受照后脾Ｍφ与受照的脾淋巴细胞功能变化的关系。结果表明，小剂量辐射可使脾Ｍφ功能增强，主要表现在７５ｍＧｙＸ射线全身照射后，脾Ｍφ对脾淋巴细胞ＣｏｎＡ（刀豆蛋白Ａ）反应增强，ＩＬ－１（白细胞介素１）分泌增多，受照的脾Ｍφ只对受照的脾淋巴细胞增强其ＣｏｎＡ反应，而对未受照的脾淋巴细胞无显著影响；未受照的脾Ｍφ也不能增强受照的脾淋巴细胞功能