g-C_3N_4/TiO_2复合纳米材料的制备及其光催化性能分析

以工业偏钛酸为钛前驱体,三聚氰胺为氮源,制备了g-C3N4/TiO2复合光催化剂;用X射线衍射(XRD)能谱、X射线光电子(XPS)能谱、傅里叶红外变换光谱(FT-IR)及热重和差示扫描量热分析(TGDSC)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外-可见吸收(UVVis)光谱、三维荧光(FS)光谱、物理吸附仪(BET)等对催化剂进行了表征。可见光催化实验表明,三聚氰胺与工业偏钛酸质量比为1,500℃煅烧制得的g-C3N4/TiO2复合催化剂对亚甲基蓝表现出最佳的光催化活性,300min内对10mg/L亚甲基蓝溶液的降解率达到83%。     

CTAB作用下TiO2/g-C3N4的制备及光催化降解偏二甲肼废水

在十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)作用下,采用水热合成法制备TiO 2/g-C 3N 4复合材料,研究CTAB对复合材料结构及光谱性质的影响。采用XRD、TEM、N 2吸附-脱附、FT-IR、UV-Vis DRS、PL等测试手段对材料进行表征,并在可见光下进行光催化降解偏二甲肼(UDMH)废水实验。结果表明:在CTAB作用下合成的TiO 2/g-C 3N 4复合材料晶型结构完整,TiO 2粒径更小并且在g-C 3N 4片层上均匀分布,具有较大的比表面积和丰富的介孔结构,复合材料的光吸收带边拓展至450nm,光生空穴-电子复合率明显降低。光催化实验表明,可见光条件下反应120min,UDMH的去除率达到了83.2%,相比未添加CTAB制备的TiO 2/g-C 3N 4提升了13.7%。     

离子液体助介孔TiO_2/CoFe_2O_4磁性复合光催化材料的制备及性能

采用离子液体辅助溶胶-凝胶法制备了可磁分离光催化材料IL-TiO2/CoFe2O4。采用VSM、XRD、BET、TEM表征样品的磁性能、结构和形貌。以亚甲基蓝为模拟污染物,在模拟太阳光下考察样品光催化性能。研究结果表明,样品IL-TiO2/CoFe2O4在350℃焙烧后具有介孔结构,比表面积达125.7m2/g,远高于相同条件下无离子液体辅助制备样品TiO2/CoFe2O4(46.1m2/g)的比表面积。在350℃焙烧温度下IL-TiO2/CoFe2O4光催化活性优于其它样品的光催化活性,是相同焙烧温度下TiO2/CoFe2O4光催化活性的6倍。IL-TiO2/CoFe2O4磁饱和强度为2.19×10-2 T,可在外磁场作用下实现催化材料的回收,循环使用3次仍能保持良好的催化活性。     

Ag/g-C_3N_4复合光催化材料的光物理及光催化性能

通过加热AgNO3与g-C3N4成功制备了Ag/g-C3N4复合光催化材料。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析热解产物的物相和结构,采用紫外-可见吸收光谱和光致发光谱(PL)表征样品的光吸收和荧光性质。以罗丹明B为模型污染物,评价样品的可见光(λ≥420nm)光催化性能。结果表明:与纯g-C3N4相比,3%载银量的Ag/g-C3N4复合光催化材料在可见光下降解罗丹明B的光催化性能最好。分析表明Ag与g-C3N4的协同作用抑制光致电子空穴对的复合是光催化性能提高的主要原因。     

Fe_3O_4/Ce~(3+)-TiO_2复合光催化材料的制备及其光催化性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法,以钛酸四丁酯、硝酸铈为主要原料,无水乙醇为溶剂,冰醋酸为抑制剂,浓硝酸为催化剂制得稳定的Ce3+掺杂TiO2溶胶,其凝胶经不同温度煅烧3 h后制得Ce3+掺杂量不同的TiO2粉体。用XRD对TiO2进行了测试对比分析,以紫外光为光源,亚甲基蓝溶液为模拟有机染料废水,研究了TiO2的光催化性能。用化学共沉淀法制备了具有强磁性的纳米Fe3O4水基磁流体,再与Ce3+掺杂TiO2进行复合,制备了Fe3O4负载量不同的磁性Ce3+掺杂TiO2,研究了其对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解效果、磁分离回收率的影响。结果表明,TiO2凝胶热处理温度、Ce3+掺量、TiO2晶型及Fe3O4负载量对亚甲基蓝的光催化活性均有影响。掺Ce3+量为1%,热处理温度650℃的Ce3+掺杂TiO2粉体光催化活性最高。Fe3O4负载量为10%的Fe3O4/Ce3+-TiO2对亚甲基蓝的降解率8 h时达到90.3%,磁分离回收率达96.8%。     

CeO2掺杂TiO2粉体的制备及其性能研究

采用Sol-gel法制备了CeO2不同掺杂比例的TiO2粉体,研究了掺杂比例对样品晶型、光谱吸收曲线及光催化降解亚甲基蓝的影响,结果表明:掺杂CeO2的TiO2样品对光波长的响应阈值为500nm左右;样品在普通日光灯下照射4h,对亚甲基蓝的降解率明显优于Degause P25,其中CeO2掺杂比率为7%(mol)的样品降解率达到了最大.     

热处理过程对V2O5/TiO2催化剂结构和光催化性能的影响

以工业偏钛酸为载体原料,采用超声浸渍法制备V2O5/TiO2催化剂.用XRD、XPS、FT-IR、UV-VIS等分析方法研究了热处理过程对催化剂组成和性能的影响,结果表明:随焙烧温度的升高和焙烧时间的延长催化剂的比表面积和孔径均减小,焙烧气氛对V2O5/TiO2催化剂中钒氧物种的存在形式和的光催化活性具有极其重要的影响,光响应性能与光催化性能不完全一致,将钒负载量为0.1%,在含水蒸气的空气中500℃焙烧4.5h制得的催化剂用于光催化降解10mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液,在功率为4W的黑光灯照射下1.5h,亚甲基蓝的降解率达94.1%.     

Sm3+和Gd3+共掺杂TiO2粉体的制备和性能表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了纯TiO2,1%Sm3+或2%Gd3+单掺杂和1%Sm3+/2%Gd3+共掺杂TiO2复合粉体,采用XRD和SEM/EDAX等技术进行表征。以对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解为目标反应,评价了TiO2复合粉体的光催化活性,探讨了Sm3+/Gd3+共掺杂、亚甲基蓝初始浓度和粉体投加量对TiO2粉体光催化活性的影响机制。结果表明,Sm3+/Gd3+共掺杂可以显著提高TiO2粉体的光催化活性;Sm3+/Gd3+共掺杂在TiO2粉体中产生协同作用,抑制了TiO2由锐钛矿相向金红石相转变,使TiO2粒径尺寸减小,增大了TiO2的晶格畸变。当亚甲基蓝初始浓度为4mg/L和粉体投加量为2g/L时,TiO2复合粉体的光催化活性最高,对亚甲基蓝光催化降解率达99.71%;降解亚甲基蓝反应符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学方程。     

N掺杂TiO2/SiO2双层中空微球的制备及可见光光催化活性研究

以阳离子PS为模板,正硅酸乙酯和钛酸丁酯为前驱体,三乙胺为氮源,采用溶胶-凝胶法,通过层层静电自组装制备了N掺杂TiO2/SiO2 (N-TS)复合微球,并经高温焙烧得到具有介孔结构的N-TS双层中空微球.采用Zeta-plus激光粒度及电位仪、SEM、XRD、UV-Vis等对微球的结构进行表征,以亚甲基蓝为目标污染物,考察了N-TS双层中空微球的可见光光催化活性.结果表明,通过SiO2和TiO2的交替包覆形成了双壳层结构,保持了中空微球完整的球形形貌;N的掺入有效拓宽了TiO2光响应范围且在可见光区域吸收明显增强,在掺N量为n(N) /n(Ti)=10、500℃焙烧得到的双层中空微球可见光催化活性最优,2h内亚甲基蓝几乎完全降解,同时中空微球在重复使用过程中依然能保持较高的可见光光催化活性.     

钒-氮共掺杂TiO_2/凹凸棒复合光催化材料表征及光催化性能研究

用溶胶-凝胶法制备了钒-氮共掺杂TiO2/凹凸棒复合光催化材料,采用TEM、XRD、BET及UV-Vis漫反射吸收光谱对其性能进行了表征。在模拟太阳光条件下,以亚甲基蓝溶液为目标降解物,对复合光催化材料光催化性能进行评价,复合光催化材料投入到亚甲基蓝溶液中饱和吸附,在40mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液中,复合光催化材料投加量为1g/L,在800W氙灯下反应6h后,对亚甲基蓝的降解率为84%;重复反应4次,光催化降解变化不大;静置40min后,完成沉降,实现回收。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.