熔融聚合耐高温聚酰胺的非等温结晶动力学研究

通过差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了熔融聚合耐高温聚酰胺10T以及10T/11树脂在不同降温速率下的非等温结晶行为。通过Jeziorny法、Ozawa法以及Mo法分析了PA10T和PA10T/11的非等温结晶动力学,并采用Kissinger法、Takhor法以及Vyazovkin法计算了体系的结晶活化能。结果表明,在初期结晶阶段,PA10T和PA10T/11晶体的生长方式是一维针状生长和二维片状生长并存,同时存在异相成核现象;Jeziorny法、Mo法适合研究PA10T和PA10T/11树脂的非等温结晶过程,而Ozawa法不适合研究其非等温结晶过程;随着11-氨基十一酸含量增加,非等温结晶活化能的绝对值呈现先减小后增大再减小的变化趋势,说明结晶速率呈现先增加后减少再增加的变化趋势。     

聚丙烯/微晶纤维素复合材料的非等温结晶动力学研究

用熔融复合法制备聚丙烯/微晶纤维素复合材料,用DSC法研究其非等温结晶行为,分别用Jeziorny法、Ozawa法和Mo法对所得的数据进行处理.结果表明,Jeziorny法和Mo法处理非等温结晶过程比较理想,MCC的加入缩短了t1/2,起到了异相成核作用.     

稀土发光尼龙6固相缩聚前后非等温结晶动力学的研究

通过原位聚合制备出稀土发光尼龙6预聚体，再通过固相缩聚制备高分子量的稀土发光尼龙6。用Jeziorny、Ozawa和Mo方法对尼龙6和稀土发光尼龙6固相缩聚前后进行非等温结晶动力学研究，发现固相缩聚前的结晶速率比固相缩聚后的结晶速率大。Ozawa方法在分析非等温结晶时偏差比较大，而Jeziorny方法虽然也有一定的偏差，但能很好地分析主结晶过程。Mo方法能很好地分析非等温结晶的过程。     

聚乙烯/有机蒙脱土纳米复合材料结晶动力学

采用熔融插层法制备了聚乙烯/有机蒙脱土纳米复合材料,利用示差扫描量热法(DSC)研究了复合材料的等温及非等温结晶行为,并与纯聚乙稀进行了比较.通过Avrami方程,修正Avrami方程的Jeziorny法及Ozawa法分别对等温及非等温结晶过程进行了处理.结果表明:蒙脱土片层在复合材料结晶过程中起到了异相成核作用,复合材料的成核机理与生长方式已不同于聚乙烯;在相同结晶条件下,复合材料的结晶速率明显比聚乙烯快;纯PE的表观活化能为142.14 kJ/mol,而复合材料为158.38 kJ/mol,复合材料的活化能有一定程度提高;对非等温结晶过程分析,Jeziorny方法适用,而Ozawa方法不适用.     

LLDPE/煤粉复合材料的非等温结晶动力学

利用差示扫描量热（DSC）研究线性低密度聚乙烯（LLDPE）和LLDPE/煤粉复合材料的非等温结晶行为,并用Jeziorny法和Mo法对所得的数据进行动力学分析,采用Kissinger法和Takhor法得到迁移活化能。结果表明,Jeziorny法和Mo法能够较好地处理非等温结晶过程。用Jeziorny法处理得到煤粉加入...     

木粉/聚丙烯复合材料的非等温结晶动力学分析

通过共混造粒热压方法制备聚丙烯(PP)基木塑复合材料(WPC),用差示扫描量热法研究其非等温结晶行为,分别用Jeziorny法和Mo法对所得的数据进行处理分析。结果表明:Jeziorny法和Mo法能较理想地处理PP基WPC的非等温结晶过程,复合材料中木粉的加入缩短了结晶时间,提高了PP的结晶温度,降低了结晶速率。     

玻纤增强阴离子聚酰胺6复合材料的非等温结晶动力学研究

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了阴离子聚酰胺6(APA6)树脂与连续玻璃纤维增强APA6(GF/APA6)复合材料的非等温结晶行为。运用Avrami方程、Ozawa方程和Mo方程分析了APA6树脂和GF/APA6复合材料的非等温结晶动力学参数。结果表明,Avrami方程和Mo方程能较好地描述APA6树脂和GF/APA6复合材料的结晶过程。玻璃纤维以及其表面的上浆剂使得GF/APA6复合材料中APA6树脂的结晶度和结晶速率降低。     

PP／s-1，2PB共混物的非等温结晶动力学

用DSC方法研究了聚丙烯(PP)、PP与间同1,2-聚丁二烯(s-1,2 PB)共混物的非等温结晶行为,结果表明:Mo法处理PP及PP/s-1,2 PB(90/10)共混物是非常适宜的,而用Ozawa法处理则存在缺陷.用Jeziorny法处理共混物也是适宜的,但对PP处理存在缺陷;s-1,2 PB对PP有加速结晶的作用; s-1,2 PB使PP的结晶活化能降低,s-1,2 PB在PP结晶过程中起到异相成核的作用.     

PP/EPDM/煤泥复合材料的非等温结晶动力学研究

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和偏光显微镜(POM)研究了聚丙烯(PP)/三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)/煤泥复合材料的非等温结晶行为。通过Jeziorny法、Ozawa法和莫志深法分别对非等温结晶过程进行研究,并用Kissinger法和Takhor法得到迁移活化能。结果表明:煤泥的加入影响了结晶过程中链段的扩散、排列,使结晶速率变慢。当煤泥含量为10%(wt,质量分数,下同)时,煤泥被EPDM包覆后分布在PP中,而当煤泥含量增多时,大部分煤泥直接分散在PP中。分散状态的煤泥在结晶过程中起到了成核剂的作用。当煤泥含量为20%时,复合材料的迁移活化能最低,达到168.48kJ。     

聚氧化乙烯(PEO)及其与高氯酸锂复合体系的非等温结晶动力学研究

用示差扫描量热法(DSC)研究了PEO及其与高氯酸锂复合体系的非等温结晶过程.分别用Jeziorny方法、一种结合Avrami和Ozawa方程的方法对该体系的非等温结晶过程进行了研究,分别得到PEO进行非等温结晶时的动力学参数.结果表明LiClO4晶粒缩短了PEO的结晶时间,使复合体系中PEO的结晶速率要大于纯PEO;但纯PEO结晶时形成的晶体更完善.为使二者达到相同的相对结晶度,纯PEO体系需要更大的冷却速度.LiClO4微粒能有效地将PEO的结晶相转变成非晶相,也就是说LiClO4可有效地抑制PEO的结晶过程.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...