合成孔径声呐时延估计误差校正改进算法

由相位解缠错误造成的时延估计误差会严重降低合成孔径声呐时延估计的精度。现有的时延估计误差校正算法采用二次函数作为时延的拟合模型,该模型在距离向近端和远端处不符合时延空变规律,拟合误差较大且无法估计载体的横荡和升沉运动。针对该问题,文章提出一种改进的时延估计误差校正算法,利用时延的距离空变函数代替二次函数作为拟合模型。数值仿真和实验结果表明,相较于参考算法,改进算法校正时延估计误差的效果更好、速度更快,同时还能准确地估计载体的横荡和升沉运动。运动补偿结果显示了改进算法能较好地提升成像质量。     

合成孔径声纳中拖体偏航角的估计方法分析

单发射阵多接收阵合成孔径声纳成像中,拖体的偏航角是主要的运动误差之一,为得到高质量的成像结果必须对其准确估计并补偿。主要分析了偏航角的两种估计方法,即偏置相位中心算法和基于相邻两帧图像互相关算法。通过仿真和湖试试验结果表明,在强点目标场景下偏置相位中心算法估计偏航角的精度较低,且随拖体的速度的增加估计精度大幅度下降,当拖体速度过快导致无重叠相位中心时该算法失效,而基于相邻两帧图像互相关算法估计的偏航角相对于偏置相位中心算法不仅精度高,且具有很好的鲁棒性。     

一种基于PFA的多子阵聚束合成孔径声呐成像方法

文章提出了一种基于极坐标格式算法（Polar Format Algorithm,PFA）进行聚束多子阵合成孔径声呐成像的改进方法,建立了非“停-走-停”条件下的斜视成像模型,推导了信号由时域到波数域的解析表达式,给出了信号处理流程。该方法首先使用场景中心点的精确距离史对平台运动误差进行补偿,并通过极坐标算法处理得到粗聚焦的图像。其次,为了解决非场景中心点的残余空变相位误差的补偿问题,对粗聚焦图像进行分块自聚焦处理,使场景边缘点的聚焦效果得到改善。最后,经过子图拼接及几何校正后得到完整的精聚焦图像。仿真及分析结果表明,该方法提高了方位向性能指标,同时也能准确补偿平台运动误差,可以很好地应用于多子阵声呐成像。该方法在大运动误差、大斜视情况下仍具有较好的鲁棒性。     

基于非停走停及方位非均匀采样的多接收阵合成孔径声纳CS成像算法

针对采用多接收阵技术的合成孔径声纳(SAS)成像中普遍存在的不满足停走停假设和方位向采样非均匀等问题,在深入分析了停走停假设和方位向的非均匀采样对成像造成影响的基础上,给出一种可用于方位向非均匀采样多接收阵合成孔径声纳的chirp scaling (CS)成像算法,它较为精确地补偿了非停走停模式带来的相位误差,因而适用于宽测绘带远距离SAS成像.仿真和试验均证明了该方法的有效性.     

Motion compensation by phase correction for synthetic‐aperture side‐scan sonar imaging

This article presents a robust motion estimation and correction technique for the realization of synthetic‐aperture side‐scan sonar imaging. It utilizes the redundancy provided by the multiple‐element receiver array configuration. Physical‐array subimages are used for the estimation of the motion errors between adjacent receiver positions. Subsequently, the motion errors are formulated in the form of phase perturbations and are corrected accordingly by making adjustments to the wave‐field data samples prior to the formation of synthetic‐aperture images. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 14, 259–261, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.20029     

改进的多子阵双站合成孔径声纳成像算法

在常规单站SAS系统中,多子阵技术是提高测绘率的一个有效方法,针对发射站固定的双站SAS模型,多子阵技术同样可以用来解决测绘率与降空间采样率的矛盾,但是当"停-走-停"假设不再成立时,将引入相位误差项,降低双站SAS的成像质量,针对该问题在原有多子阵逐点成像算法的基础上,研究了发射站固定的双站SAS基阵运动引起的相位误差,提出了多子阵双站合成孔径声纳带相位补偿的逐点成像算法,在建立多子阵双站SAS数学模型的同时,形成了新的多子阵双站SAS系统方案设计。并给出了改进的波束形成逐点算法和仿真实验。改进的逐点算法并未改进运算量大小,新方法能够改善成像效果,仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性。多子阵双站合成孔径声纳成像的逐线算法有待进一步研究。     

Motion error correction of range migration algorithm for aircraft spotlight SAR imaging

Since a motion error is the main phase error source in the aircraft synthetic aperture radar, several reconstruction algorithms with motion error correction have been developed. An efficient motion compensation via the known motion error information is proposed. Specifically, the proposed method is based on the subarea technique with shifting and the subaperture technique via the mean values of the motion errors. Then, using the extended Taylor approximation and the principle of the stationary phase, the motion errors are corrected through compensation at the mixing stage and the Stolt interpolation stage.     

基于Chirp Scaling成像算法的高分辨聚束式合成孔径声呐

基于两步处理算法和ChirpScaling算法,提出一种适用于条带式成像算法的通用高分辨聚束式合成孔径声呐(SAS)模型。该模型结合了谱分析(SPECAN)算法和ChirpScaling算法的优点,算法首先采用deramp和升采样处理技术实现方位的粗聚焦,消除了聚束式SAS特有的方位频谱混迭现象,然后应用ChirpScaling原理实现距离的精确聚焦,并补偿deramp处理引起的方位相位误差,实现方位精聚焦。基于该通用模型,给出了实现的步骤,整个算法无需任何插值操作,只需复乘和FFT即可完成。该算法适用于宽测绘带高分辨率聚束式SAS的精确而高效成像处理。最后,通过计算机仿真,验证了该通用模型的有效性。     

Range-instantaneous Doppler imaging of inverse synthetic aperture sonar

Because the existing range-Doppler algorithm in inverse synthetic aperture sonar (ISAS) is based on target model of uniform motion, it may be invalidated for maneuvering targets due to the time-varying changes of both individual scatter′s Doppler and imaging projection plane. To resolve the problem, a new range-instantaneous Doppler imaging method is proposed for imaging maneuvering targets based on time-frequency analysis. The proposed approach is verified using real underwater acoustic data.     

Adaptive multi-element synthetic aperture imaging with motion and phase aberration correction

Multi-element synthetic aperture techniques employing subaperture processing over successive firing steps can produce good image quality with simple front-end hardware but are susceptible to motion and phase aberration artifacts. We explore correlation processing using fully common spatial frequencies of overlapping subapertures to adapt beamforming for motion and phase aberrations. Signals derived from the subset of elements representing common spatial frequencies exhibit significantly higher correlation coefficients than those from signals computed using the entire subaperture. In addition, the correlation coefficient decreases linearly with subaperture separation for complete subaperture signals, but remains nearly constant with subaperture separation if only common spatial frequencies are used. Adaptive multi-element synthetic aperture imaging with correlation processing using fully common spatial frequencies is tested on experimental RF data acquired from a diffuse scattering phantom using a 3.5 MHz, 128-element transducer array. The results indicate that common spatial frequencies can be used efficiently for correlation processing to correct motion and phase aberration for adaptive multi-element synthetic aperture imaging     

多子阵双站合成孔径声纳成像算法

SAS测绘率是大面积海底测绘的一个重要指标,多子阵的方法已经在常规单站SAS的实际系统中取得了良好的效果。针对双站合成孔径声纳(双站SAS)测绘速率受空间降采样率限制的问题,该本文首先给出了发射站固定的双站SAS模型,分析了该模型双站SAS的测绘率。为了提高双站SAS的测绘率,本文中提出了发射站固定下的多子阵双站合成孔径声纳成像方法,并给出了严格的数学模型,形成了多子阵双站SAS系统设计方案,提高了系统的测绘率。文章最后给出了基于波束形成逐点算法多子阵双站SAS的成像仿真,仿真结果验证了方法的有效性。     

合成孔径声呐相关合成算法中的伪目标问题

本文将用于合成孔径声纳成像的相关合成算法推广到合成孔径技术的伪目标抑制当中，放宽了不出现伪目标的采样条件，从而提高了声纳运动速度，改善了图像的质量，提高了声纳的成像率。如果声纳采样间距已定，则相应的声阵物理长度可以缩短，从而使得方位分辨率有所提高，计算机仿真结果验证了所提思路的有效性。     

一种多子阵合成孔径声纳CS成像算法

由于方位向采样不均匀,已有的频域算法如CS算法（ChirpScaling）等不能直接应用于多子阵合成孔径声纳成像．提出了一种可用于方位向不均匀采样多子阵合成孔径声纳的CS成像算法。此方法利用多子阵合成孔径声纳系统等间隔布阵和匀速直线运动的特点,将方位向不均匀采样的傅立叶变换分解为若干均匀采样的傅立叶变换,从而可以利用FFT提高计算效率。成像结果及分析表明,此方法可以很好应用于多子阵合成孔径声纳成像,并保持了标准CS算法快速高效的特点。     

基于修正CycleGAN的声呐图像库构建方法研究

声呐图像数据集获取困难,导致很多水下工作无法正常开展,如水下目标检测与跟踪、声呐图像的超分辨等,因此构建充足的声呐图像数据库成为很多水下研究工作的重要前提条件。受光学图像与合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR）图像转换研究工作的启发,提出了基于CycleGAN实现声呐图像库的构建,即利用光学图像合成声呐图像,实现光学到声呐的图像风格迁移。通过对CycleGAN网络损失函数的改进,提高了声呐图像的合成效果。通过与Pix2Pix等图像风格迁移网络进行比较的实验结果证明,修正后的CycleGAN网络具有更好的图像风格迁移效果。最后用合成的声呐图像训练Mask RCNN目标检测网络,并用真实的声呐图像进行测试,训练得到的模型能够成功地检测出真实声呐图像中对应的目标,进一步验证了利用光学图像构建声呐图像库的有效性。     

多接收基元合成孔径声呐频域数据融合算法

单接收基元合成孔径声呐基阵的速度是严格受到限制的,这主要是由于为了保证方位向不出现栅瓣,方位的采样间隔必须小于换能器的半径。通过使用Vernier阵技术可以增加声呐平台的速度,同时在相同的时间内获得比单个接收基元合成孔径声呐更大的测绘面积。虽然我们可以通过预处理把多接收基元的回波数据转换成单接收基元的回波数据,但是这种处理需要耗费大量的时间,因此最终影响整个合成孔径处理算法的效能。文章提供了一个高效的多接收基元合成孔径声呐数据融合方法,该方法主要是利用了快速的傅里叶变换算法把数据变换到频域,然后再进行数据预处理,因此提高了数据融合的有效性,水池试验结果表明该算法是有效的和精确的。     

Unified framework for modern synthetic aperture imaging algorithms

Imaging using synthetic aperture techniques is a mature technique with a host of different reconstruction algorithms available. Often the same basic algorithm has a different name depending on where the particular algorithm is used, since it may have originated from the medical, nondestructive testing, geological, or remote sensing fields. All this adds to confusion for the nonspecialist. This article gives a short historical precise of active synthetic aperture imaging as it applies to airborne, spaceborne, and underwater remote sensing systems using either radar or sonar, then defines some generic imaging geometry and places all the usable synthetic aperture reconstruction algorithms in a unified framework. This is done by the introduction of mapping operators, which simplify the mapping or reformatting of data from one sampling grid to another. Using these operators, readers can see how strip-map synthetic aperture systems (both radar- and sonar-based) differ from spotlight synthetic aperture systems, how the various algorithms fit together, and how the chirp-scaling algorithm is likely to be the reconstruction algorithm of choice for most future strip-map systems, and just why that should be so. Multilook processing and methods to deal with undersampled apertures using postdetection digital spotlighting are put into the same unified framework, as both of these techniques are frequent adjuncts to synthetic aperture imaging. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 8, 343–358, 1997     

采用反向投影算法进行宽带合成孔径声纳数据处理与图像重建

文中提出了宽带合成孔径声纳(synthetic aperture Sonar，简称SAS)成像的反向投影算法(back pmjection，简称BP)。该算法是在时间-空间域中对合成孔径线列阵中备个阵元接收回波的所有频率分量进行相干求和，以充分利用合成孔径上所有回波的能量，从而得到理想的SAS图像。同时，文章中分析了BP算法实现过程中拖尾(tall)现象的产生机理，对BP重建图像进行了斜坡滤波处理。并对载频为15kHz,带宽为20kHz的SAS系统进行了仿真，结果验证了这种算法的有效性。     

Effects influencing focusing in synthetic aperture vector flow imaging

Previously, a synthetic aperture vector velocity estimation method was proposed. Data are beamformed at different directions through a point, where the velocity is estimated. The flow direction is estimated by a search for the direction where the normalized cross-correlation peaks and the velocity magnitude along this direction are found. In this paper, different effects that influence the focusing in this method are investigated. These include the effect of phase errors in the emitted spherical waves, motion effects, and the effect of various interpolation methods in beam-forming. A model based on amplitude drop and phase error for spherical waves created using the virtual source concept is derived. This model can be used to determine the opening angle of a virtual source. Simulations for different virtual source placements are made, and it is recommended that the virtual sources be placed behind the aperture when shallow structures are imaged, and when deeper-lying structures are imaged the virtual sources be placed in front of the aperture. Synthetic aperture methods involve summation of data from numerous emissions. Motion between these emissions results in incoherence and affects resolution, contrast, and the signal-to-noise ratio. The effects of motion on the synthetic aperture vector velocity estimation method are investigated, and it is shown that for both axial and lateral motion, the contrast and signal-to-noise ratio can be seriously affected. A compensation method using the previous vector velocity estimate, when new data are beamformed, is implemented and tested. It is shown from a number of flow phantom experiments that a significant improvement with respect to bias and standard deviation of the velocity estimates can be obtained by using this compensation. Increased performance is gained at the expense of computation time. Different interpolation methods can be used for beam-forming the data. In this paper, the velocity estimation performance using various more complex interpolation schemes are compared to that using linear interpolation. No significant difference in the performance of the method is seen when other interpolation methods are used.     

Phase-aberration correction using signals from point reflectors and diffuse scatterers: basic principles

Methods for correction of phase aberrations induced by near-field variations in the index of refraction are explored. Using signals obtained from a sampled aperture (i.e. transducer array), phase aberrations can be accurately measured with a correlation approach similar to methods used in adaptive optics and radar. However, the method presented here has no need for a beacon or an ideal point reflector to act as a source for estimating phase errors. It uses signals from random collections of scatterers to determine phase aberrations accurately. Because there is no longer a need for a beacon signal, the method is directly applicable not only to medical ultrasound imaging but also to any coherent imaging system with a sampled aperture, such as radar and sonar.     

基于广义导向矢量的干涉合成孔径声纳干涉相位估计方法

提出了一种基于矩阵拟和的方法来估计干涉合成孔径声纳（InSAS）的干涉相位,该方法首先构造广义导向矢量,并利用相邻像素对的信息估计协方差矩阵,然后构造一个协方差矩阵全局最优的代价函数,使得这个代价函数最小时的相位即为精确的干涉相位。该方法在图像配准精度很差（可以允许达到一个分辨单元）的条件下准确地估计相应像素间的干涉相位。通过仿真和InSAS试验数据验证了该方法的有效性和稳健性。