Experimental measurement of double-K fracture parameters of concrete with small-size aggregates

The double-K fracture model can well describe the development of cracks undergoing during the entire fracture process in concrete. Therefore, it has been selected as the theoretical basis of the “Norm for fracture test of hydraulic concrete” (China) and the double-K fracture parameters proposed in this model are regarded as the essential fracture parameters needed to be measured. Therefore, the primary objection of this paper is to present an overall report on the determination of the double-K fracture parameters of concrete involving the fundamental theory, calculation formulas, experimental arrangement and identification of initial cracking load in order to provide a reference for the specification committee. The fracture tests are carried out on the total of 43 concrete specimens where the small-size aggregates with the maximum size of 10 mm are chosen. Two typical widely-used geometries, i.e. three-points bending beam and wedge splitting specimen are adopted. The initial cracking load is determined by means of graph method or electrical resistance strain gauge method. Then, the initial fracture toughness and unstable fracture toughness are measured. It is found that the ratio of initial cracking load to maximum load is 0.67–0.71 and the ratio of initial fracture toughness to unstable fracture toughness is 0.45–0.50. It is also found that, for the initial fracture toughness and unstable fracture toughness, the values are approximately close to the constants when the depth of specimens is large than 200 and 400 mm for three-points bending beams and wedge splitting specimens respectively. Besides, the critical crack tip opening displacement of each specimen is calculated, too. The big difference between two geometries is noticed. __________ Translated from Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2006, 37(5): 543–553 [译自: 水利学报]     

Correlation between tension softening relation and crack extension resistance in concrete

Changes of the material fracture toughness with crack propagation can be described by a crack extension resistance curve, one of the fundamental fracture criteria in crack mechanics. Recently, experimental observation of the fracture behavior in concrete was used to develop a new fracture criterion, the crack extension G _R resistance curve, to analyze crack propagation during the entire concrete fracture process. The variation of the crack extension resistance is mainly associated with the energy consumption in the fracture process zone ahead of the stress-free crack tip. The crack extension resistance is then a function of the softening curve, which is a basic mechanical property in the fracture process zone. The relationship between the softening curve and the crack extension G _R resistance curve is then analyzed based on results of three-point bending beams tests. The results indicate that the characteristic points of the crack extension resistance G _R curve is closely related to the characteristic point on used tension softening curve. __________ Translated from Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 2008, 48(3): 316–320 [译自: 清华大学学报(自然科学版)]     

Estimation of closure of a fracture under normal stress based on aperture data

The closure of 41-mm hydraulic fractures under normal stress in both loading and elastic closure (unloading) was estimated according to the formula proposed by Brown and Scholz and based on data measured for the initial aperture. By introducing the concept of an effective/ineffective initial aperture and by assuming Gaussian and χ² probability density functions (PDFs) of the initial aperture, the normal stress versus closure curve was determined from the standard deviation (SD) and the spectral moments of the initial aperture and the ratio of the mean effective initial aperture to the SD of the initial aperture. The results showed that the non-linearity in the normal stress versus closure curve at large normal stresses was reproduced better by the χ² PDF of the initial aperture than the Gaussian PDF for both loading and elastic closure. Furthermore, based on the ratio of the mean effective initial aperture to the SD of the initial aperture determined for the hydraulic fractures, the effect of size on the normal stress versus closure curve was estimated for fracture areas in a tensile fracture of 1 m. The results showed that closure increases with the size of the fracture area, and that the effect of size on the closure of the fracture is governed by the SD of the initial aperture.     

人字形切槽巴西圆盘岩石试样复合型断裂渐进过程数值模拟研究

人字形切槽巴西圆盘(CCNBD)岩石试样由于诸多优点,被国际岩石力学学会确定为岩石I型断裂韧度测试建议方法,并被众多学者应用于复合型(包括纯Ⅱ型)断裂试验研究。然而,CCNBD在复合型荷载下的渐进断裂机理尚未完全获悉,复合型断裂韧度测试基于的穿透直裂纹扩展假设并未严格评估,用于复合型断裂研究的合理性还未得到有效验证。采用细观损伤力学软件首次模拟得到CCNBD在复合型荷载下的渐进破坏过程。结果显示:裂纹不仅萌生于人字形韧带尖端,且易产生于切槽边缘,造成真实裂纹前缘为曲线形,与人字形切槽试样断裂韧度测试所基于的穿透直裂纹假设不符;裂纹并非沿着预制人字形韧带平面扩展到其根部,切槽边缘的破裂方向均朝向加载端,形成扭曲的三维翼形裂纹。数值模拟结果同物理实验对比,十分吻合。CCNBD的裂纹形态和渐进扩展规律不符合当前普遍采用的复合型测试原理,因此采用CCNBD试样进行岩石复合型(包括纯Ⅱ型)断裂韧度测试值得商榷。     

Detection of tannic acid at trace level in industrial wastewaters using a highly sensitive chemiluminescence method

A novel flow injection procedure was developed for the determination of tannic acid in industrial wastewaters based on the enhancement by tannic acid of the chemiluminescence from luminol-K3Fe(CN)6-OH- system. The method has the merits of higher sensitivity, higher selectivity, wider linear range, simpler instrumentation. It is applicable for the determination of tannic acid in the range of 3.0 x 10(-10)-1.0 x 10(-7) mol/L with a detection limit of 1.0 x 10(-10) mol/L. The relative standard deviation is 2.7% for the determination of 1.0 x 10(-8) mol/L tannic acid (n = 11). The method has been successfully used to determine tannic acid at trace level in industrial wastewaters from brewery and tannery.     

Sediment desorption of PCB congeners and their bio-uptake by dipteran larvae

Sediment desorption of PCB congeners and their bio-uptake by Chironomus tentans Fabricus were investigated in a continuous flow system. The desorption of 71 congeners (in Aroclors 1221, 1016, 1254 and 1260) determined by glass capillary gas chromatography could be described by a first order function. The release rate of the individual congeners was inversely related to their octanol/water partition coefficients (K_ow). The depth of mobilization generally decreased with the number of chlorine substitutions and was inversely related to K_ow.Bio-uptake of the congeners by Chironomus tentans Fabricus was selective with the bio-uptake factor being highest for those with 2–4 chlorines. There was no correlation between the factor and either K_ow or desorption rate from the sediments.     

Sleeve-fracturing limitations for measuring in situ stress in an anisotropic stress environment

In order to determine the far-field in situ stress using the sleeve-fracturing technique, two and three discrete fractures must be produced for the double-fracture and single-fracture method, respectively. Numerical modelling of the sleeve-fracturing process, using the fracture mechanics code FRANC2D/L, showed that the initiation and propagation of discrete fractures, using the single or double sleeve-fracture method, was controlled by the far-field in-plane stress ratio. The numerical modelling also provided the characteristic shapes of the pressure–displacement curves for sleeve fracturing under various boundary conditions and highlighted the difficulty of detecting the inflection points in the pressure–displacement curves for the sleeve-fracture method, a key to the successful interpretation of the in situ stress data.     

不同深度玄武岩的三点弯曲细观破坏实验研究

 现有深部岩石力学研究大多是从某一深度取出岩样,然后施加不同围压用于模拟不同深度,由此来研究不同深度情况下岩石的物理力学行为这一情况,然而实际中如果深度发生变化,不仅围压发生变化,岩石自身的微细观结构也会发生变化。针对此情况,选取北京门头沟一个有特点的区域,该区域从地表到深度1 100多米都有玄武岩。借助带加载装置扫描电镜(SEM)系统实时观察中心预制缺口不同深度玄武岩、偏心单裂纹及双裂纹玄武岩的细观破坏行为,揭示深度导致岩石力学性能变化的细观机制。研究发现,三点弯曲玄武岩试样中裂纹多数从预置缺口处萌生,进而发展成一条连续主裂纹。不同深度玄武岩的破坏荷载及断裂能随埋深呈增加趋势,主要原因是随着深度增加玄武岩更为致密,孔隙率小;相同偏心距下,偏心单、双2组试样峰值荷载和断裂能都几乎相同,且都随偏心距的增大而线性增加,主要原因是偏置裂纹试件缺口附近受到剪切力和弯矩的双重影响,但随着偏心距离的增加,弯矩影响在逐渐减少,这导致了峰值荷载和断裂能增加。     

用碳/环氧和石墨/环氧片修复半圆凹槽边缘裂缝有效性的比较

粘结复合材料片修复技术可以有效地用于加固或延长带裂缝铝结构的使用寿命。采用有限元方法分析在半圆形侧向凹槽处粘结不同复合材料片用于裂缝修复的性能。相邻裂缝处的应力分布对于根据片材几何尺寸进行的修复分析是很重要的。力学和几何性能对裂缝尖端处应力集中系数变化的影响显著。粘结剂性能和片材尺寸对I型模型中裂缝尖端处应力集中系数变化的影响也很显著。并进行了双片和单片修复的比较。结果表明双片修复时的裂缝尖端应力集中系数比单片修复时的裂缝尖端应力集中系数减少一半,具有高刚度的纤维走向垂直于裂缝走向时显著地降低应力集中系数。为了提高片材修复或加固性能,必须进行粘结剂性能的优化。     

Q235厚钢板开孔板和缺口板断裂试验

对10个中心开椭圆孔和10个单侧半椭圆缺口25mm厚板进行了断裂试验,研究了开孔和缺口尖锐度对厚钢板断裂模式的影响。试验结果显示:试件的初始宏观裂纹形成于缺口顶端厚度中面,裂纹在厚度方向贯通后沿垂直加载方向迅速扩展,直至断裂。开孔或缺口愈尖锐的试件,其开裂延性愈差。断口粗糙呈暗灰色且有韧窝,断裂形式为正断与剪断混合型。本次试验为研究结构钢厚板断裂机理及抗断设防提供了较可靠的试验数据。     

Q345中厚缺口板的断裂试验

对18个厚度为26mm的单边V型缺口钢板进行了断裂试验,研究了刻弧半径r对低合金钢Q345中厚板断裂模式的影响。试验显示:裂纹起始于三轴强约束的缺口边缘厚度中面,裂纹沿厚度贯通后迅速沿薄弱截面宽度扩展,宏观断裂面大致垂直于加载方向,断口粗糙且有大量韧窝。缺口根部刻弧愈尖锐的试件,断裂延性愈差。缺口根部刻弧平缓的试件,净截面平均开裂强度略高。     

Sorption of ionized and neutral emerging trace organic compounds onto activated sludge from different wastewater treatment configurations

The objective of this study was to examine sorption of a suite of 19 trace organic contaminants (TOrCs) to activated sludge. Compounds examined in this study included neutral, nonionized TOrCs as well as acidic TOrCs which may carry a negative charge and basic TOrCs which may carry a positive charge at the pH of wastewater. These TOrCs were evaluated to examine how sorptive behavior might differ for TOrCs in different states of charge. Additionally, multiple sludges from geographically and operationally different wastewater treatment plants were studied to elicit how solid-phase characteristics influence TOrC sorption. Characterization of sludge solids from 6 full scale treatment facilities and 3 bench-scale reactors showed no significant difference in fraction organic carbon (f_oc) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Sorption experiments demonstrated that sorption of TOrCs also exhibits little variation between these different sludges. Organic carbon normalized partition coefficients (log K_oc) were determined as a measure of sorption, and were found to correlate well with octanol-water partition coefficients (log K_ow) for nonionized TOrCs, and log D_ow for anionic TOrCs where log D_ow is greater than 2. These data were used to construct a linear free energy relationship (LFER), which was comparable to existing LFERs for sorption onto sludge. No trend in sorption was apparent for the remaining anionic TOrCs or for the cationic TOrCs. These data suggest that predicting sorption to activated sludge based on K_ow values is a reasonable approach for neutral TOrCs using existing LFERs, but electrostatic (and likely other) interactions may govern the sorptive behavior of the charged organic chemicals to sludge.     

中等厚度开孔板和缺口板断裂试验

对中等厚度的10个中心开椭圆孔板件和10个单侧半椭圆缺口板件进行断裂试验,研究开孔和缺口尖锐度对中等厚度钢板断裂模式的影响。试验较精确地记录了全程载荷-位移曲线。试验结果显示:试件的第一条宏观裂纹起始于缺口顶端厚度中面,裂纹在厚度方向贯通后沿垂直加载方向迅速扩展,直至完全断裂。开孔或缺口愈尖锐的试件,其开裂延性愈差。开孔板试件宏观断裂荷载比缺口板试件明显要高。断口粗糙且有大量韧窝,断口暗灰色呈杯锥状,断裂形式为正断与剪断混合型。本次试验为研究中等厚度钢板断裂机理及抗断设防提供了较可靠的试验数据。     

含偏置缺口玄武岩原位三点弯曲细观断裂研究

 通过含偏置缺口的玄武岩试件在扫描电镜(SEM)下的三点弯典实时加载试验,得到不同偏置缺口的荷载–位移曲线以及高倍率裂纹扩展照片。一方面,根据矿物颗粒在岩石中总是以一定三维尺度存在,认为裂纹不仅在表面非线性扩展,而且沿厚度方向也是非线性扩展,结合断裂力学中表面能S的计算公式,给出一个考虑岩石非均值和裂纹纵向非线性扩展的表面能密度表达式,并用这个表达式成功解释裂纹扩展中的一些随机现象;另一方面,通过对不同偏置量的荷载–位移曲线对比分析,给出含偏置缺口玄武岩三点弯典荷载–位移曲线的3个典型阶段,并解释各个阶段的微观机制,提出用偏置量影响系数计算偏置缺口三点弯典试样的断裂性能并给出其计算公式,通过对不同偏置缺口试件峰值荷载以及断裂耗能的分析计算,得到峰值荷载与断裂耗能的偏置量影响系数表达式。     

Size-independent fracture energy in plain concrete beams using tri-linear model

The boundary effect or the size effect on the fracture properties of concrete has been studied assuming a bi-linear model for the distribution of local fracture energy concept. Boundary effect is observed not only near the back boundary but also near the notch tip, where a fictitious boundary seems to exist, separating the linear and non-linear fracture zones. In this paper a tri-linear function is assumed for the local fracture energy distribution along the ligament and expressions relating RILEM fracture energy and the size-independent fracture energy are developed. Transition ligament length measurements based on the acoustic emission (AE) histogram of events are used to obtain size-independent fracture energy. Length of the fracture process zone is identified in the AE histogram and compared with the value obtained from softening beam model. There seems to be a good agreement between the results.     

Rockfall at Toyohama Tunnel, Japan, in 1996: effect of notch growth on instability of a coastal cliff

This paper discusses the stability analysis undertaken on a 11,000 m³ rockfall at Toyohama Tunnel in 1996. It is considered that this rockfall resulted from slab failure caused by shearing, with the sliding plane passing through the deepest part of the notch formed at the cliff base. The slope stability analysis was carried out using Culmann's analysis and the measured properties of the Middle Miocene hyaloclastic rocks which form the cliff. It is shown that the cliff reaches a critical condition when the depth of the notch is some 2.5 m, corresponding with the approximately 2 m estimated from photographs. Electronic Publication     

基于半圆弯拉试验的煤样抗拉及断裂性能研究

 为研究准静态加载条件下煤的抗拉及断裂性能,采用巴西圆盘劈裂法和半圆弯拉法对煤样进行抗拉性能对比测试;并开展不同切缝深度的半圆弯拉煤样断裂性能测试分析,探讨平面应变断裂韧度KIC和J积分断裂韧度对评价煤的断裂性能的适用性,研究切缝深度对半圆弯拉煤样的2种断裂韧度测定结果的影响;并结合受载过程中煤样表面应变监测和破坏后试样的工业CT扫描图像分别对煤样受载变形特征和破坏后裂纹展布规律进行分析。研究表明：半圆弯拉试验更适于测定煤的抗拉强度;当量纲一化的切缝深度 = 0.28时半圆弯拉煤样平面应变断裂韧度KIC离散度最小;煤样的J积分断裂韧度离散度更小,且更适用于评价煤的断裂性能。     

YB-3与DYB-3航空有机玻璃综合性能对比

本论文系统对比了YB-3、DYB-3有机玻璃的基本力学性能、缺口敏感性、耐应力-溶剂性、大气老化寿命等内容。从数据对比来看,DYB-3的冲击韧性、断裂韧度、缺口敏感性、耐应力-溶剂银纹、大气老化等指标明显优于YB-3有机玻璃。     

Development of De-NOx selective catalytic reduction catalyst using V2O5 –TiO2 supported on a ceramic filter candle

This study reports the development of a V₂O₅-TiO₂-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst supported on alumina-silicate water filter candles for NO_x abatement. The synthesised catalysts have been characterised by thermogravimetry/differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and measurement of NO_x removal performance. The catalyst synthesised under optimal conditions shows NO_x reduction efficiency of >97%. SCR performance has been augmented using O₂ as a carrier gas. This simple, reproducible procedure can have wide applications in NOx abatement.     

不同缺口类型钢筋力学性能试验及数值分析

为模拟局部锈蚀对钢筋静力及疲劳性能的影响,对4种缺口形状、6种缺口尺寸的100根钢筋进行轴向静力拉伸和疲劳拉伸试验.基于静力拉伸试验结果,给出了缺口形状、缺口深度与钢筋屈服载荷、极限荷载间的定量关系,分析了缺口尺寸对应力集中系数的影响;基于疲劳拉伸试验结果,研究了缺口形状和缺口尺寸对钢筋疲劳寿命的影响,建立了钢筋应力范围-疲劳寿命-缺口深度的曲线方程;在试验基础上,建立了精细有限元三维实体计算模型,分析了缺口附近的应力分布状态,解释了坑蚀形态导致钢筋性能退化的原因.结果表明:三角形缺口应力集中系数最大,依次为变长度三角形、径向椭圆形和轴向椭圆形,应力集中程度随应力水平和缺口深度的增加而增大;不同缺口类型钢筋的实际应力范围和疲劳寿命在对数坐标下呈线性关系;三角形和变长度三角形锈坑应力集中梯度较大,率先进入塑性变形阶段,从而较早发生破坏.