铝硅合金用作相变储热材料的研究

本文针对铝合金相变储热材料（ＰＣＭ）的高温氧性能、热循环特性以及与容器材料的相容性进行了实验研究。结果表明，铝硅合金由于相变潜热大，熔点适中，而且性能稳定，是一种较为理想的中高温相变储热材料。     

碟式聚光器的月光聚光比分布计算模型

碟式聚光器和塔式聚光器均是点聚光系统,为了用月光法间接测量塔式聚光系统的聚光比分布,适宜用聚光稳定的碟式聚光器研究不同月相的光源亮度分布对聚光比分布的影响。主要建立月光下碟式聚光器的聚光比分布计算模型,首先依据拍摄的月相灰度图像建立分块均匀的光源亮度分布模型,再基于三维激光扫描点云数据生成准确的反射镜面形;在光线追迹过程中均匀采样镜面上的反射点,且考虑聚光器的跟踪误差;镜面的光学误差与光源的亮度分布合并为等效的光源亮度分布。模拟聚光比分布与实验聚光比分布的余弦相似度α>95%,光学模型准确性高。     

碟式太阳能聚光器跟踪系统研究（下）

开、闭环相结合的混合控制结构结合了开、闭环的优点,克服了两者的缺点,能得到最佳的控制效果。在一般无云的情况下使用闭环的传感器跟踪,但当云遮挡太阳时,立即变为开环跟踪,直到云过后再重新使用闭环跟踪。     

基于偏折法的碟式聚光器抛物镜面法向误差快速检测方法

为实现碟式聚光器抛物镜面的法向误差快速检测,针对单目偏折法缺少深度信息的不足,拟构建一种迭代拟合算法,通过拟合计算得到二次曲面系数,修正镜面坐标系与相机坐标系之间的转换误差,实现对称碟式聚光器抛物镜面的快速定位与法向误差计算。搭建实验平台,进行5次不同位姿的抛物镜面测量实验,获得被测抛物镜面单元的实际法线方向数据,与镜面设计面形的标准法线方向相比,其平均误差为7.3591 mrad;5次测量的抛物镜面法向误差结果相近,其整体标准差为5.0278 mrad;与镜面面形基准数据相比较,验证了该方法测得的法向误差低于20 mrad。实验结果表明该方法可行,且具有快速性和稳定性。     

基于渐进结构优化法的碟式聚光器轻量化研究

采用多层次的优化策略,提出一种碟式太阳能聚光器桁架结构的优化设计方法。首先,基于渐进结构优化方法(ESO)建立聚光器机架的拓扑优化模型,针对拓扑优化中的棋盘格问题给出一种过滤消除方法。其次,根据机架结构的拓扑优化结果,提出一种桁架拓扑结构的特征线提取方法,将拓扑优化结果转换为可供截面优化的线单元。最后,对聚光器中桁架结构的截面尺寸进行优化。以38 kW碟式-斯特林太阳能发电系统为例,面向工程制造桁架结构开展轻量化优化设计。结果表明,自重下单件新型桁架和原有桁架的最大变形相同时,重量减轻了34.4%,优化策略为面向工程制造的桁架结构设计提供了新思路。     

基于模糊推理的碟式太阳能跟踪系统改进研究

在碟式太阳能系统的长期实验数据中发现,太阳辐照度较低时系统集热效率非常低。为使碟式太阳能系统始终运行在高集热效率状态,提出模糊推理方法改进跟踪系统的启停判定条件,并根据集热器出口气流温度的影响因素建立模糊推理系统。仿真结果表明模糊系统在已知太阳辐照度、辐照变化度和空气流量的前提下,可智能控制系统在集热效率高时运行,集热效率低时待机,证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

碟式太阳能聚光器风载荷系数影响因素研究——基于模糊灰色关联分析法

为了深入分析高度角、方位角、镜面间隙尺寸等因素对碟式太阳能聚光器风载荷系数的影响程度,基于模糊灰色关联分析理论,建立碟式太阳能聚光器风载荷系数的模糊灰色关联分析模型,运用Fluent 14.0软件,结合Realizable k-ε湍流模型对其风载荷系数进行模拟,并对相关影响因素进行合理分析.模拟结果表明:高度角对阻力系...     

碟式太阳能热发电系统吸热器传热方式的分析与比较

根据国内外各种碟式太阳能热发电系统,总结出三种不同的吸热器传热方式,对它们进行了详细的阐述,给出了具体的应用实例,并对各种传热方式之间的特点进行了分析、比较。     

新型槽式太阳能聚光集热器的研究与试验

设计了一种新型槽式太阳能聚光集热器,分析了工作原理和设计参数,建立了由该集热器组成的太阳能集热系统,并进行了试验测试。文章给出了采用不同接收器的升温曲线和效率计算值,对不同布置方式的集热性能进行了比较。试验结果表明,该装置具有较高的集热效率,运行温度在80℃时,效率达到35%以上。     

A solar dish concentrator based on ellipsoidal polyester membrane facets

The design of a solar parabolic dish concentrator is proposed based on an array of polyester mirror membrane facets that are clamped along their edges by elliptical rims and focused by applying a slight vacuum underneath the membranes, creating an ellipsoidal shape. The axes ratio of the elliptical rims varies with the position on the dish to approach the paraboloidal shape. The elastic mirror membrane deformation under uniform pressure load is simulated by finite element structural analysis and the resulting radiative flux distribution at the focal plane of the dish is determined by the Monte Carlo ray-tracing technique. Optimization of the membrane deflection is accomplished for maximum solar flux concentration at the focal plane. Two dish geometries are examined: (i) a 1.5-m radius 3-m focal length small dish, comprising 19 facets of 0.275-m radius with four different curvatures, yielding a peak solar concentration ratio of 5515 suns and a mean solar concentration ratio of 1435 suns with an intercept factor of 90% over a 3-cm radius disk target and (ii) a 10.9-m radius 11-m focal length large dish, comprising 121 facets of 0.9-m radius with 15 different curvatures, yielding a peak solar concentration ratio of 23,546 suns and mean solar concentration ratio of 8199 suns with an intercept factor of 90% over a 10.4-cm radius disk target. The performance of the second geometry is compared to that of the more conventional design of a multi-facet dish concentrator consisting of identical circular facets and shown to reach – on the same target area – a 12% higher mean solar concentration ratio as well as a 6.6% higher intercept factor. The simulated membrane shape is experimentally verified with photogrammetrical measurements carried out on a prototype facet of the small dish.     

Experimental investigation of solar-powered food steamer based on parabolic dish concentrator for domestic applications

Steam cooking is beneficial over other cooking techniques like boiling since it preserves more vitamins lost during other methods. In this study, a novel solar food steamer (SFS) based on a parabolic dish concentrator (PDC) is designed and constructed for domestic food preparation. A straightforward fabrication process of a 2.626 m² PDC with design calculations is also presented. The system's instantaneous energy and exergy efficiency evaluation has been examined from different tests over three consecutive days. The system's high energetic and exergetic efficiency was achieved in the case of sweet potato, that is, 72.83% and 15.14%, respectively. In the case of dried chickpeas, the maximum steaming duration of 70 min was attained, along with an energy efficiency of 47.74% and an exergy efficiency of 10.07%. In addition, an economic analysis was performed to determine the payback time in terms of cost and utility. The payback time for the proposed method is 2.4 years. The SFS may save 43 kg/month of carbon dioxide from escaping into the atmosphere; it can be considered an environmentally valuable device.     

Floor radiant system with heat storage by a solid-solid phase transition material

Heat storage by means of solid-solid phase transition has been used in a floor radiant system. Tests have been performed in order to establish a comparison between a system storing energy as latent heat with another one using sensible heat. The first system is much more efficient in temperature regulation, allowing an adequate utilization of the off-peak electricity for the charge period. Results obtained in this study show the promising perspectives of the solid-solid phase transition for thermal storage in building materials.     

An improved model for natural convection heat loss from modified cavity receiver of solar dish concentrator

A 2-D model has been proposed to investigate the approximate estimation of the natural convection heat loss from modified cavity receiver of without insulation (WOI) and with insulation (WI) at the bottom of the aperture plane in our previous article. In this paper, a 3-D numerical model is presented to investigate the accurate estimation of natural convection heat loss from modified cavity receiver (WOI) of fuzzy focal solar dish concentrator. A comparison of 2-D and 3-D natural convection heat loss from a modified cavity receiver is carried out. A parametric study is carried out to develop separate Nusselt number correlations for 2-D and 3-D geometries of modified cavity receiver for estimation of convective heat loss from the receiver. The results show that the 2-D and 3-D are comparable only at higher angle of inclinations (60° ? β ? 90°) of the receiver. The present 3-D numerical model is compared with other well known cavity receiver models. The 3-D model can be used for accurate estimation of heat losses from solar dish collector, when compared with other well known models.     

Numerical investigation of natural convection heat loss in modified cavity receiver for fuzzy focal solar dish concentrator

In the present work, a 2-D-model is used to investigate the approximate estimation of the natural convection heat loss from an actual geometry of the modified cavity receiver (hemisphere with aperture plate) of fuzzy focal solar dish concentrator. The analysis of the receiver has been carried out based on the assumption of the uniform and maximum solar flux distribution in the central plane of the receiver. The total heat loss from the receiver has been estimated for both the configurations “with insulation” (WI) and “without insulation” (WOI) at the protecting aperture plane of the receiver. The convection heat loss of the modified cavity receiver was estimated by varying the inclinations of the receiver from 0° (cavity aperture facing sideways) to 90° (cavity aperture facing down). The convection heat loss is maximum at 0° and decreases monotonically with increase in angle upto 90°. The effect of operating temperature on convection heat loss for different orientations of the receiver was studied. The results of the numerical analysis are presented for a modified cavity receiver “with insulation” (WI) and “without insulation” (WOI) in the form of Nusselt number correlation: and . The maximum convection heat loss occurs at 0° inclination for both cases of the receiver, which is 63.0% (WI) and 42.8% (WOI) of the total heat loss, though the heat loss in WI configuration is lower than that of WOI configuration. Upon increasing the inclination of the receiver, the convection heat loss reduces to a minimum of 12.5% (WI) and 24.9% (WOI) of the total heat loss at 90°. The result of the present numerical model of standard receiver configuration (modified cavity receiver with insulation at bottom) is comparable with other well-known models.     

Developing ammonia based thermochemical energy storage for dish power plants

The Solar Thermal Group at the Australian National University has completed an experimental solar-driven ammonia-based closed-loop thermochemical energy storage system. The system uses a cavity receiver containing 20 reactor tubes filled with iron based catalyst material, which collects the radiation from a 20 m² dish solar concentrator. Reliable operation over a range of conditions including cloud transients has been demonstrated. Parallel theoretical investigations have established that maximising the potential for electrical power production from ammonia synthesis reactors, can largely be achieved through appropriate choice of average operating temperature in standard reactors. The possibility of operating the ammonia based system using trough concentrators has also been investigated theoretically, and the preliminary results indicate encouraging energy storage efficiencies in the region of 53%.     

Al-Si合金与高温热管的传热性能试验

提出了一种基于太阳能碟式聚光器的Al-Si合金储能锅炉的构想,搭建了Al-Si合金与高温热管传热的实验平台。试验结果表明,Al-Si合金与高温热管之间的传热密度为54.4 kJ/m2。对Al-Si合金的传热温度分布进行模拟,以热流密度为54.4 kJ/m2,换热系数为200 W/(m2.K),空气温度25℃的对流边界条件时,模拟结果和试验测试结果比较吻合,为Al-Si合金储能锅炉设计提供了依据。     

基于相变储能的太阳能空气源热泵系统的研究

针对由天气变化导致太阳能利用不稳定和寒冷地区热泵性能低的问题,文章介绍了一种基于相变储能的太阳能空气源热泵系统,该系统能够根据气象情况灵活切换4种供暖模式,大大减少了系统耗电量。文章通过独特设计的储能冷凝器,不仅可以调节太阳能空气源热泵系统能量分配,改善太阳能空气源热泵系统制热量和建筑热负荷之间不平衡的供需关系、提高太阳能利用率,还可以提高空气源热泵低温性能,快速恢复供暖,从而实现提高太阳能空气源热泵系统整体性能的目的。文章以石家庄农村某户为研究对象进行研究,研究结果表明,太阳能空气源热泵系统供暖效果较好,太阳能空气源热泵系统COP最大值为5.19,节能环保效益十分明显。     

圆柱形等距螺旋盘管式相变蓄热装置蓄热性能研究

文章设计了一种以石蜡为相变材料的圆柱形等距螺旋盘管式相变蓄热装置,并通过实验分析了该装置的传热特性,以及传热流体入口温度、入口流量对石蜡的融化特性、相变蓄热装置的蓄热量及相变蓄热系统总传热系数的影响。分析结果表明:融化后期,石蜡的融化速率会明显加快;当传热流体入口温度一定时,随着入口流量逐渐增大,蓄热装置的最终显热蓄热量略微升高;与传热流体入口流量相比,传热流体入口温度对石蜡融化速率影响较大;相变阶段,石蜡的传热性能较强,传热流体入口温度越高,石蜡的传热性能越不稳定。     

Thermal management of concentrator photovoltaic systems using nano-enhanced phase change materials-based heat sink

Temperature regulation of concentrator photovoltaic systems is essential in reducing operating temperatures with higher system performance. A new nano-enhanced phase change material, with multi-cavity heat sinks, integrated with a concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) system is developed. The multi-cavity heat sink includes a single-, triple-, and quintuple-cavity configuration in both parallel and series pattern filled with n-octadecane PCM and graphene nanoparticle additives with 2% and 5 wt%. Numerical simulations are performed using the developed two-dimensional model for photovoltaic layers integrated with the nano-enhanced phase change material-based heat sink. The predicted results are compared with the available numerical results and measurements. Results indicate that increasing the number of parallel cavities, along with weight fraction of nanoparticles, significantly improves the thermal conductivity, and consequently attains better performance for the CPV system. Using a parallel quintuple-cavity configuration, with 5 wt% NPCM, achieves maximum reduction in the solar cell mean temperature along with the best temperature uniformity compared to other configurations. At a concentration ratio of 20, the thermal efficiency is 65%, the electrical efficiency is about 10%, and the output electrical power of the system is 235 W per m width of the cell. On the contrary, using a series pattern of the heat sink has an unfavorable effect on the mean solar cell temperature, as well as on electrical efficiency and thermal performance of the CPV system. The obtained result can assist in identifying the best possible design of the heat sink in addition to the most appropriate selection of PCM and nanoparticle additives.