太阳能驱动半导体温差发电器性能参数的优化设计

应用非平衡态热力学理论,研究太阳能驱动半导体温差发电器的性能特性,确定发电器在最大效率时的优化条件,对系统的主要参数作了详细的讨论,得到一些有意义的新结论。     

车用内置式温差发电器换热性能的数值模拟

本文针对提出的一种内置高强度温差发电器的结构,采用FLUENT软件对其对流换热系数、速度模量、径向速度进行分析,并和平板式温差发电器进行对比.结果表明提出的新结构在壁面换热方面优于平板式温差发电器,在节能应用中有很大潜力.     

ZT值温度依存性对温差发电器热电性能的影响

为了评估热电材料ZT值温度依存性对热电发电器性能的影响,基于HZ-20商用热电材料的热物性参数,分别采用定物性与变物性的计算方法,对温差发电器在具有不同热源温度下的工作性能进行理论研究。研究结果表明,当采用定物性方法计算时(即不考虑ZT值温度依存性),输出功率及相应转换效率的计算值都较采用变物性计算时存在一定的偏差。当半导体热端温度低于定物性计算时采用的定性温度值时,偏差很小,但随着半导体热端温度的继续增加,偏差则越来越大,高热端温度下计算得到的计算偏差达30%左右。因此,热电材料ZT值温度依存性对温差发电器热电性能的影响不容忽视。     

光伏-温差混合能源的优化设计与实验研究

提出一种混合能源的设计方法,以太阳电池为温差电池的高温端热源,采用散热器为温差电池低温端散热,使得温差电池高温端和低温端形成温差,成功产生了电能.该文对光伏.温差混合能源进行优化设计和实验研究.实验结果发现,采用针肋散热器时,温差电池的开路电压大于采用肋片散热器时温差电池的开路电压;对比采用铝质散热器,采用铜质散热器时的温差电池开路电压容易出现较大波动性;采用24mm厚针肋铝质散热器时,温差电池的开路电压最大.温差电池通过DC/DC为超级电容器充电,当冷、热端温差在1.4℃时,工作电流为5.16mA,工作电压为0.41V,功率为2.11mW.     

温差发电模块在光伏模块上的应用研究

提出了一种太阳能利用新方案,即应用温差发电模块,利用光伏板原本散失掉的热能,实现温差发电模块和光伏模块的组合运行。应用数学模型,采用C语言编程,对温差发电模块的运行工况进行了模拟计算,讨论分析了各种温差情况下的运行参数,以及最优负载。     

不同类型光伏电池的发电性能研究

光伏发电作为新世纪主要的可替代能源之一,在我国正在迅速发展,各种不同类型的光伏电池在国内均有销售。为了让光伏系统集成商或用户更好地选择光伏电池组件,本文根据牛津大学《光伏比较:对南欧和北欧两地11种光伏电池产品的发电性能研究》一文进行了编译,现将该文的主要内容介绍给读者。1实验光伏系统的构成:牛津大学的研究者选择11种不同的光伏电池组件,在基本相同的安装条件下,在英国牛津和西班牙马罗卡分别安装了同样功率的不同类型光伏电池组件(见表1)。2各种类型光伏电池子系统在西班牙马罗卡和英国牛津的实际发电率见表2。3发电性能…     

基于余热回收的半导体温差发电模型及数值模拟

本文提出一种改进的半导体温差发电模型,在温差发电器热端加上矩形格栅,并将这种格栅近似看作黑体,同时进一步运用FLUENT软件对该半导体温差发电系统的流场、温度场进行了数值仿真计算,并对仿真结果进行分析。结果表明该模型确实能够提高温差发电器的热端温度、冷端与热端的温差,使大量余热得到有效的利用;冷热端的温差比无格栅时提高了49.33%。模拟结果还表明格栅的几何尺寸选取对温差发电器热端的温度及冷热端温差有一定的影响。     

太阳能光伏发电供热系统的性能分析

建立了一个二维模型以模拟系统工作性能,讨论了聚光比、冷却水流速度等参数对系统性能的影响.随聚光比增加,太阳电池温度近乎线性增加,而系统电效率先增加后减小,热效率则先减小后增加.冷却水流速度的增加能减小电池温度,增加系统电效率;增加水流速度对系统性能的影响大小与水流所处的流动状态(层流、过渡区、湍流)以及聚光比的大小有关.     

海洋温差发电系统热力学及热经济性分析

以热力学基本原理为基础,建立了海洋温差发电系统仿真模型,对比分析了亚临界状态下R717、R134a和R600三种工质系统在约束蒸发器窄点温差条件下优化目标函数随蒸发温度的变化规律。结果表明:蒸发温度越高,不同系统换热器的热负荷以及冷、热海水泵功率越小,最佳蒸发压力和工质泵功率越大;不同系统的热效率和单位换热面积输出电量与蒸发温度的相关性较大,随蒸发温度的增加近似线性递增。蒸发器的换热面积与循环工质种类的相关性较小,但冷凝器的换热面积与循环工质种类的相关性较大。R717循环更接近于卡诺循环,R717的系统热效率最大,热负荷及泵功率最小,且其热经济性目标函数值在合适的范围内,是海洋温差发电系统较为理想的循环工质。研究结果可为海洋温差发电系统的设计、试验及设备选型提供理论参考。     

双面光伏组件发电性能影响因素理论与实验研究

基于视角系数模型,理论计算与实验分析双面光伏组件的背面辐照度分布,根据组件背面的辐照度模型和太阳电池等效电路的单二极管模型,采用I-V曲线叠加法计算其微失配损耗;并提出简化反射光谱模型准确计算反射太阳光谱,以光谱失配因子量化反射光谱对双面组件背面发电性能的影响,结合组件背面辐射视角系数模型,建立双面组件背面功率输出的计...     

Performance comparison investigation on solar photovoltaic-thermoelectric generation and solar photovoltaic-thermoelectric cooling hybrid systems under different conditions

The performance of solar photovoltaic-thermoelectric generation hybrid system (PV-TGS) and solar photovoltaic-thermoelectric cooling hybrid system (PV-TCS) under different conditions were theoretically analysed and compared. To test the practicality of these two hybrid systems, the performance of stand-alone PV system was also studied. The results show that PV-TGS and PV-TCS in most cases will result in the system with a better performance than stand-alone PV system. The advantage of PV-TGS is emphasised in total output power and conversion efficiency which is even poorer in PV-TCS than that in stand-alone PV system at the ambient wind speed u_w being below 3 m/s. However, PV-TCS has obvious advantage on lowering the temperature of PV cell. There is an obvious increase in tendency on the performance of PV-TGS and PV-TCS when the cooling capacity of two hybrid systems varies from around 0.06 to 0.3?W/K. And it is also proved that not just a-Si in PV-TGS can produce a better performance than the stand-alone PV system alone at most cases.     

Employment of solar photovoltaic-thermoelectric generator-based hybrid system for efficient operation of hybrid nonconventional distribution generator

Solar photovoltaic system (SPV) has gained tremendous popularity among researchers as well as in industrialists. Although SPV is a transparent way of electricity generation; still, it suffers from lower quantum efficiency. During the conversion process, solar insolation received by the SPV array turns the system intensely heated at the back side of the modules giving rise to high temperature. This heat is further utilized by the process of thermoelectric effect for electricity generation by thermoelectric generators (TEGs). The combined photoelectric-thermoelectric effect generates a significant amount of power for the system. This paper portrays on implementation of the aforementioned SPV-TEG system in hybrid nonconventional distribution generator (h-NDG) in order to retrieve enough power from SPV array giving rise to higher active power delivery to the system and lower the reactive power absorbance by the system. The comparative analysis is done under two subsystems such as solar PV-TEG-wind energy system (WES) over solar PV-WES and solar PV-TEG-fuel cell technology (FCT) over SPV-FCT. Several constraints like active power, reactive power, and solar power are studied for every subsystem under healthy and faulty conditions. The entire system is modeled, studied, and validated in the MATLAB-Simulink environment.     

Coupled thermal model of photovoltaic-thermoelectric hybrid panel for sample cities in Europe

In general, modeling of photovoltaic-thermoelectric (PV/TEG) hybrid panels have been mostly simplified and disconnected from the actual ambient conditions and thermal losses from the panel. In this study, a thermally coupled model of PV/TEG panel is established to precisely predict performance of the hybrid system under different weather conditions. The model takes into account solar irradiation, wind speed and ambient temperature as well as convective and radiated heat losses from the front and rear surfaces of the panel. The model is developed for three sample cities in Europe with different weather conditions. The results show that radiated heat loss from the front surface and the convective heat loss due to the wind speed are the most critical parameters on performance of the hybrid panel performance. The results also indicate that, with existing thermoelectric materials, the power generation by the TEG is insignificant compared to electrical output by the PV panel, and the TEG plays only a small role on power generation in the hybrid PV/TEG panel. However, contribution of the TEG in the power generation can be improved via higher ZT thermoelectric materials and geometry optimization of the TEG.     

Wind energy–hydrogen storage hybrid power generation

In this theoretical investigation, a hybrid power generation system utilizing wind energy and hydrogen storage is presented. Firstly, the available wind energy is determined, which is followed by evaluating the efficiency of the wind energy conversion system. A revised model of windmill is proposed from which wind power density and electric power output are determined. When the load demand is less than the output of the generation, the excess electric power is relayed to the electrolytic cell where it is used to electrolyze the de‐ionized water. Hydrogen thus produced can be stored as hydrogen compressed gas or liquid. Once the hydrogen is stored in an appropriate high‐pressure vessel, it can be used in a combustion engine, fuel cell, or burned in a water‐cooled burner to produce a very high‐quality steam for space heating, or to drive a turbine to generate electric power. It can also be combined with organic materials to produce synthetic fuels. The conclusion is that the system produces no harmful waste and depletes no resources. Note that this system also works well with a solar collector instead of a windmill. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enhancing power generation of piezoelectric bimorph device through geometrical optimization

In this paper, it is demonstrated that the power output of a bimorph energy harvesting device can be significantly enhanced through geometrical optimization. The results of the study show that the maximum power is generated when the length of piezoelectric layer is 1/3 and the length of proof mass is 2/3 of the total device length. An optimized device with a total volume of approximately 0.5 cm³ was fabricated and was experimentally characterized. The experimental results show that the optimized device is capable of delivering a maximum power of 1.33 mW to a matched resistive load of 138.4 kΩ, when driven by a peak mechanical acceleration of 1 g at the resonance frequency of 68.47 Hz. This is a very significant power output representing a power density of 2.65 mW/cm³ compared to the value of 200 μW/cm³ normally reported in literature.     

Modeling of a hybrid marine current-hydrogen active power generation system

This paper presents the modeling and the simulation of a hybrid marine current-hydrogen power generation system. The marine current power generation system consists of a fixed pitch marine current turbine directly coupled to a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The generator is connected to a DC link capacitor via a controlled rectifier, which has two modes of operation. The first mode is the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) by using torque control when the generator runs below the rated speed. The second mode is the power limitation (at the rated value) when the generator runs above the nominal speed. The generated power is transferred from the DC-link to the load via an inverter to run the system in a stand-alone operation mode. An energy storage system must cover the difference between the generation and the consumption for this scheme. The hydrogen, compared with the different energy storage systems, exhibits characteristics more applicable for marine current power generation systems. When the generated power is higher than the load requirements, a Megawatt-scale proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer consumes the surplus energy for hydrogen generation. The generated hydrogen is stored in tanks to feed a PEM fuel cell system to generate power in case of shortage. Based on this topology and operation procedure, the overall system is called an active power generation system. The MW scale PEM electrolyzer model is presented based on state of the art and the literature of different scales PEM electrolyzer system modeling.     

一种基于弹簧振子的波浪发电装置

通过对波浪发电的现状、发展趋势以及波浪的特性进行分析,提出了一种采用弹簧振子作为动子的直线发电装置。通过对该装置自身结构进行简化分析并对其建立数学模型;根据线性波理论给出的波浪力与时间的关系建立数学模型的微分方程;在对该微分方程进行拉普拉斯(laplace)变换整理后再进行拉普拉斯反变换,得到发电机的动子与定子相对位移随时间的变化关系,进而得到发电装置的发电功率,并选取参数采用matlab软件进行仿真模拟,绘制位移-时间图和P-c-k关系曲线。结果表明,在设计参数下装置发电功率可达到78.6 W。     

Performance of Li-ion secondary batteries in low power,hybrid power supplies

Small, portable electronic devices need power supplies that have long life, high energy efficiency, high energy density, and can deliver short power bursts. Hybrid power sources that combine a high energy density fuel cell, or an energy scavenging device, with a high power secondary battery are of interest in sensors and wireless devices. However, fuel cells with low self-discharge have low power density and have a poor response to transient loads. A low capacity secondary lithium ion cell can provide short burst power needed in a hybrid fuel cell–battery power supply. This paper describes the polarization, cycling, and self-discharge of commercial lithium ion batteries as they would be used in the small, hybrid power source. The performance of 10 Li-ion variations, including organic electrolytes with Li_xV₂O₅ and Li_xMn₂O₄ cathodes and LiPON electrolyte with a LiCoO₂ cathode was evaluated. Electrochemical characterization shows that the vanadium oxide cathode cells perform better than their manganese oxide counterparts in every category. The vanadium oxide cells also show better cycling performance under shallow discharge conditions than LiPON cells at a given current. However, the LiPON cells show significantly lower energy loss due to polarization and self-discharge losses than the vanadium and manganese cells with organic electrolytes.     

Performance of low temperature solar rankine power generation system

The overall performance of a solar thermal electrical power generation system is governed by the performance of the energy collection system and the power conversion unit. Any system operating under given meteorological and solar radiation conditions has a unique energy collection temperature for which the electrical output of the system will be a maximum. An engineering analysis of the system was carried out to obtain general correlations which can be used for determining such an optimum temperature. Factual experience on the design and operation of a Rankine system, using flat plate collectors and the climatological data, was used to obtain numerical estimates for the net energy conversion capability of such systems operating in Kuwait.