Summary: Blends of the commercial liquid‐crystalline polyester Rodrun LC‐3000 (60–90 wt.‐%) with a bisphenol A‐diglycidyl ether based diepoxide (DOW D.E.R.330) and an aromatic diamine (MCDEA) prepared in a twin‐screw extruder have been compression‐moulded and cured either isothermally at 260 °C or in a temperature ramp between 160 and 230 °C. The blends were investigated with SEM and thermal analysis (DSC, DMTA). Blends with 80% Rodrun and less cured at 260 °C and the blend containing 60% Rodrun cured in a temperature ramp showed macro‐phase separation followed by reaction‐induced micro‐phase separation (RIPS) both in the Rodrun‐rich and in the epoxy‐rich macro‐separated phases. Blends containing 90, 80 and 70% Rodrun moulded at 160 °C and cured in the temperature ramp showed only RIPS and a morphology rather similar to that of the uncured blends that was most likely co‐continuous; the blend with 90% Rodrun cured at 260 °C showed RIPS and a dispersed epoxy phase in a Rodrun matrix. Phase composition has been determined by extraction of the soluble fraction and chemical analysis.
SEM showing the reaction induced micro‐phase separation for sample REA90/10i. 相似文献
A new carboxylated styrene‐butadiene rubber (CSBR) in ultrafine powder form was used to modify the properties of nylon 6. The nylon 6/CSBR blends possessed higher toughness than nylon 6/maleic anhydride‐grafted polyethylene‐octene elastomer (POE‐g‐MAH) system. TEM micrographs revealed the fine dispersion of CSBR particles with a diameter of 150 nm. The effective toughening of nylon 6 with CSBR was attributed to the good interface, fine dispersion, and shear yielding.
TEM photograph of undeformed Nylon 6/CSBR (80/20) blend (×40 000). 相似文献
The properties of segmented‐copolymer‐based H‐bonding and non‐H‐bonding crystallisable segments and poly(tetramethylene oxide) segments were studied. The crystallisable segments were monodisperse in length and the non‐hydrogen‐bonding segments were made of tetraamidepiperazineterephthalamide (TPTPT). The polymers were characterised by DSC, FT‐IR, SAXS and DMTA. The mechanical properties were studied by tensile, compression set and tensile set measurements. The TPTPT segmented copolymers displayed low glass transition temperatures (Tg, ?70 °C), good low‐temperature properties, moderate moduli (G′ ≈ 10–33 MPa) and high melting temperatures (185–220 °C). However, as compared to H‐bonded segments, both the modulus and the yield stress were relatively low.
In the present work, we report on the synthesis and characterization of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) with N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM) polymer side chains from molecular graft copolymerization in solution. The copolymer can be readily cast into temperature‐sensitive microfiltration (MF) membranes by the phase inversion technique. The copolymer approach to membrane fabrication allows a much better control of the physicochemical nature of the membrane pores through the variation in graft concentration, membrane casting temperature and concentration of the membrane casting solution.
Summary: The phase and thermal characteristics of blends consisting of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) (0.7 mol‐% hexene copolymer) and poly(ethylene‐ran‐butene) (PEB) (26 mol‐% butene copolymer) have been investigated using optical microscopy (OM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). An upper critical solution temperature of 162 °C was exhibited. The addition of PEB not only slowed the overall crystallization rate of LLDPE but also changed the distribution of lamellar thickness or perfection of LLDPE crystals. The equilibrium melting temperature of LLDPE in the blends was reduced and kept relatively constant in the bi‐phase state. The blends showed a single‐stage degradation and an intermediate thermal stability between those of the individual components. It could be attributed to their homogeneous states at degradation temperatures and the similar decomposing mechanisms of two components. The kinetic analysis of thermal degradation also confirmed the above results.
Long‐aliphatic‐segment polyamides were prepared based on hexamethylenediamine and α,ω‐(CH2)x biosynthetic diacids (x = 10, 11, 12). The pertinent monomers (salts) were isolated as solids, thoroughly characterized for the first time, and then submitted to an anhydrous melt prepolymerization technique. The obtained prepolymers exhibited in the range of 5 100–11 800 g · mol?1, and the molecular weight was further increased by up to 55% through solid‐state finishing. The suggested overall polyamidation cycle was conducted at short melt‐reaction times, so as to avoid any thermal degradation, and was proved efficient, indicating similar reactants polymerizability independently of the methylene content.
Summary: Polystyrene (PS) was toughened with ethylene‐propylene‐diene terpolymer (EPDM) in the presence of styrene‐butadiene‐styrene block copolymer (SBS). Incorporation of SBS into the PS/EPDM blends clearly improved the impact properties. For PS/EPDM/SBS (mass ratio: 69/21/10) blends, the notched Charpy impact strength reached a maximum value of 26.3 kJ/m2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that SBS was distributed on the interface between PS and EPDM. Butanone extraction and FTIR analysis found that there was a grafting reaction between PS and EPDM phase during melt compounding. Shearing and processing rheological behaviors of blends were evaluated with a Haake capillary rheometer and a torque rheometer, respectively.
A microfluidic system was designed, fabricated and implemented to study the behavior of polyelectrolyte capsules flowing in microscale channels. The device contains microchannels that lead into constrictions intended to capture polyelectrolyte microcapsules which were fabricated with the well‐known layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly technique. The behavior of hollow capsules at the constrictions was visualized and the properties of the capsules were investigated before and after introduction into the device.
Time series of video frames showing capsules being compressed into a constriction. 相似文献
Films of ethylene‐co‐octene copolymer are irradiated in air after moulding between Mylar® films with electron beam at different doses. To correlate the change in structure with properties, the irradiated and unirradiated samples are characterised by FTIR spectroscopy, swelling and mechanical measurements. Obtained changes are dependant on the radiation dose of the incident electron beam. Irradiation induces trans‐vinylene double bonds detected by FTIR spectroscopy in transmission mode. No hydroxyl (OH) and carbonyl (C?O) groups were recorded by FTIR spectroscopy. More drastic changes are observed with swelling method and by mechanical properties showing the crosslinking effect. Based on the results obtained by analytical techniques used in this study, free radicals mechanism involving mainly the pendant chains of the PE‐co‐O is proposed.
Summary: New PPSF/PET (poly(phenyl sulfone)/poly(ethylene terephthalate)) blends rich in PPSF were obtained by direct injection molding. Biphasic morphologies with a very large interface area/dispersed phase volume ratio were obtained and were attributed to a low interfacial tension in the melt state, a consequence of the reactions observed between the components of the blends. This favorable morphology led to small strain mechanical properties close or slightly above those predicted by the direct rule of mixtures, and more significantly, to elongations at break of the blends higher than that of the PPSF matrix.
Morphology of the cryogenically‐broken etched surface of a PPSF/PET 75/25 blend. 相似文献
Summary: Nano‐polyethylene fibers and floccules were prepared under atmospheric pressure via ethylene extrusion polymerization in suit, using the SBA‐15‐supported Cp2ZrCl2 catalytic system. The major morphology units in the samples were fibers and floccules. The diameter of the single nano‐fibers was 120–200 nm. The single nano‐fibers could aggregate to form fiber aggregates and bundles. The number of PE floccules increased with extension of polymerization time, while the melting point of PE with nano‐fibers was little higher than that of common polyethylene.
SEM micrograph of the nano‐polyethylene fibers produced at a polymerization time of 60 min: micro‐fibers and floccule surface morphologies. 相似文献
The effect of blending on the self‐healing behavior of an ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer ionomer is investigated. Binary EMNa/EVA and EMNa/ENR blends are studied by ballistic puncture tests. In the composition range explored (15–50 wt% of EVA and ENR), the self‐healing characteristics decrease with increasing amount of EVA but are maintained in the whole range for EMNa/ENR blends. The bullet impact zones were observed using OM. Tensile tests showed that the blending process gives the opportunity to tune the mechanical characteristics without significant loss in the self‐healing properties, particularly in EMNa/ENR blends. Component compatibility, blend morphology and thermal properties were studied using DSC, SEM, and DMTA. Molecular interactions between the phases in the blends are discussed.
Summary: Blends of different compositions were prepared from: a thermoplastic elastomer (EPDM), a low density polyethylene (PE), a polystyrene crosslinked with a small amount of divinylbenzene (PS‐co‐DVB) and an inorganic proton conductor: antimonic acid (HSb). The blends obtained were sulfonated heterogeneously with chlorosulfonic acid and were then structurally and electrically characterized by means of the following techniques: differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), crystallization kinetics under non‐isothermal conditions and complex impedance spectroscopy.
Dynamic mechanical analysis for EPDM and EP‐3 blends series. 相似文献
The influence of the stabilizer/SWNT ratio on the transport behavior of latex‐based polymer nanocomposites is examined in an effort to improve electrical conductivity while maintaining or improving the Seebeck coefficient (i.e., thermopower). Results show that phonon and electron transport are significantly affected by tube/tube junctions, and the carrier transport across the junctions can be manipulated by altering the stabilizer concentration. Electrical conductivity of composites containing 10 wt.‐% SWNT nearly doubles, becoming greater than 900 S · m?1, by changing the SWNT:GA ratio from 1:3 to 10:1, while thermal conductivity and Seebeck coefficient remain relatively constant (near 0.25 W · m‐K?1 and 40 µV · K?1, respectively).
Summary: This article reports on the dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of thermosetting phenylethynyl‐terminated polyimide (PETI‐5) composites reinforced with expanded graphite (EG) nanoplatelets having various average particle sizes and content. The EG nanoplatelets with varying particle sizes were prepared by different pulverization techniques through intercalation and exfoliation of natural graphite flakes. The effect of the EG particle size and concentration of the thermal behavior of PETI‐5/EG composites was investigated with several thermal analysis methods (DMA, TMA, and DSC). The storage modulus dynamic mechanical properties and glass transition temperature significantly increased with increasing concentration of EG nanoreinforcements regardless of size. The coefficient of thermal expansion significantly decreased, especially in the glass transition region.
This study reports for the first time on the enhancement of the bleaching effect achieved on cotton using laccase enzyme. Laccases applied in short‐time batchwise or pad‐dry processes prior to conventional peroxide bleaching, improved the end fabric whiteness. The whiteness level reached in the combined enzymatic/peroxide process was comparable to the whiteness in two consecutive peroxide bleaches.
Effect of 10 min laccase pre‐treatment at 60 °C, pH 5 on fabrics whiteness before and after a conventional hydrogen peroxide bleaching. 相似文献
In the wake of a growing environmental awareness, the substitution of conventional plastics by biologically degradable materials is assuming ever‐greater importance. The displacement of conventional plastics made from fossil raw materials by materials that are manufactured either fully or in part from agriculturally‐produced, harvested goods constitutes one of the technically feasible uses of renewable raw materials. The successful market introduction of alternative products, however, requires not only consideration of the qualitative aspect but also an eye to the economic factors. It is for this reason that an extruder concept is presented here that can be used for directly plastificating cereal materials in the form of coarsely ground grain, for example. This then opens up the way to a low‐price basic material which also holds a high potential when viewed in economic terms. After giving a short overview of the possibilities that exist for the plastification of materials containing starch, this paper takes a look at the differences between this alternative extruder concept and the conventional single‐screw extrusion process for thermoplastics. Further details are given of the solids conveyance and plastification processes to this end.
Schematic diagram of the arrangement of the functional sections. 相似文献
Electrically conducting films containing AgNws, hydrophilic and hydrophobic resins were prepared. FT‐IR reveals that the interface between the AgNws and epoxy could be successfully modified by APTES. XPS shows that the AgNws were attracted by hydrogen bonds of ? NH2 and ? NH? groups after APTES modification. SEM analysis shows that the AgNws were well dispersed in the resin. The AgNws were also blended with hydrophilic and acrylic resins, and the resulting blends were compared with AgNws/epoxy blends. Results show that AgNw/PVA‐resin films possess the lowest surface electrical resistance. The AgNw/PVA‐resin and silane‐modified AgNw/epoxy resin conductive films possess a similar electrical percolation threshold.
Summary: It is well known that the weight‐average molecular weight ( ) is strictly dependent on conversion in step‐growth polymerizations performed in batch and that the is very sensitive to impurities and molar imbalance. This makes the work of controlling a non trivial job. In this paper a new methodology is introduced for in‐line monitoring and control of conversion and of polyurethanes produced in solution step‐growth polymerizations, based on near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and torquemetry. A calibration model based on the PLS method is obtained and validated for monomer conversion, while the weight‐average molecular weight is monitored indirectly with the relative shear signal provided by the agitator. Control procedures are then proposed and implemented experimentally to avoid gelation and allow for maximization of . The proposed monitoring and control procedures can also be applied to other step growth polymerizations.
