Landsat-5 TM reflective-band absolute radiometric calibration

The Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor provides the longest running continuous dataset of moderate spatial resolution remote sensing imagery, dating back to its launch in March 1984. Historically, the radiometric calibration procedure for this imagery used the instrument's response to the Internal Calibrator (IC) on a scene-by-scene basis to determine the gain and offset of each detector. Due to observed degradations in the IC, a new procedure was implemented for U.S.-processed data in May 2003. This new calibration procedure is based on a lifetime radiometric calibration model for the instrument's reflective bands (1-5 and 7) and is derived, in part, from the IC response without the related degradation effects and is tied to the cross calibration with the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus. Reflective-band absolute radiometric accuracy of the instrument tends to be on the order of 7% to 10%, based on a variety of calibration methods.     

Landsat-4/5 Band 6 relative radiometry

Relative radiometric responses for the thematic mapper (TM) band 6 data from Landsat-4 and Landsat-5 were analyzed, and an algorithm has been developed that significantly reduces the striping in Band 6 images due to detector mismatch. The TM internal calibration system as originally designed includes a DC restore circuit, which acts as a feedback system designed to keep detector bias at a constant value. There is a strong indication that the DC restore circuitry implemented in Band 6 does not function as it had been designed to. It operates as designed only during a portion of the calibration interval and not at all during acquisition of scene data. This renders the data acquired during the calibration shutter interval period virtually useless for correction of the individual responses of the four detectors in Band 6. It was observed and statistically quantified that the relative response of each of the detectors to the band average is stable over the dynamic range and throughout the lifetime of the instrument. This allows an alternate approach to relative radiometric correction of TM Band 6 images     

Characterization of LANDSAT-4 MSS And TM Digital Image Data

Engineering analyses conducted to assess image data quality are described and results are presented for the Landsat-4 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and Thematic Mapper (TM). Also, coincident data from the two sensors are compared. Macroscopic studies addressed trends and characteristics of full frames of data, while ?microscopic? studies assessed differences between individual detector responses. Raw data, radiometrically corrected data, and fully corrected data were analyzed, as well as special calibration data. The Landsat-4 MSS was found to produce data of high quality, comparable to previous Landsats, except for a low-level coherent noise effect which is unique to the current sensor. Radiometric relationships between Landsat-2 and -3 MSS's and the Landsat-4 MSS were established through empirical analysis of simultaneously acquired data. The TM was found to produce image data of very good spatial resolution and overall good radiometric data quality, showing improvements over MSS. Radiometric equalization of detector responses was found to be close to the theoretical limit of quantization error, except for two relatively low-amplitude artifacts. One is a difference in response that depends on the direction of mirror scan. This produces scan-angle effects superimposed on scene-related effects. The second is a tendency for level shifts to occur between mirror scans at random times but with correlations between detector responses. Two forms or patterns of level shift were identified, corresponding to four system noise states. Preliminary correction models and/or procedures have been developed and recommended for further evaluation.     

GF5B热红外通道星上定标与验证

以GF5B卫星发射前实验室定标为基础,采用星上0级黑体定标数据,建立了适用于GF5B热红外通道的星上绝对辐射定标模型。通过对2022年01月12日星上黑体定标数据进行处理,获得成像仪热红外通道的绝对辐射定标系数。对星上定标系统精度进行分析,并采用地面同步烟台浮标数据对定标结果进行精度验证,结果表明,在轨后星上定标系统的绝对定标精度为0.9 K;星地验证结果显示B11和B12通道亮温的偏差分别为0.33、0.77 K。说明基于星上黑体的定标方法具有较好的精度,定标结果可靠,可满足遥感数据定量化应用的需要,为实时准确获取热红外通道定标系数提供了方法借鉴。     

Absolute radiometric calibration of the CCRS SAR

Determining the radar scattering coefficients from SAR (synthetic aperture radar) image data requires absolute radiometric calibration of the SAR system. The authors describe an internal calibration methodology for the airborne Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) SAR system, based on radar theory, a detailed model of the radar system, and measurements of system parameters. The methodology is verified by analyzing external calibration data acquired over a six-month period in 1988 by the C-band radar using HH polarization. The results indicate that the overall error is ±0.8 dB (1σ) for incidence angles ±20° from antenna boresight. The dominant error contributions are due to the antenna radome and uncertainties in the elevation angle relative to the antenna boresight     

Landsat thematic mapper reflective-band radiometric artifacts

Radiometric "artifacts" are known to be present to varying degrees in the reflective-band imagery from both Landsat-4 and Lansat-5 Thematic Mappers (TMs). The most common artifacts are known as scan-correlated shift (SCS), memory effect (ME), and coherent noise (CN). The characterization and correction of these artifacts has been performed for both the Landsat-4 and Lansat-5 TMs. SCS is a sudden shift in bias that can be as large as 2 DN. However, this artifact can be accurately quantified and easily removed from imagery using a line-by-line bias subtraction. ME causes the detector response to undershoot after a sudden transition from a bright target to a dark target. For large transitions, this can cause a 2% radiometric error. This artifact can be removed through a spatial filtering operation. Lastly, CN is a periodic pattern that is most often seen in homogeneous portions of TM imagery. The amplitude of this noise artifact is quite small, less than 0.5 DN. While CN has been accurately characterized, a correction procedure is not recommended, due to the small amplitude of this artifact. Recommendations are given for proper processing of TM imagery to remove the effects of these artifacts.     

多角度偏振探测仪的相对辐射校正方法研究

相对辐射校正是实现多角度偏振探测仪全视场高精度辐射定标的关键技术之一。提出了一种高精度自动化的相对辐射校正方法,采用15×15个分视场扫描测量的方式,通过高精度大型二维转台和大口径积分球参考光源实现全视场的辐射响应测量;模拟在轨工作模式,规范了数据采集流程,编写数据采集软件实现了辐射响应图像数据获取;设计数据图像拼接算法和相关的数据处理方法,完成了相对辐射校正的数据处理和精度分析。数据比对分析和精度分析结果表明相对辐射校正精度在0.5%~0.8%之内。     

Landsat-7 ETM+ on-orbit reflective-band radiometric characterization

The Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) has been and continues to be radiometrically characterized using the Image Assessment System (IAS), a component of the Landsat-7 Ground System. Key radiometric properties analyzed include: overall, coherent, and impulse noise; bias stability; relative gain stability; and other artifacts. The overall instrument noise is characterized across the dynamic range of the instrument during solar diffuser deployments. Less than 1% per year increases are observed in signal-independent (dark) noise levels, while signal-dependent noise is stable with time. Several coherent noise sources exist in ETM+ data with scene-averaged magnitudes of up to 0.4 DN, and a noise component at 20 kHz whose magnitude varies across the scan and peaks at the image edges. Bit-flip noise does not exist on the ETM+. However, impulse noise due to charged particle hits on the detector array has been discovered. The instrument bias is measured every scan line using a shutter. Most bands show less than 0.1 DN variations in bias across the instrument lifetime. The panchromatic band is the exception, where the variation approaches 2 DN and is related primarily to temperature. The relative gains of the detectors, i.e., each detector's gain relative to the band average gain, have been stable to /spl plusmn/0.1% over the mission life. Two exceptions to this stability include band 2 detector 2, which dropped about 1% in gain about 3.5 years after launch and stabilized, and band 7 detector 5, which has changed several tenths of a percent several times since launch. Memory effect and scan-correlated shift, a hysteresis and a random change in bias between multiple states, respectively, both of which have been observed in previous Thematic Mapper sensors, have not been convincingly found in ETM+ data. Two artifacts, detector ringing and "oversaturation", affect a small amount of ETM+ data.     

基于U形边框黑体光阑的红外成像动态辐射定标与校正技术

针对传统的辐射定标与校正方法存在的问题,研究提出了一种基于U形边框黑体视场光阑的红外成像辐射定标与校正技术。该技术可在不遮挡中心视场的情况下完成动态非均匀校正,因为边框黑体的温度是可控的,所以在非均匀校正的基础上可以进行红外成像系统的动态辐射定标,以修正热成像系统出厂辐射定标的漂移。算法执行时,将边框黑体视场光阑分别在高、低温下伸入视场,与原始辐射定标数据进行对比,计算出辐射定标的修正参数,修正补偿原始辐射定标查找表,减小动态辐射定标器的体积和质量,并避免辐射标定时对成像视场的遮挡。设计并搭建了基于U形边框黑体光阑的实验平台,该平台上的成像实验表明:校正效果明显,辐射定标修正后的测温误差小于0.5 K。     

Four years of Landsat-7 on-orbit geometric calibration and performance

Unlike its predecessors, Landsat-7 has undergone regular geometric and radiometric performance monitoring and calibration since launch in April 1999. This ongoing activity, which includes issuing quarterly updates to calibration parameters, has generated a wealth of geometric performance data over the four-year on-orbit period of operations. A suite of geometric characterization (measurement and evaluation procedures) and calibration (procedures to derive improved estimates of instrument parameters) methods are employed by the Landsat-7 Image Assessment System to maintain the geometric calibration and to track specific aspects of geometric performance. These include geodetic accuracy, band-to-band registration accuracy, and image-to-image registration accuracy. These characterization and calibration activities maintain image product geometric accuracy at a high level-by monitoring performance to determine when calibration is necessary, generating new calibration parameters, and verifying that new parameters achieve desired improvements in accuracy. Landsat-7 continues to meet and exceed all geometric accuracy requirements, although aging components have begun to affect performance.     

基于改进伽马曲线的星载长波红外焦平面非均匀性校正算法

随着长波红外探测器技术的进步,通过选用宇航级大阵列长波红外探测器,天基红外遥感卫星技术得到快速发展。长波红外探器响应强非线性导致传统的基于线性模型的非均匀性校正算法校正误差大,从而影响卫星在轨使用效能。针对该问题,结合大量实验室数据和卫星在轨数据的统计分析结果,建立了一种新的长波红外探测器非线性响应模型,据此提出了一种基于改进伽马曲线的非均匀性校正算法,以有效克服探测器响应强非线性对校正精度的影响。该算法首先建立基于改进伽马曲线的探测器非线性响应模型,依据此模型对获取图像进行非线性压缩映射,实现探测器响应的线性化,然后利用星载基于定标技术的线性化算法实施非均匀性校正,同时,定标温度点根据所建立模型参数动态更新,最后通过逆非线性化压缩映射还原出实际的非均匀校正后的图像。基于人造黑体和在轨实景红外图像的实验结果表明,该算法有效解决了探测器响应强非线性对校正精度的影响,校正后图像的视觉效果和定量化指标均优于传统的星载非均匀校正算法。     

多光谱偏振大气探测系统定标处理

偏振探测系统定标对于大气探测有着重要意义,是基于偏振探测的大气参数高精度反演的必要基础。中科院安徽光机所研制了星载大气同步校正仪的航空样机,它是一种多光谱偏振探测设备。利用该仪器可获取多光谱偏振信息,从而反演出与遥感成像时空同步的大气参数,实现大气校正。该仪器的定标处理对于准确获取大气参数至关重要。针对大气校正仪多通道偏振探测的特点,设计了定标方案。通过光谱定标、辐射定标和偏振定标,获取探测系统的Muller矩阵,建立仪器各通道探测值DN与斯托克斯参量间的联系,从而为系统的实际应用,提供重要基础。     

星载大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪0~1数据处理研究

星载大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪(Environmental trace gases monitoring instrument, EMI)于2018年5月9日成功发射升空,目前在轨运行状态良好,能够有效获取全球紫外-可见波段地球大气散射光信号(Digital number, DN)值(0级数据)。为对遥感数据定量化应用, EMI输出的DN值需要完成光谱定标、几何定位、辐亮度定标等处理,得到1级数据产品,1级数据用于反演获取全球大气NO$_2$、SO$_2$和O$_3$等2级产品,进而应用于定量监测全球空气质量变化以及污染气体的分布输运过程。     

基于SOPC的红外图像自适应非均匀性校正设计

场景非均匀校正和基于本底信息无快门校正等红外图像自适应非均匀性无快门校正算法不需要中断探测过程,克服了定标类校正算法需要周期性定标的不足,目前日趋受到重视。相对于场景无快门校正算法,基于本底信息的自适应无快门校正算法具有复杂度低、易于实现的特点,正逐步从理论研究走向具体工程应用,通过硬件系统实现该校正算法具有重要的应用价值。根据自适应无快门校正算法理论特点,采用基于FPGA构建SOPC系统的方法进行了硬件实现,主要由校正参数计算、本底采集、校正模型等模块组成。校正参数计算部分根据自适应拉格朗日插值计算和更新校正参数,本底采集模块用于采集均匀本底信息,为图像校正提供一系列本底信息,校正模块完成红外图像的实时非均匀性校正。实验结果表明:实现的非均匀性无快门校正系统具有占用硬件资源少、延迟短和图像效果好的优点,能够广泛应用在红外成像系统中,具有较强的研究价值和现实意义。     

A new hybrid-beam data acquisition strategy to support ScanSAR radiometric calibration

Wide-swath synthetic aperture radar (SAR) coverage is provided by RADARSAT using a multiple-beam scanning strategy called ScanSAR. Each beam covers a different range, and is allocated a fixed period of time in which to transmit and receive radar pulses. During SAR processing, the data from each beam must be "stitched" together to form a complete image of the scanned area. This data must be radiometrically calibrated to compensate for antenna beam patterns. However, incorrect measurements of the satellite roll angle cause errors in radiometric calibration, and can lead to visible artifacts in the image (e.g. banding). A new ScanSAR data acquisition technique is proposed that improves roll angle estimation through the use of radar pulses, transmitted by one beam and received by another. The new data are called "hybrid beam data" and can be utilized with modified versions of existing roll estimation algorithms. This paper shows how the hybrid beam data are collected, accommodating pulse repetition frequency, range gate delay, and other timing changes as beams are switched.     

基于衬底温度的红外焦平面联合非均匀性校正

分别分析了红外焦平面阵列(IRFPA)基于定标的非均匀性校正法(NUC)和基于场景的NUC算法各自的优势和问题,在此基础上提出了联合非均匀性校正方法。根据上电时刻焦平面衬底的温度值,从FLASH中提取事先存储的对应温度区间的增益和偏置校正参数,初步消除探测器的非均匀性。通过分析初步校正后图像残余非均匀性噪声的特性,提出了用具有保边缘特性的P-M滤波取代传统神经网络算法中的四邻域均值滤波来获得期望图像,从而减小了图像边缘误差。实验结果表明,该算法收敛速度快,校正精度高,有效避免了因红外焦平面响应特性漂移而引起的图像降质。     

Evaluation and Comparison of the IRS-P6 and the Landsat Sensors

The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-P6), also called ResourceSat-1, was launched in a polar sun-synchronous orbit on October 17, 2003. It carries three sensors: the high-resolution Linear Imaging Self-Scanner (LISS-IV), the medium-resolution Linear Imaging Self-Scanner (LISS-III), and the Advanced Wide-Field Sensor (AWiFS). These three sensors provide images of different resolutions and coverage. To understand the absolute radiometric calibration accuracy of IRS-P6 AWiFS and LISS-III sensors, image pairs from these sensors were compared to images from the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat-7 Enhanced TM Plus (ETM+) sensors. The approach involves calibration of surface observations based on image statistics from areas observed nearly simultaneously by the two sensors. This paper also evaluated the viability of data from these next-generation imagers for use in creating three National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) products: land cover, percent tree canopy, and percent impervious surface. Individual products were consistent with previous studies but had slightly lower overall accuracies as compared to data from the Landsat sensors.     

可见近红外、短波红外超光谱成像仪在轨数据处理技术研究

分析了天基可见近红外、短波红外超光谱成像仪的数据特征,提出了一种用于可见近红外、短波红外超光谱成像仪的在轨数据处理系统.重点介绍了星上定标及非均匀性校正、星上数据压缩等算法.超光谱成像仪在地面定标的基础上进行星上辐射和光谱定标,用基于定标和基于场景两种方法对图像数据做非均匀性校正.星上数据去噪及压缩采用基于小波变换的方法,去噪后的数据用3D-Tarp算法压缩.该系统设计既考虑了算法的有效性,又考虑了恶劣的星上环境对时间、功耗等指标的限制,在尽量少损失信息的情况下,能有效去除噪声,提高信噪比,减少星上存储和下传的数据,提高图像质量.     

基于均匀场地的遥感图像相对校正算法研究

受地面均匀场地宽度的限制,使用均匀场地两点相对辐射校正算法,只能对幅宽比较窄的线阵推扫式传感器进行相对校正.提出了一种改进的基于均匀场地的遥感图像相对辐射校正算法,该算法通过在一幅或多幅图像上选取满足亮度要求的区域来计算所选区域内及区域间的相对定标系数,根据区域内和区域间相对定标系数将宽幅线阵推扫式传感器全体探测元的响应相对校正到一致.结果表明:该算法能够实现宽幅线阵推扫式传感器的相对辐射校正,实现简单.校正效果理想.     

Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper outgassing effects

A periodic 3% to 5% variation in detector response affecting both image and internal calibrator (IC) data has been observed in bands 5 and 7 of the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper. The source for this variation is thought to be an interference effect due to buildup of an ice-like contaminant film on a ZnSe window, covered with an antireflective coating (ARC), of the cooled Dewar containing these detectors. Periodic warming of the dewar is required in order to remove the contaminant and restore detector response to an uncontaminated level. These effects in the IC data have been characterized over four individual outgassing cycles using thin-film models to estimate transmittance of the window/ARC and ARC/contaminant film stack throughout the instrument lifetime. Based on the results obtained from this modeling, a lookup table procedure has been implemented that provides correction factors to improve the calibration accuracy of bands 5 and 7 by approximately 5%.