青麦粉添加对馒头面团及面筋蛋白结构的影响

以馒头专用粉及青麦粉制作青麦馒头,利用激光共聚焦显微镜、黏度仪、红外光谱仪等分析仪器进行测定,探究不同青麦粉添加量(0%、5%、10%、15%、20%)对面团粉质特性、糊化特性、微观结构及面筋蛋白二级结构的影响。结果表明,随着青麦粉添加量的增加,混合粉湿面筋含量、面筋指数减少;糊化温度、峰值黏度降低,面团糊化时间缩短,面团稳定时间从6.18 min降至4.92 min、粉质质量指数减小了18,面筋强度变弱,承受力变差;面团拉伸面积、延伸度和最大拉伸阻力在135 min时显著减小;面筋网络结构逐渐出现孔洞,分布不均匀;面团面筋蛋白各吸收峰都发生了偏移,β-折叠和α-螺旋结构含量增加;综上所述,青麦粉的加入改变了面团特性和面筋蛋白结构,这些变化可能是导致青麦馒头品质下降的主要原因。     

不同醒面次数对烩面面团特性及食用品质的影响

目的 研究不同醒面次数对烩面面团中湿面筋含量、水分状态和面筋网络微观结构变化及品质特性的影响。方法 利用差示扫描量热仪和激光共聚焦显微镜，结合烩面面团湿面筋含量和面筋指数试验指标，同时以烩面拉伸特性、延伸率、蒸煮特性、质构特性及感官评价为指标综合分析。结果 一定的醒面次数能改善烩面面团和烩面品质，当面团中蛋白质、淀粉和水分已形成平衡的连续相和稳定面筋网络结构，再增加醒面次数不能显著改善面团和烩面品质。结论 醒面3次和4次烩面面团和烩面品质各项指标最好，为实际生产提供了理论依据。     

花生蛋白对面条品质的影响

通过在面粉中添加不同比例的花生蛋白,分析其对面粉湿面筋含量、面团流变学特性、面条蒸煮品质、感官品质和质构品质的影响。结果表明:在面粉中加入4%的花生蛋白,可显著提高面粉的蛋白质和湿面筋的含量,改善面团的流变学特性;制作的面条韧性和口感较好,增加了面条的营养价值,并且对面条加工特性没有太大影响。     

面团硬度与面粉品质特性的关系研究

选用11种不同的面粉为试验材料,利用沃伯顿面团黏性系统(WDSS)研究了面粉品质特性对面团硬度的影响作用。研究表明:面团硬度与面粉的粉质吸水率、蛋白含量及湿面筋含量之间存在极显著的正相关性,与二硫键含量存在显著的负相关性,与粗淀粉含量和巯基含量之间没有显著的相关性。说明面粉品质特性中的粉质吸水率、蛋白含量、湿面筋含量及二硫键含量对面团的硬度有显著的影响。     

碱性电解水对重庆小面面团理化特性的影响

该文以钾盐电解的碱性电解水替代食用碱,研究其对重庆小面淀粉糊化特性、面团热机械学特性、流变学特性、蛋白质结构变化的影响,并与纯水及传统食用碱制面比较分析。结果表明,碱性电解水和制面团提升了面团稳定性,降低了蛋白质弱化度,淀粉结构排列更有序,晶体热稳定性提升;面团模量上升,损耗因子下降,面团黏弹性得到改善,面筋网络加强;面团蛋白质组分发生变化,碱性电解水面团麦醇溶蛋白与麦谷蛋白比接近1.0,麦谷蛋白大聚体含量上升,面筋网络黏弹性提升;面团二硫键含量增加,蛋白质二级有序结构上升,面筋网络更加稳定且面团弹性提高。该文研究了碱性电解水对重庆小面专用面粉及面团理化特性的影响,既为面团品质改良剂提供了新的选择性,也对后续小面加工及其蒸煮食用品质评价提供理论参考。     

燕麦麸皮添加量对面团流变特性及面筋蛋白结构的影响

将燕麦麸皮以0%、10%、15%、20%、25%(w/w)的比例添加到小麦粉中,研究燕麦麸皮添加量对面团及面筋品质的影响。实验结果表明,随着燕麦麸皮添加量的增加,面团吸水率、形成时间、粘度崩解值显著(p<0.05)增加,稳定时间、回生值显著(p<0.05)降低,面团的热机械学性质下降;面筋蛋白的弹性模量、粘性模量增大,tan δ值降低,面筋蛋白固体特性增强,机械强度增大;面筋蛋白的热降解温度下降、600 ℃时的质量损失率显著(p<0.05)增大,面筋蛋白热稳定性降低;面筋蛋白二硫键含量显著(p<0.05)下降了25.74%~37.59%;扫描电镜的结果表明,添加燕麦麸皮后面筋蛋白原本均匀、致密的网络网络结构遭到破坏,面筋蛋白网络结构变得脆弱、呈蜂窝状。综上所述,添加燕麦麸皮会破坏面筋蛋白均匀致密的网络结构,这可能是导致面团流变性质劣变的原因。     

SPI与SPH及其复配产物对面团特性和面条品质的影响机制

为提高面制品的营养品质,研究并比较了添加大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolate,SPI)、大豆水解蛋白(soy protein hydrolyzates,SPH,水解度为4.54%)以及SPI和SPH复配产物(SPI-SPH)的混合粉的面筋特性和粉质特性,面团的动态流变学特性、蛋白质组分、二硫键和非共价键变化,以及面条的品质变化。添加SPI后面粉的湿面筋含量升高,干面筋含量下降,面筋指数降低,粉质特性评价值升高;面团的醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量增加,黏弹性增大,弹性比例增加。添加SPI-SPH的面粉面筋特性和面团特性变化趋势与添加SPI的面粉一致,其粉质特性评价值增大。添加SPH的面粉中无面筋洗出,粉质特性评价值升高;面团盐溶蛋白含量显著增加(P<0.05),弹性比例降低。添加大豆蛋白的面团中二硫键含量均增加,疏水相互作用减弱,氢键增强。与原面粉面条相比,SPI面条的硬度增大10.82%,SPI-SPH和SPH面条的弹性分别减小7.23%和6.02%,且添加SPH后面条的蛋白质保留率由93.02%降至87.31%。研究表明,大豆蛋白与面筋蛋白通过二硫键交联以及非共价键相互作用,阻碍面筋网络形成,破坏了面筋网络的连续性。并且,SPI和SPH复配在一定程度上减弱了SPH对面筋的弱化作用。     

小麦淀粉对面团微观结构及冷冻面团馒头品质的影响

淀粉作为小麦粉的主要成分在决定面团特性以及冷冻面团馒头品质中发挥着重要的作用。采用分离重组的方法,探究淀粉添加比例分别为0%（对照组）、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、45%、50%时,混合粉糊化特性、面团微观结构、游离巯基含量和冷冻面团馒头品质的变化。结果表明：不同比例淀粉的添加量改变了混合粉的糊化特性和粉质特性,分别与淀粉添加比例呈线性相关关系。随着淀粉添加比例的增加,混合粉面团弱化度和面团中游离巯基含量逐渐增加,从微观结构的变化发现面团中面筋蛋白网络的连续性逐渐降低。当淀粉添加比例达到20%时,冷冻面团馒头的硬度和咀嚼性达到最小值,分别为2 833 g 和2 567 g。适当增加小麦粉中的淀粉含量改善面团的加工适应性,更利于冷冻面团馒头的制备。     

壳聚糖对小麦面团流变学特性的影响

研究壳聚糖添加量0、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%(w/w)对小麦面团面筋含量、粉质特性、拉伸特性、动态流变特性、质构特性及巯基含量的影响。结果表明,面团流变学各项指标与壳聚糖的添加量有关。随着壳聚糖的添加量增加,湿面筋含量、干面筋含量、面筋持水率增加,而面筋指数下降。同时,面团的形成时间、稳定时间、弹性模量和粘性模量增加。质构仪(TPA)结果表明,面团硬度、咀嚼性增大。当壳聚糖添加量为0.8%时,面团拉伸特性最佳,继续添加反而使拉伸特性降低。巯基含量随壳聚糖添加量增加无显著差异,说明壳聚糖对巯基氧化所需的化学环境并没有造成影响。面团流变学特性变化的原因在于壳聚糖的高持水性和粘附性提升了面团的耐搅拌性,对面筋网络结构有破坏作用。     

水分对冷冻小麦面团质构及面筋蛋白二级结构的影响

应用质构分析仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测定小麦面团质构特性和微观结构(面筋蛋白二级结构),分析不同加水量对冷冻和未冷冻面团品质的影响。结果表明:加水量和冷冻对小麦面团的质构特性和面筋蛋白二级结构影响显著。随着加水量的增加,冷冻后小麦面团与未冷冻相比硬度增加、黏性升高、内聚性下降、弹性降低,而对面团的回复性影响很小。经冷冻后面团面筋蛋白的二级结构β-折叠和α-螺旋的相对含量增加,β-转角的相对含量降低,使面筋蛋白的网状结构趋于稳定。以上结果可以说明水分可能是影响冷冻面团品质的一个重要因素,也为进一步揭示加水量在小麦冷冻面团中的作用机理提供了重要的研究参考。     

马铃薯全粉在面条中的应用研究

将马铃薯全粉添加到小麦粉中,并辅助添加谷朊粉,制成马铃薯全粉面条。从质构特性、微观结构和面条的理化性质三个层面对三个不同马铃薯全粉添加比例的面条组别进行研究,发现马铃薯全粉对面团的力学性质,面筋网络的形成和构造以及面条的蒸煮参数和外观都会产生一定的影响。结果表明：马铃薯全粉添加量为20%（g/g）,谷朊粉添加为0.03%（g/g）时,总体指标最好;马铃薯全粉对面团的作用具有双向性,马铃薯淀粉对面团的影响偏负向,但是其中的多糖和蛋白质可能对面团和面筋网络有正向影响,同时谷朊粉的添加对面团的稳定性和面条的质量有改善作用。     

黑玉米全粉对小麦面团流变学特性及酥性饼干品质的影响

为了拓宽黑玉米全粉在烘焙食品领域的应用,将黑玉米全粉以0~50%的比例替代强中筋小麦粉,利用黏度仪、粉质及拉伸仪等研究黑玉米全粉替代对小麦粉理化特性及面团热机械特性的影响;利用质构仪、感官评价研究黑玉米全粉替代对酥性饼干品质特性的影响。结果表明,黑玉米全粉的加入对面筋网络结构起到阻隔和断裂作用,湿面筋含量及沉降值分别下降了73.2%、71.0%,面团筋度显著降低。黑玉米全粉替代显著改变了面团的流变学特性,面团形成时间、稳定时间下降,弱化度升高;拉伸能量、延伸度、最大拉伸阻力下降,面团强度、稳定性及耐搅拌性降低,加工性能劣化。黑玉米全粉替代小麦粉酥性饼干的延展因子、质构特性及感官评价指标综合分析结果显示,20%黑玉米全粉添加量的饼干延展因子最大,组织结构细密均匀,表面光滑无裂纹,咀嚼性及硬度最大,酥脆性最好,口感最佳。黑玉米全粉酥性饼干常温下6个月保质期内水分、酸价、过氧化值及菌群总数、大肠菌群、霉菌、致病菌指标都符合国家标准。20%的黑玉米全粉添加量使得小麦粉面团在筋度适当下降的同时获得具有黑玉米风味、口感较好的酥性饼干,该研究可为黑玉米全粉在食品加工行业的应用提供理论依据。     

谷朊粉对糙米粉面团性质影响研究

研究了谷朊粉添加量对糙米粉面团性质的影响,主要包括粉质特性、热机械性质、流变学性质、微观结构等。结果表明:随着谷朊粉添加量增大,面团的吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、淀粉衰减值和回生程度均在逐渐增长,蛋白弱化度在逐渐降低。糙米粉面团的弹性模量和粘性模量均在增大,且弹性模量大于粘性模量。扫描电镜结果显示:随着谷朊粉添加量增大,面团的网络结构越来越明显,淀粉颗粒镶嵌在蛋白形成的网络结构中,增加了面团的弹性及变形的阻力。     

Influence of wheat starch on rheological,structural and physico-chemical properties gluten–starch dough during mixing

This study mainly explored that the influence of wheat starch source on the rheology behaviours and structural properties of gluten–starch dough, and then the model doughs were prepared by the AK58 wheat gluten and three types of starches from strong (ZM366S), medium (AK58S) and weak gluten wheat (ZM103S) during mixing were studied. The damaged starch content of wheat starch was positively correlated with the wheat gluten strength, while the granule size was negatively. The G', G" and the extension resistance of ZM366S dough were higher than those of other doughs, which implied the source of starch also had a significant influence on the rheological properties. CLSM also observed that ZM366S was more closely bound to the gluten protein network. The glutenin macropolymer (GMP) content of ZM366S model dough was the highest, while the SH content was the lowest. Decreases in elasticity, extension and GMP, and small increase in SH content were displayed during dough mixing. Molecular forces were varied with different wheat starch and mixing time. The covalent bond was the main force between ZM103S and gluten, whereas the hydrogen and covalent bonds were the main force between ZM366S or AK58S and gluten. The interactions between ZM366 starch and gluten were stronger than others starch.     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶对小米制面性能及淀粉体外消化的影响

研究谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TGase)处理对小米面团的制面性能和淀粉体外消化的影响及其内在机理。添加15%的谷朊粉或蛋清粉的小米面团用于制备面条,通过色差仪、质构仪、蒸煮实验和体外模拟消化,测定小米面条的色泽、质构、蒸煮特性和淀粉消化速率。结果表明,小米面团经TGase处理,降低了小米面条的蒸煮损失,提高了面条弹性,但减小了面条的黄色值(b~*)。而且,TGase处理显著降低了含谷朊粉小米面条的淀粉消化速率,使快消化淀粉(RDS)含量降低而抗性淀粉(RS)含量增加,但对含蛋清粉小米面条的淀粉消化影响不明显。此外,SDS-PAGE和游离氨基含量分析表明,TGase可以催化含谷朊粉或蛋清粉的小米面条中的蛋白质发生交联反应。扫描电镜显微图像(SEM)显示TGase处理使淀粉颗粒被更好的包裹在网络结构中。核磁共振成像(MRI)发现小米面条中添加TGase可以减缓储藏过程中的水分迁移和面条结构的劣变。     

Effects of cellulosic fibre on physical and rheological properties of starch,gluten and wheat flour

In this study, we report on the effects of cellulose fibres of different particle size on changes to dough water absorption and rheology; and on effects of fibre on starch and gluten, separately, at different levels of fibre incorporation (0.1–10%). Water absorption and dough‐mixing properties were affected with fibre incorporation, with 40‐μm fibre incorporation resulting in greater absorption values. Dough stickiness and extensibility were affected by cellulose fibre particle size, and decreased with increasing fibre addition. Flour or starch and fibre mixtures were evaluated using a Micro ViscoAmlyoGraph (MVAG), and the resulting gel firmness was measured using a texture analyzer. MVAG peak and final viscosities of flour samples decreased with increasing fibre content. Starch–fibre interactions followed a similar trend as flour–fibre treatments. Gluten–fibre interactions were also measured using a Gluten Peak Tester on flour–fibre and gluten–fibre mixtures. Cellulose fibre enhanced the kinetics of gluten aggregation.     

Effect of baked wheat germ on gluten protein network in steamed bread dough

The effect of baked wheat germ (BWG) on the gluten network structure in steam bread dough was investigated. The secondary structure, free sulphydryl (-SH) content, disulphide (-SS-) bonds content and microstructure of gluten were analysed to evaluate gluten structural changes. The addition of different amounts of BWG (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12%) in dough resulted in decreased content of α-helix and β-sheet structures, but increased random coils, which indicated that a disordered structure was formed. The presence of BWG increased the -SH content but decreased the -SS- bonds content, which indicated fracture of disulfide bonds. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis indicated that steamed bread dough containing BWG had larger-sized gas cell and granules of starch separated by the protein matrix, which weakened the gluten network structure. These changes may inevitably affect the viscoelastic properties of steamed bread dough.     

Influence of wheat flour substitution with potato pulp on dough rheology,microstructure and noodle quality

The effects of potato pulp (0–40%) on dough rheology and microstructures, as well as noodle quality, were investigated in this study. Substitution of wheat flour with potato pulp led to a decrease in β-sheet content, an increase in α-helix and unordered content for protein in dough, as well as a drop of the storage and loss modulus, which was mainly caused by the weakening of dough gluten strength. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the gluten–starch network could no longer to be observed for the formulated dough containing 30–40% potato pulp. Structural damage of dough induced the increases in optimal cooking time, cooking loss and adhesiveness, and a decrease in cohesiveness of cooked noodles. However, the samples with 20% potato pulp addition showed higher values in water absorption, hardness, springiness and chewiness, indicating that noodles with potato pulp content below 20% were acceptable.     

Laboratory‐scale Dry/Wet‐Milling Process for the Extraction of Starch and Gluten from Wheat

A laboratory‐scale process is presented for the manufacture of starch and gluten from wheat. Main feature of this process is that whole wheat kernels are crushed dry between smooth rolls prior to wet disintegration in excess water in such way that gluten formation is prevented and fibres can be removed by sieving. Centrifugation of the endosperm suspension yields a dough which can be separated into starch and gluten using an established batter process. The results suggest that starch recovery is increased in comparison to a conventional wheat flour process without a concomitant decrease in protein recovery. Although starch purification was omitted, a total starch with a low protein content is obtained. On the other hand, the protein content of the gluten fraction is rather low due to difficulties in removing the starch. Despite this, the effect on dough mechanical properties by the addition of gluten obtained from wet‐milled wheat is comparable to the effect of gluten from flour.     

蛋白质和淀粉对面团流变学特性和淀粉糊化特性的影响

以3个筋力不同的小麦粉为材料,利用分离重组方法,在保持小麦粉其他成分不变的情况下,组成不同面筋蛋白和淀粉含量的配粉,研究面筋蛋白和淀粉添加量对面团流变学特性和面粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明：随着面筋蛋白添加量的增加,3种筋力小麦粉配粉的面团稳定时间和粉质质量指数均呈升高趋势,峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度、稀懈值、回生值等总体呈下降趋势。小麦粉添加淀粉后,面团稳定时间和粉质质量指数均呈下降趋势,峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度、稀懈值、回生值等总体呈升高趋势。面筋蛋白和淀粉对小麦面团吸水率和面粉糊化温度的影响均较小。不同筋力小麦粉配粉各品质指标总体变化趋势一致,但变化幅度有一定差异。