PCM法泡沫铝的研究及应用现状

介绍了PCM法制备泡沫铝的国内外研究现状，讨论了一些因素对泡沫铝发泡行为及其孔结构的影响。并对PCM法大尺寸泡沫铝及复合结构的制备、应用做了介绍。最后对PCM法制备泡沫铝今后的发展方向和现存问题做了分析。     

PCM法泡沫铝合金的研究现状

介绍了泡沫铝的国内外研究现状和改善泡沫铝合金性能的途径,讨论了一些因素对PCM法制备泡沫铝发泡行为及其孔结构的影响。这些因素包括预制体制备方式、粉体颗粒粒度、TiH2的分解特性和冷却方式。并对PCM法制备泡沫铝合金今后的发展方向和现存问题做了分析。     

基于PCM法泡沫铝制备工艺的控制及发展

介绍了粉末冶金压制法制备泡沫铝的国内外研究现状,讨论了一些因素对PCM法制备泡沫铝发泡行为及其孔结构的影响。并对PCM法制备大尺寸泡沫铝的工艺做了介绍。最后对PCM法制备泡沫铝合金今后的发展方向和现存问题做了分析。     

冷压-溶解-真空烧结法制备泡沫铝的阻尼性能研究

采用冷压-溶解-真空烧结法制备泡沫铝，并用单自由度稳态正弦激励法对制备的不同孔隙度及不同孔径的泡沫铝的阻尼性能进行了研究，讨论了加入Y2O3对泡沫铝阻尼性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明：泡沫铝的阻尼性能随着孔隙度的增加而增加，随着孔径的增大而减小；加入适量的Y2O3可以改善泡沫铝的阻尼性能和力学性能，当Y2O3加入的质量分数为0．5％～0．8％时泡沫铝达到了最佳的阻尼性能和力学性能，但过量的Y2O3将导致阻尼性能和力学性能降低。     

粉末烧结法制备开孔泡沫铝压缩性能的研究

采用粉末烧结工艺制备开孔泡沫铝并研究了其压缩性能，不同形态的尿素和氯化钠颗粒作为造孔剂使泡沫铝的孔隙度控制在70％。结果表明：粉末烧结法制备的泡沫铝呵以容易地控制孔隙度及孔径的大小，并且孔结构很好地保持了造孔剂的形状。不同的孔结构对泡沫铝的压缩性能具有显著影响，球形孔结构得到了最佳的压缩效果。     

泡沫铝及其三明治结构累积叠轧制备

通过累积叠轧法制备泡沫铝.采用称重法研究泡沫铝孔隙结构,利用光学显微镜观察泡沫铝孔隙形貌.发现以TiH₂为发泡介质,当发泡温度660~680℃和发泡时间6~10 min时,利用累积叠轧法制备泡沫铝的孔隙结构特性最好.发泡温度和发泡时间的最佳值与发泡剂用量有关,TiH₂质量分数为1.5%,在670℃发泡8 min,泡沫铝的孔隙率可达到42%,孔径为0.43 mm.以制备的泡沫铝为夹芯,通过轧制复合制备了TC4钛合金/泡沫铝芯和1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢/泡沫铝芯三明治板.利用光学显微镜和能谱仪研究了三明治板的界面.面板与芯板间的化合反应形成了界面的反应层,界面实现了冶金结合.      

泡沫铝材料的研究与应用

泡沫金属具有实体金属不具备的热、声、轻质、能量吸收等优异性能,成为一种新型结构功能材料.被誉为"金属明星"的多孔泡沫铝材料是目前研究最为热门、最具应用潜力的泡沫金属,具有密度小、耐高温、抗腐蚀、不易燃、耐候性好、导热率低、电磁屏蔽强、吸能降噪等优异性能,被广泛应用在汽车工业、航空航天、建筑工业等工程领域.本文综述了泡沫...     

泡沫铝制备与其压缩性能研究

采用粉末致密化发泡（PCF）工艺制备了泡沫纯铝,对制备过程及影响孔结构的因素进行了分析.系统研究了压力、发泡温度、发泡时间、发泡剂含量和粒度对泡沫纯铝结构变化的影响规律,用自行设计的软件FoamScan对孔结构进行了描述.得出了试验条件下的优化工艺参数配置.进行了泡沫铝压缩性能测试,通过理论模型、性能测试数据作图对比的方法获得了孔隙率83%～87%泡沫纯铝的屈服强度表达式.确定了泡沫纯铝的制备工艺、结构、性能的相互关系.     

Fabrication of Aluminum Foams with Small Pore Size by Melt Foaming Method

This article introduces an improvement to the fabrication of aluminum foams with small pore size by melt foaming method. Before added to the melt, the foaming agent (titanium hydride) was pretreated in two steps. It firstly went through the traditional pre-oxidation treatment, which delayed the decomposition of titanium hydride and made sure the dispersion stage was controllable. Then such pre-oxidized titanium hydride powder was mixed with copper powder in a planetary ball mill. This treatment can not only increase the number of foaming agent particles and make them easier to disperse in the melt, which helps to increase the number of pores, but also reduce the amount of hydrogen released in the foaming stage. Therefore, the pore size could be decreased. Using such a ball-milled foaming agent in melt foaming method, aluminum foams with small pore size (average size of 1.6 mm) were successfully fabricated.     

硫酸铝作为活化剂的浮选试验及其活化机理探讨

某钨钼和萤石共生矿石的浮选试验中,考察了硫酸铝、硝酸铅和氟化氢铵对白钨矿、钨钼钙矿、钼钙矿和萤石的活化作用。结果表明:硫酸铝的活化作用显著优于其他2种。通过对硫酸铝活化机理探讨,可知其活化作用在于铝离子可沉淀于矿物表面,并与捕收剂分子反应生成难溶盐,形成疏水性膜,从而使矿物颗粒粘附在气泡上并随其上浮。     

Gas Release Behavior of Cu-TiH<Subscript>2</Subscript> Composite Powder and Its Application as a Blowing Agent to Fabricate Aluminum Foams with Low Porosity and Small Pore Size

Compared to traditional pore structure with high porosity (≥ 80 pct) and large pore size (≥ 3 mm), aluminum foams with low porosity (60 to 70 pct) and small pore size (≤ 2 mm) possess higher compressive property and formability. In order to achieve the goal of reducing pore size, Cu-TiH₂ composite powder prepared by ball milling preoxidized TiH₂ with Cu powder was used as a blowing agent. Its gas release behavior was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that the ball milling treatment can advance the gas release process and slow the gas release rate at the same time. All these changes are favorable to the reduction of porosity and pore size. Such Cu-TiH₂ composite powder provides an alternative way to fabricate aluminum foams with low porosity and small pore size.     

Reduced-Pressure Foaming of Aluminum Alloys

We developed a novel process for foaming aluminum and its alloys without using a blowing agent. The process involves a designated apparatus in which molten aluminum and its alloys are first foamed under reduced pressure and then solidified quickly. Foaming was done for pure aluminum (99.99 pct) and AlMg5 alloy not containing stabilizing particles and AlMg5 and AlSi9Mg5 alloys containing 5 vol pct SiO₂ particles. We discuss the foaming mechanism and develop a model for estimating the porosity that can be achieved in this process. The nucleation of pores in foams is also discussed.     

Quantitative assessment of microstructure and its effects on compression behavior of aluminum foams via high-resolution synchrotron X-ray tomography

Synchrotron X-ray microtomography has been used for the three-dimensional characterization of microstructure in the cell walls of aluminum foams. A combination of high-resolution phase contrast imaging technique and several application techniques has enabled the quantitative image analyses of microstructures as well as the assessment of their effects on deformation behaviors. The application techniques include local area tomography, microstructural gauging and in-situ observation using a specially designed material test rig. It has been clarified that ductile buckling of a cell wall occurs regardless of any of the microstructural factors in the case of a pure aluminum foam, while rather brittle fracture of a cell wall is induced by the existence of coarse micropores and their distribution independently of the intermetallic particles and the grain boundary in the case of aluminum foams alloyed with Zn and Mg. It has also been confirmed that coarse TiH₂ particles, which are a residual foaming agent added to alloy melts, remain intact during the deformation. When cooling rate during foaming is high, however, lower energy absorption might be attributable to the significant amount of residual TiH₂ particle and its inhomogeneous distribution. These tendencies are also confirmed by three-dimensional strain mapping by tracking internal microstructural features.     

Fabrication of Al-3.7?Pct Si-0.18?Pct Mg Foam Strengthened by AlN Particle Dispersion and its Compressive Properties

Al-3.7 pct Si-0.18 pct Mg foams strengthened by AlN particle dispersion were prepared by a melt foaming method, and the effect of foaming temperature on the foaming behavior was investigated. Al-3.7 pct Si-0.18 pct Mg alloy containing AlN particles was prepared by noncompressive infiltration of Al powder compacts with molten Al alloy in nitrogen atmosphere, and it was foamed at different foaming temperatures ranging from 1023 to 1173 K. The porosity of prepared foam decreases and the pore structure becomes homogeneous with increasing foaming temperature. When the foaming temperature is higher than 1123 K, homogeneous pores are formed in the prepared ingot without using oxide particles and metallic calcium granules, which are usually used for stabilizing a foaming process. This stabilization of the foaming at high temperatures is possibly caused by Al₃Ti intermetallic compounds formed at high temperature and AlN particles. Compression tests for the prepared foams revealed that the absorbed energy per unit mass of prepared Al-3.7 pct Si-0.18 pct Mg foam is higher than those of aluminum foams strengthened by alloying or dispersion of reinforcements. It is remarkable that the oscillation in stress, which usually appears in strengthened aluminum foams, does not appear in the plateau stress region of the present Al-3.7 pct Si-0.18 pct Mg foam. The homogeneity in cell walls and pore morphology due to the stabilization of pore formation and growth by AlN and Al₃Ti particles is a possible cause of this smooth plateau stress region.     

Blast Testing of Aluminum Foam–Protected Reinforced Concrete Slabs

Aluminum foam is a newly developed mobile and lightweight material with excellent energy absorption capacities. Applying aluminum foam as a sacrificial protection layer on the bearing faces of protected structures can mitigate blast effects on the resistance capacities of structures against impact or blast loading. The aluminum foam undergoes great plastic deformation under transient dynamic loads before becoming fully densified, making it excellent for mitigating blast effects on these structures. In this paper, we conducted quasi-static testing on two types of aluminum foam specimens and obtained the primary parameters for the mechanical properties of aluminum foam specimens. We then used these two types of aluminum foams to protect the reinforced concrete (RC) slabs, and we conducted a series of tests to investigate the performance of the aluminum foam–protected RC slabs against blast loads. We tested a total of five foam-protected slabs and one control RC slab in the blast test program. The test results, including displacement and acceleration histories, performance of specimens, and maximum and permanent deflections, were fully reported. We then discussed the efficiency of aluminum foam to mitigate blast loads on protected RC slabs.     

Comparative Study on Microstructural Characteristics and Compression Deformation Behaviour of Alumina and Cenosphere Reinforced Aluminum Syntactic Foam Made Through Stir Casting Technique

In order to examine the effect of microballoons type on microstructure and compressive deformation behaviour of aluminum syntactic foam, alumina reinforced and cenosphere reinforced aluminum syntactic foams have been made through stir-casting technique. Alumina microballoons reinforced aluminum syntactic foam (AMRASF) has been developed using stir casting technique. Volume fraction of alumina microballoons in AMRASF varies in the range of 0.39–0.74. The compressive deformation behavior of these AMRASF is compared with that of cenosphere reinforced aluminum syntactic foam (CPRASF). The AMRASF does not exhibit clear plastic collapse stage as observed in case of CPRSAF. It is further noted that AMRASF shows the existence of work hardening phenomena after yielding but CPRASF does not show any significant work hardening after yielding even at higher relative densities of foam. This is explained on the basis of characteristics of alumina microballoons and cenospheres and interface characteristics between matrix and respective microballoons used. Effect of individual microballoons’ characteristics on the foam properties has also been explained.     

Effect of Sn on the Dehydrogenation Process of TiH2 in Al Foams

The study of the dehydrogenation process of TiH₂ in aluminum foams produced by the powder metallurgy technique is essential to understanding its foaming behavior. Tin was added to the Al foam to modify the dehydrogenation process and stabilize the foam. A gradual decomposition and more retention of hydrogen gas can be achieved with Sn addition resulting in a gradual and larger expansion of the foam.     

Fabrication of foamable precursors by powder compression and induction heating process

In the powder compact melting technique, metallic foams are fabricated by heating a precursor, thus initiating cell growth and foam formation. Proper precursor fabrication is very important because the density distribution after foaming and the foamability are determined during the precursor-fabrication process. The fabrication of the precursor has to be performed very carefully because any residual porosity or other defects will lead to poor results in further processing. In order to evaluate the effect of the compaction parameters on the kinetics of the foaming process, a series of experiments were performed. In this study, 6061 aluminum foams having a closed-cell structure were fabricated by the powder compact method and an induction heating process. An induction coil was designed to obtain a uniform temperature distribution over the entire cross-sectional area of the precursor. To establish the foamable precursor fabrication conditions, the effects of process parameters such as titanium hydride content (0.1 to 1.5 wt pct) and the compression pressure of the foamable precursor (50 to 150 kN) on the pore morphology were investigated.     

碳化硼-泡沫铝双层复合材料的制备及其防弹性能

采用热压烧结制备的碳化硼陶瓷和发泡法制备的泡沫铝,经环氧树脂黏结后制备得到碳化硼-泡沫铝双层复合材料.通过对材料靶板进行实弹靶试试验,着重研究和分析了该双层复合材料的防弹性能.靶试试验中,使用口径分别为7.62mm和12.7 mm的穿甲燃烧弹,冲击速度约820 m·s-1,射击距离为10m.试验结果表明:碳化硼-泡沫铝双层复合材料对7.62mm口径穿甲燃烧弹具有较好的防护能力,其防护系数范围为5.06-5.12.      

Processing and Pore Growth Mechanisms in Aluminum Gasarites Produced by Thermal Decomposition

Gasarites are a subclass of metallic foams that have a cylindrical pore morphology created by directional solidification of metals saturated with a gas. Thermal decomposition is an alternative process in which the soluble gas is delivered by decomposition of a particulate gas source. Aluminum gasarites formed through decomposition of titanium and zirconium hydrides were studied to both replicate the results of a previous study and discern pore-formation mechanisms. Replication of the previous study was not achieved, and additional processing enhancements were required to produce gasarite pore morphologies. For the first time, zirconium hydride was utilized to produce gasarites, with porosity levels and pore sizes lower than that from titanium hydride. Maximum average porosity levels of 10 and 6 pct were observed for titanium hydride and zirconium hydride, respectively. Pore-formation mechanisms in aluminum gasarite foams created via thermal decomposition of titanium and zirconium hydrides were evaluated through metallographic analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Definitive evidence of gas–metal eutectic pore growth was not found, but pore morphological characteristics and chemical analysis of particulate at pore surfaces support direct gas evolution from the hydride particles as a contributor to pore formation and growth.