不同钙源对MICP固化氰化尾渣的影响

为探究固化氰化尾渣最佳参数,实现最优试验方案,采用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀（MICP）技术,通过设计4种不同钙源,对比研究尿素与氯化钙、乙酸钙、硝酸钙和乳酸钙的4种胶结液,进行固化氰化尾渣,讨论了在不同钙源添加下MICP固化氰化尾渣的效果,分析了固化体无侧限抗压强度、重金属浸出和重金属形态、SEM和XRD表征等方法的可行性。物理力学指标表明,乙酸钙和氯化钙作为钙源时,固化氰化尾渣的效果优于硝酸钙和乳酸钙,结合SEM、FT-IR和XRD结果,确定乙酸钙为最优钙源。该研究可以为MICP技术在固化氰化尾渣工程应用提供科学依据和参考。     

Evidence for abnormal calcium homeostasis in patients with adynamic bone disease

To investigate whether the derangements in calcium kinetics in patients with renal osteodystrophy are similar in the various histologic forms of this metabolic bone disease, 43 patients on chronic maintenance dialysis underwent calcium kinetic studies using the double isotope technique, iliac crest bone biopsies for mineralized bone histology and histomorphometry and determinations of serum indices of calcium and bone metabolism. Intestinal calcium absorption was not different among the three histologic groups. However, women exhibited lower calcium absorption in each histologic form (P < 0.01). Patients with predominant hyperparathyroid bone disease showed plasma calcium efflux, calcium accretion rate and calcium retention markedly above normal values. Patients with low turnover bone disease exhibited a normal or slightly decreased plasma calcium efflux and calcium accretion rate together with a disproportionately low calcium retention. Patients with mixed uremic osteodystrophy presented with a calcium kinetic profile intermediary to the two other forms. Good relationships existed between plasma calcium efflux, calcium accretion rate, calcium retention and histomorphometric parameters of bone turnover as well as serum levels of parathyroid hormone. However, no serum parameter could indicate with certainty the underlying bone disease. These findings demonstrate that adynamic bone disease does not merely represent an academic finding but is characterized by a very low bone capacity to buffer calcium and inability to handle an extra calcium load. This is particularly relevant for the daily care of end-stage renal failure patients presently receiving higher than ever amounts of vitamin D and calcium salts.     

Fractionation of canine serum calcium, using a micropartition system

OBJECTIVE: To determine usefulness of a micropartition system for calcium fractionation of canine serum, and to establish reference values for protein-bound, complexed, and ionized calcium fractions in clinically normal dogs. DESIGN: Performance characteristics of a micropartition system were evaluated, using serum from clinically normal dogs. This micropartition system was then used to determine a reference range for calcium fractions. ANIMALS: 13 clinically normal dogs. PROCEDURE: Dog serum was placed in the micropartition system, and spun for 20 minutes at 1,300 x g. Total calcium concentration, ionized calcium concentration, and pH were measured in whole serum, and total calcium concentration was measured in the ultrafiltrate. The protein-bound fraction was calculated by subtracting total calcium of the ultrafiltrate from total calcium of whole serum. The ionized calcium measurement of whole serum was subtracted from the total calcium measurement of the ultrafiltrate, determining the complexed calcium fraction. RESULTS: During validation of the ability of the micropartition system to separate calcium fractions, no significant amount of serum calcium was adsorbed by the plastic micropartition system or membrane. The micropartition membrane separated the protein-bound calcium fraction (retentate) from the ultrafiltrate, which contained ionized and complexed fractions of calcium. Concentrations of protein-bound, ionized, and complexed calcium from clinically normal dogs were determined to be 3.40 +/- 0.63, 5.49 +/- 0.17, and 1.01 +/- 0.30 mg/dl, representing 34, 56, and 10% of the total calcium concentration, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This method is a rapid, repeatable means to completely fractionate serum calcium, and most importantly provides accurate assessment of the protein-bound and complexed calcium fractions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Complete assessment of calcium fractions may increase sensitivity for detection of disease processes that affect calcium metabolism.     

碘量-重量法测定脱硫灰还原产物中硫化钙和亚硫酸钙

准确测定硫化钙和亚硫酸钙的含量,对于脱硫灰还原工艺的参数选择和转化进程的研究具有重要意义。用过量碘标准滴定溶液将样品中的硫化钙和亚硫酸钙氧化,磷酸(1+4)溶液溶解样品并调节pH值,硫代硫酸钠标准滴定溶液返滴定得到硫化钙和亚硫酸钙消耗的碘标准滴定溶液的量,从而得到硫化钙和亚硫酸钙的总含量;硫化钙与碘反应生成硫单质,用热氢氧化钾溶液洗脱生成的硫单质的质量得到样品中硫化钙的含量,两者之差即为亚硫酸钙的含量,从而建立了脱硫灰还原产物中硫化钙和亚硫酸钙的测定方法。将实验方法应用于不同工艺流程得到的脱硫灰还原产物测定,7次平行测定硫化钙和亚硫酸钙结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)为0.54%~1.8%。按照实验方法,对3种配制的脱硫灰还原产物中硫化钙和亚硫酸钙进行测定,测定值均和理论值相符。     

Systemic and cellular calcium metabolism and hypertension

The calcium status of humans with essential hypertension and genetic animal models of hypertension is characterized by low serum ionized calcium concentration, increased urinary calcium excretion, and increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration. Calcitriol metabolism and bone mineralization are also altered in hypertension. These alterations in systemic calcium metabolism may be linked to factors responsible for the elevated blood pressure. Cytosolic free calcium tends to be increased in most cells that have been studied from hypertensive humans and animals. Changes in cellular calcium metabolism may be partly mediated by calcium-regulating hormones that tend to be elevated in essential hypertension such as PTH and calcitriol. Administration of supplemental dietary calcium tends to suppress PTH, calcitriol, and intracellular free calcium. Further research is need concerning the observed association among systemic markers of calcium metabolism, cellular calcium metabolism, and arterial blood pressure regulation.     

Transient mitochondrial depolarizations reflect focal sarcoplasmic reticular calcium release in single rat cardiomyocytes

Digital imaging of mitochondrial potential in single rat cardiomyocytes revealed transient depolarizations of mitochondria discretely localized within the cell, a phenomenon that we shall call "flicker." These events were usually highly localized and could be restricted to single mitochondria, but they could also be more widely distributed within the cell. Contractile waves, either spontaneous or in response to depolarization with 50 mM K+, were associated with propagating waves of mitochondrial depolarization, suggesting that propagating calcium waves are associated with mitochondrial calcium uptake and consequent depolarization. Here we demonstrate that the mitochondrial flicker was directly related to the focal release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) calcium stores and consequent uptake of calcium by local mitochondria. Thus, the events were dramatically reduced by (a) depletion of SR calcium stores after long-term incubation in EGTA or thapsigargin (500 nM); (b) buffering intracellular calcium using BAPTA-AM loading; (c) blockade of SR calcium release with ryanodine (30 microM); and (d) blockade of mitochondrial calcium uptake by microinjection of diaminopentane pentammine cobalt (DAPPAC), a novel inhibitor of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter. These observations demonstrate that focal SR calcium release results in calcium microdomains sufficient to promote local mitochondrial calcium uptake, suggesting a tight coupling of calcium signaling between SR release sites and nearby mitochondria.     

铝脱氧钢钙处理效果影响因素分析

 由于对钙处理影响因素的认识不足,不同企业的钙处理效果不尽相同。为了促进钙处理精准度的提升,从钢液和炉渣成分、钙处理合金种类及载体、钙处理工艺操作以及钙处理时机等方面对铝脱氧钢钙处理效果的影响因素及其影响规律进行了简要阐述。钙处理效果影响因素很多,不同企业面临的主要影响因素也不尽相同。研究结果可以帮助钢铁企业认识自身钙处理效果的主要影响因素,进而实现钙处理的精准控制,达到提升产品质量和降低生产成本的目的。     

MRI of pseudoaneurysm of a brachial venous coronary bypass graft

We studied the following responses to restriction of dietary calcium and phosphorus in the growing hamster: (i) serum concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D metabolites; and (ii) calcium transport by ileum. Diets fed were normal calcium with normal or low phosphorus or low calcium with normal or low phosphorus. We found serum 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycalciferol (1,25-[OH]2D) concentration did not differ significantly among the diet groups. Calcium absorption, measured as serosal/mucosal calcium concentration ratio produced by everted ileal sac, was greater in the low calcium, normal phosphorous group than in all other groups. The other groups did not differ from one another in calcium absorption. Feeding the low calcium, normal phosphorus diet increased inorganic phosphorus and magnesium but decreased calcium concentration in serum in comparison with the three other diets. Both low phosphorus diets were without effect on serum calcium, but the low calcium, low phosphorus diet increased serum inorganic phosphorus and magnesium above that of the normal calcium, low phosphorus diet. Ileal calcium absorption in hamster (i) was independent of serum 1,25-(OH)2D concentration; (ii) increased in response to low dietary calcium if dietary phosphorus was normal; and (iii) was independent of dietary calcium, if dietary phosphorus was low. Despite increased calcium absorption, serum calcium was decreased in the low calcium-normal phosphorus group as compared with all other groups. Feeding low calcium diets increased serum inorganic phosphorus and magnesium as compared with feeding the corresponding normal calcium diets (i.e., independently of whether dietary phosphorus content was normal or low). These studies demonstrate that the interrelationships between calcium absorption and vitamin D and mineral metabolism in hamster differ from other mammals.     

Development and regulation of calcium metabolism in healthy girls

The major components of calcium metabolism, as evaluated by a dual-tracer stable isotope method, were determined in 100 studies of 68 healthy girls, aged 5-18 y and analyzed from a developmental and regulatory viewpoint. Bone calcium deposition and removal rates were closely correlated with the size of the exchangeable bone calcium compartment. All three quantities, as well as intestinal calcium absorption, peaked at or near menarche. Both bone calcium deposition and removal rates were positively and linearly correlated with calcium absorption. However, in this correlation, because bone calcium deposition increased 70% faster than calcium absorption, most of the increase in the bone calcium compartment and its turnover must have occurred in response to something other than intestinal calcium input; presumably this occurred in response to developmental signals. Nevertheless, the constancy of the serum calcium in the face of a large intestinal calcium input and the modest way in which excretion overcame the calcium load in this population point to the importance of the exchangeable bone calcium compartment, in dynamic equilibrium with the bone mineral, as the site at which most of the load is taken up. In this population of girls, as in older women, this increase in the skeletal calcium balance resulted from a decrease in the bone calcium removal rate that was greater than the corresponding increase in the bone calcium deposition rate.     

电位滴定法测定含钙合金中氧化钙

硅钙、硅钙钡、硅铝钙钡等含钙合金是炼钢过程中的脱氧剂,因为钙合金为有效脱氧的成分,而氧化钙不但是非有效脱氧成分,而且还会引入氧元素,严重影响产品质量。因此研究开发测定钙合金中氧化钙的方法意义重大。实验在加热的条件下,使含钙合金试样中的氧化钙与丙三醇和无水乙醇的混合溶液发生反应,生成相应的呈弱碱性的络合物,用苯甲酸标准溶液进行电位滴定,实现了电位滴定法测定氧化钙含量。丙三醇和无水乙醇只与含钙合金中的氧化钙定量反应,生成相应的化合物,不受其他形态的钙干扰。实验方法用于含钙合金样品中氧化钙的测定,测得结果的相对标准偏差小于2.5%,同时对含钙合金样品进行加标回收试验,测定回收率在99%~106%之间。     

碘量-重量法测定脱硫灰还原产物中硫化钙和亚硫酸钙

准确测定硫化钙和亚硫酸钙的含量,对于脱硫灰还原工艺的参数选择和转化进程的研究具有重要意义。用过量碘标准滴定溶液将样品中的硫化钙和亚硫酸钙氧化,磷酸(1+4)溶液溶解样品并调节pH值,硫代硫酸钠标准滴定溶液返滴定得到硫化钙和亚硫酸钙消耗的碘标准滴定溶液的量,从而得到硫化钙和亚硫酸钙的总含量;硫化钙与碘反应生成硫单质,用热氢氧化钾溶液洗脱生成的硫单质的质量得到样品中硫化钙的含量,两者之差即为亚硫酸钙的含量,从而建立了脱硫灰还原产物中硫化钙和亚硫酸钙的测定方法。将实验方法应用于不同工艺流程得到的脱硫灰还原产物测定,7次平行测定硫化钙和亚硫酸钙结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)为0.54%~1.8%。按照实验方法,对3种配制的脱硫灰还原产物中硫化钙和亚硫酸钙进行测定,测定值均和理论值相符。     

The regulation of calcium homeostasis in nerve cells

We have reviewed the major cellular elements related to the release and buffering of calcium in neurons. Voltage-operated, chemical-operated calcium channels and mechanisms of stability of intercellular calcium homeostasis (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, calcium binding proteins, calcium exchange and calcium pump) are demonstrated in normal and pathological condition (105 ref.).     

Relative maxillary retrusion as a natural consequence of aging: combining skeletal and soft-tissue changes into an integrated model of midfacial aging

Depletion of intracellular calcium stores by agonist stimulation is coupled to calcium influx across the plasma membrane, a process termed capacitative calcium entry. Capacitative calcium entry was examined in cultured guinea pig enteric glial cells exposed to endothelin 3. Endothelin 3 (10 nM) caused mobilization of intracellular calcium stores followed by influx of extracellular calcium. This capacitative calcium influx was inhibited by Ni2+ (89 +/- 2%) and by La3+ (78 +/- 2%) but was not affected by L-, N-, or P-type calcium channel blockers. Chelerythrine, a specific antagonist of protein kinase C, dose-dependently inhibited capacitative calcium entry. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine decreased calcium influx in a dose-dependent manner. The combination of chelerythrine and NG-nitro-L-arginine produced synergistic inhibitory effects. Capacitative calcium entry occurs in enteric glial cells via lanthanum-inhibitable channels through a process regulated by protein kinase C and nitric oxide.     

Transient Inclusion Evolution During Modification of Alumina Inclusions by Calcium in Liquid Steel: Part I. Background,Experimental Techniques and Analysis Methods

In aluminum-killed steels, modification of solid alumina inclusions is often carried out by calcium treatment, converting the alumina to liquid calcium aluminates. When calcium treatment is performed, calcium can either react with sulfur in the melt or with solid alumina. Calcium sulfide inclusions are solid at steel casting temperatures and thus would be detrimental to castability if they remained in the steel after calcium treatment. The aim was to study the transient evolution of inclusions after calcium treatment, testing the hypothesis that calcium sulfide may form as an intermediate reaction product, which can subsequently react with alumina to form modified calcium aluminates. The first part gives the project background and describes the experimental and quantification techniques adopted, including the effect of sampler size in laboratory melts. Results of the formation of intermediate calcium reaction products in laboratory and industrial heats are presented in the second part.     

Calcium-regulated renal calcium handling in healthy men: relationship to sodium handling

Several studies have shown an increase in urinary calcium excretion in response to a calcium load. However, because of the inverse changes in PTH levels with a calcium load, the effect of changes in serum calcium per se on its own excretion is unclear in humans. In this study we used a PTH clamp protocol to further characterize calcium-regulated renal calcium and magnesium handling and the relationship of the former to sodium excretion. Eight normal male subjects were evaluated using a calcium clearance protocol with graded calcium infusions under a PTH clamp while in balance during a high and then during a low sodium diet. The curves describing calcium and magnesium excretion as a function of serum ionized calcium on the high sodium diet were best fitted by sigmoidal functions, with midpoints (the levels of calcium resulting in half-maximal increases in urinary cation excretion) of 1.51 and 1.49 mmol/L, respectively. The curve describing urinary sodium as a function of serum calcium was also sigmoidal on the high sodium diet, with a midpoint of 1.55 mmol/L. Our data taken in conjunction with those of previous studies evaluating sodium and calcium excretion in diseases characterized by inactivating or activating mutations in the calcium receptor, are consistent with the hypothesis that PTH-independent, calcium-dependent changes in renal calcium, magnesium, and sodium handling may be mediated at least in part by this receptor, which is known to be located in the loop of Henle.     

Calcium supplementation of hen drinking water

Two experiments with White Leghorn hens (42 and 56 wk old, respectively) examined the effects of calcium supplementation through drinking water in the presence of adequate and inadequate dietary calcium. Each experiment was of 28 d duration with six replicate pens of five individually caged hens in each treatment. Treatments were a combination of either 2.25 or 3.5% dietary calcium coupled with tap water or water supplemented with .2% calcium from calcium lactate. In both studies, specific gravity of eggs was significantly improved when low dietary calcium was supplemented with .2% calcium in the drinking water. Egg production and egg weight were not influenced by waterborne calcium. Daily water intake was reduced by calcium lactate in all cases. Feed consumption was also depressed by waterborne calcium in both studies when 3.5% dietary calcium was given, and in Experiment 1 when 2.25% was fed. Waterborne calcium as calcium lactate was found to be effectively utilized for eggshell quality improvement when dietary sources were inadequate.     

Thermodynamics of desulphurization reactions during the treatment of hot metal with calcium and calcium compounds

Basic discussions on the desulphurization reactions when treating hot metal with calcium and calcium compounds shall contribute to a better understanding of the results of this process where mixtures of lime and calcium carbide are added by means of the submerged lance process. From the thermodynamic equilibrium of sulphur and oxygen with calcium carbide it can be concluded that in commercial-scale operation with a submerged lance the use of pulverized calcium carbide leads to a considerable conversion of calcium carbide into calcium oxide due to the dissolution of the oxygen contained in the hot metal. The desulphurization reaction is predominantly a secondary reaction with the calcium oxide which is turned into calcium sulfide. Additions of aluminium into the hot metal rush the lime desulphurization reaction by decreasing the oxygen activity in the hot metal and by suppressing the passive dicalciumsilicate formation on the lime surface by formation of calcium aluminate during the desulphurization reaction.     

Aspects of calcium transport by the ovine placenta: studies based on the interplacentomal region of the chorion

An in vitro technique for the measurement of calcium uptake into the maternal-facing fetal chorionic membrane (apical trophoblast) was used to study the relationship between calcium uptake and stage of pregnancy in the sheep. The effects on calcium uptake of varying calcium concentration and temperature of the incubation medium, of adding calcium channel blockers or heavy metals (lanthanum and nickel) or calcium ionophore/agonist were also studied. The data indicate a saturable calcium uptake process, plateauing after 15 min incubation. This uptake remained constant throughout the last third of gestation until a significant fall in uptake was noted during the final week prior to parturition. This uptake was not due to extracellular cellular diffusion since there was no significant uptake of tritiated inulin over the same period in each case. Calcium uptake in this system was also shown to be a temperature dependent process which was abolished at temperatures of 0-4 degrees C. A decrease in calcium concentration to 0.12 mM in the incubation medium also caused a corresponding decrease in calcium uptake to 21 per cent of control (1.2 mM). The addition of the heavy metals lanthanum and nickel also significantly reduced calcium uptake as did the calcium channel blockers verapamil, metoprolol and diltiazem. The calcium channel ionophore A23187 increased calcium uptake into the material facing chorion. Although the interplacentomal chorion may not be representative of the whole of the placental unit, it clearly contains a specific calcium uptake process under local physiological control. The blocking of calcium uptake by the specific I-type calcium channel blocker verapamil may indicate the presence of I-type channels of unusually low sensitivity since the concentration needed to block them was much higher than would be required for excitable I-type channels in isolated cells.     

Myocardial mitochondrial calcium accumulation modulates nuclear calcium accumulation and DNA fragmentation

BACKGROUND: Previously, we have shown that normothermic global ischemia increases cytosolic calcium accumulation in both the mature and aged heart. Increased nuclear and mitochondrial calcium accumulation was shown to occur in the aged but not the mature heart, and these age-related differences were associated with increased DNA fragmentation and decreased cellular viability only in the aged heart. METHODS: To investigate the relationship between increased mitochondrial and nuclear calcium and DNA fragmentation, mature and aged rabbit hearts were subjected to normothermic global ischemia with and without the addition of ruthenium red to block mitochondrial calcium influx. Cytosolic calcium accumulation was measured in a parallel experiment using fura-2. RESULTS: Ruthenium red ameliorated mitochondrial calcium accumulation and was associated with both decreased DNA fragmentation and decreased nuclear calcium accumulation. CONCLUSIONS: Nuclear calcium accumulation was correlated with increased mitochondrial calcium accumulation but not increased cytosolic calcium accumulation in the aged heart. Modulation of mitochondrion "futile calcium cycling" may be of significance in the modulation of ischemic myocardial injury.     

Transient Inclusion Evolution During Modification of Alumina Inclusions by Calcium in Liquid Steel: Part II. Results and Discussion

The formation of intermediate reaction products after calcium addition to aluminum-killed steel was studied. Steel samples were taken from laboratory and industrial heats before and at various times after calcium treatment. Inclusions were characterized by automated and manual scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis of polished cross sections and inclusions extracted by dissolution of the steel. Industrial and laboratory melts containing more than 40 parts per million (by mass) of dissolved sulfur showed calcium sulfide as the main reaction product after calcium injection, with calcium aluminates appearing later. It is proposed that the calcium aluminates are formed by reaction between the calcium sulfide and the alumina. A laboratory heat containing 7 parts per million of sulfur showed calcium oxide as the main initial calcium reaction product. A simple mechanism is proposed for the modification of alumina inclusions by calcium, considering transient CaO and CaS formation.