基于MEMS的多模态电磁式能量采集器设计与仿真

提出了一种磁铁层和线圈层均能振动的电磁能量采集器方法,设计了磁铁、线圈、支撑层组成的“三明治”结构,并用COMSOL软件对其进行了模态、静态和谐响应仿真,结果表明:设计的结构可实现400 Hz以下6个振动模态,5个方向振动能量的采集,为进一步工艺生产奠定了基础.     

On the performances of a nonlinear hybrid piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy harvester

Microsystem Technologies - A nonlinear energy harvester combined piezoelectric (PE) and electromagnetic (EM) is studied for the low vibration frequency excitation, and its resonant frequency can be...     

Mathematical modelling of cylindrical electromagnetic vibration energy harvesters

In this paper the first steps for the derivation of a mathematical model to describe the mechanical behaviour of a cylindrical electromagnetic vibration energy harvester, designed to extract energy from human gait to power biomedical implantable devices, are provided. As it is usual, in the modelling of such devices, the proposed mechanical model is also based on the solution of Newton's second law, but here a nonlinear closed-form expression is used for the resulting magnetic force of the system, unlike what has been done in previous works where, traditionally, that expression is a linear or is a nonlinear approximation of the real one. The main feature of this mechanical model is that it depends on several parameters which are related to the main characteristics of this kind of devices, which constitutes a major advantage with respect to the usual models available in the literature since these characteristics can always be changed in order to optimize the device.     

Nonlinear behaviour of membrane type electromagnetic energy harvester under harmonic and random vibrations

In this paper, the fabrication and characterization of a vibration-based polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane type electromagnetic energy harvester (EMEH) is reported. The harvester is suitable for generating electric energy from low level sinusoidal and narrow band random vibrations. Under acceleration levels greater than 0.1 g the behaviour of the EMEH is nonlinear, exhibiting sharp jump and hysteresis phenomena during frequency sweeps. Under sinusoidal excitations (0.1–3 g), the device produces a maximum of 88.8 mV load voltage and 39.4 μW power. At a matching load impedance of 10.1 Ω and when excited at its resonant frequency of 108.4 Hz and 3 g base acceleration, it generates a power of 68.0 μW, which corresponds to a power density of 30.22 μW/cm³. The nonlinear behaviour of the EMEH is exploited to harvest energy under narrow band random excitations. At higher acceleration levels of narrow band (50–150 Hz) random excitations, the device exhibits a broadening of the load voltage spectrum in comparison to the response under relatively low acceleration levels of narrow band (5–150 Hz) random excitations. The results show that the nonlinear behaviour of the PDMS membrane can be utilized to enhance the bandwidth of the harvester under narrow band random excitations and provides a simple alternative to other bandwidth broadening methods such as beam prestress, resonance tuning, or stopper impacts.     

Theoretical analysis and experimental study for nonlinear hybrid piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy harvester

A nonlinear hybrid piezoelectric (PE) and electromagnetic (EM) energy harvester is proposed, and its working model is established. Then the vibration response, output power, voltage and current of nonlinear hybrid energy harvester subjected to harmonic excitation are derived by the method of harmonic balance, and their normalized forms are obtained by the defined dimensionless parameters. Through numerical simulation and experimental test, the effects of nonlinear factor, load resistance, excitation frequency and the excitation acceleration on amplitude and electrical performances of hybrid energy harvester are studied, which shows that the numerical results are in agreement with that of experimental tests. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the bigger nonlinear factor, the lower resonant frequency; moreover, there is an optimal nonlinear factor that make the harvester output the maximum power. In addition, the output power of nonlinear hybrid energy harvester reaches the maximum at the optimal loads of PE and EM elements, which can be altered by the excitation acceleration. Meanwhile, the resonant frequency corresponding to the maximum power rises firstly and then falls with PE load enhancing, while it rises with EM load decreasing; furthermore, the frequency lowers with the acceleration increasing. Besides, the larger acceleration is, the bigger power output and the wider 3 dB bandwidth are. Compared with performances of linear hybrid energy harvester, the designed nonlinear energy harvester not only can reduce the resonant frequency and enlarger the bandwidth but also improve the output power.     

Design of a piezoelectric–electromagnetic hybrid vibration energy harvester operating under ultra-low frequency excitation

Microsystem Technologies - In this paper, we proposed a novel piezoelectric-electromagnetic hybrid vibration energy harvester (HVEH). The HVEH has a unique structure, which enables it to work in an...     

Five topologies of cantilever-based MEMS piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters: a numerical and experimental comparison

In the realm of MEMS piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters, cantilever-based designs are by far the most popular. For cantilever-based vibration energy harvesters, the active piezoelectric area near the clamped end is able to accumulate maximum strain-generated-electrical-charge, while the free end is used to house a proof mass to improve the power output without compromising the effective area of the piezoelectric generator since it experiences minimal strain anyway. However, despite while other contending designs do exist, this paper explores five selected micro-cantilever (MC) topologies, namely: a plain MC, a tapered MC, a lined MC, a holed MC and a coupled MC, in order to assess their relative performance as an energy harvester. Although a classical straight and plain MC offers the largest active piezoelectric area, alternative MC designs can potentially offer larger deflection and thus mechanical strain distribution for a given mechanical loading. Numerical simulation and experimental comparison of these 5 MCs (0.5 µm AlN on 10 µm Si) with the same practical dimensions of 500 µm and 2000 µm, suggest a cantilever with a coupled subsidiary cantilever yield the best power performance, closely followed by the classical plain cantilever topology.     

微型之字形压电式能量收集器输出电压的建模和仿真

为了有效解决无线传感器网络节点的供电难题,提出之字形结构的微型压电式能量收集器。相比于传统的直悬臂梁,此结构等效加大了压电梁的长度,降低了系统的固有振动频率。建立了之字形压电梁的本构方程和受迫振动方程,推导得到其输出电压的频域表达式。基于之字形压电梁的结构,利用ANSYS软件对其进行了谐响应分析。仿真结果表明,压电梁的输出电压在各阶固有振动频率处存在极值,符合理论分析的结果;输出电压大小随压电梁长度增加而降低,随压电梁宽度增加而升高,但均为非线性关系;压电梁末端质量块的长度和厚度、基体层厚度减小时,会导致输出电压的增大。在论文中所提出的结构尺寸下,10根直梁构成的之字形结构压电梁,在其一阶固有振动频率处,输出电压可达10 V以上,符合无线传感器网络节点的实际供电需求,证明了之字形压电梁结构的有效性。     

压电发电悬臂梁的非线性动力学建模及响应分析

以单晶悬臂梁压电发电装置为研究对象,在考虑压电材料非线性的情况下,利用广义Hamilton原理、Rayleigh-Ritz法、Euler-Bernoulli梁理论及压电元件恒定电场假设建立了悬臂梁压电发电装置的分布式机电耦合模型,通过数值计算分析谐振频率附近解的特性与系统参数及初始条件的关系,揭示了压电材料非线性、外激励参数对系统响应的影响规律,并通过实验验证了解析解的正确性.结果表明,压电材料的非线性特性会导致近似解的共振峰向左偏移,呈现软特性的非线性特征;当激励频率变化时,系统响应存在多解、跳跃等现象,主共振解的真正实现与初始条件的选取有关.     

双晶压电悬臂梁俘能器的建模与仿真

针对双晶片悬臂梁式压电俘能器的优化问题,考虑悬臂梁末端位移与质量块质心位移的差异,对Roundy数学模型进行了修正.通过ANSYS有限元软件对俘能器建模并进行模态分析和谐响应分析,当质量块长度逐渐变大时,修正后数学模型对俘能器一阶固有频率和输出电压有更好的预测精度.研究了质量块形状和负载对俘能器输出特性的影响规律,发现在质量块质量不变时,提高质量块的质心高度能提高俘能器的发电能力,对俘能器的结构优化具有借鉴意义.     

非线性压电振动能量采集器的振动特性与实验研究

为了提高线性压电振动能量采集器的输出特性,在线性压电振动能量采集器悬臂梁末端引入Duffing非线性磁力,构造了一种双稳态非线性压电振动能量采集器;综合考虑能量采集器的动态振型与轴向应变分布情况,建立了系统非线性机电耦合集总参数运动控制模型,并利用4阶、5阶Runge-Kutta算法对能量采集器的非线性振动特性进行了数值模拟;利用谐波平衡法计算获得了能量采集器的幅频响应方程,数值分析了激励频率、激励幅值以及磁铁间距等对系统非线性振动特性的影响,发现双稳态运动可以极大地提高能量采集器的频率响应范围和能量采集效率,并且能量采集器在低频、低幅值激励情况下可以产生大幅值周期运动;最后,通过实验对数值计算结果进行了验证.     

Model-based design and test of vibration energy harvester for aircraft application

This paper deals with a development process of a vibration energy harvesting device in aircraft applications. The vibration energy harvester uses ambient energy of mechanical vibration and it provides an autonomous source of energy for wireless sensors or autonomous applications. This application presents a complex engineering problem and the vibration energy harvester consists of precise mechanical part, electro-mechanical converter, electronics and a powered application. It can be perceive as a mechatronic system and a mechatronic approach was used for development of our vibration energy harvester. An essential step of development process is simulation modeling which is based on mechatronic approach. Presented model-based design of vibration energy harvester is very useful during development process and the whole development process of the autonomous energy source is presented in this paper. The main aim of the paper is an introduction of our development methodology and our approach is presented on a sample of the vibration energy harvester for aircraft applications under project ESPOSA.     

AIN压电振动能量收集器的结构优化设计与实验

在整体尺寸不变的基础上,结合集总参数模型,利用ANSYS有限元软件对氮化铝(AlN)压电振动能量收集器的结构参数进行优化设计,得到压电悬臂梁单元的优化尺寸为5mm×12mm×0.05mm.设计了工艺流程,加工了原理样机.经测试:在1gn加速度,204.6 Hz谐振频率激励下,样机在最优化负载80 kΩ下的输出电压为2.3V,输出功率为66.125μW,满足部分低功耗传感节点的供能要求.     

Design and experimental research of magnetically excited rotating piezoelectric energy harvester

Microsystem Technologies - Piezoelectric energy harvesting is a widely used and environmentally friendly power generation technology, which can provide power for wireless electronic devices and...     

悬臂梁式压电双晶片振动能量采集器的模型与实验研究

针对悬臂梁式双压电晶片振动能量采集器的质量效应问题,通过幅值修正方法建立了能量采集器的集总参数修正模型,利用阻抗分析和导纳圆法对模型参数进行了识别,得到了采集器在简谐基础激励作用下的机电耦合输出传递函数表达式;建立了悬臂梁压电振动能量采集器的实验系统,实验与仿真分析了悬臂梁末端质量、负载电阻等对能量采集器输出特性的影响,结果表明理论仿真结果与实验结果具有很好的吻合度,证明本文模型有利于提高压电振动能量采集器输出性能的分析预测精度。     

双稳态俘能器的控制及控制器功耗优化

对双稳态俘能器大幅周期轨道的间歇控制及控制器功耗问题进行了研究。研究表明:双稳态俘能器不同初始速度下会出现混沌轨道和大幅周期轨道,大幅周期轨道的俘能效果更好。间歇控制法能控制双稳态俘能器于大幅周期轨道,控制器参数σ,Kp,Kd对控制器功耗有很大的影响。在此基础上,利用遗传算法对控制器的参数进行了优化。SIMULINK仿真结果表明:所提出的控制参数的优化方法能降低控制器的功耗,同时提高俘能器俘能效果。     

压电振动能量采集器的力电耦合模型及其功率优化*

为提高传统压电振动能量采集器集总参数模型的性能预测精度,考虑悬臂梁的振型信息与轴向应变分布情况,提出了一种改进的力电耦合模型,该模型引入无因次幅值修正因子,通过曲线拟合方法确定了修正因子与振型函数和振动幅值之间的关系表达式;利用Rayleigh-Ritz模态分析法确定了力电耦合模型中的集总等效参数(如质量、刚度等),并根据弹性动力学原理建立了能量采集器的运动控制方程,得到了稳态时能量采集器的力、电输出响应表达式;最后,利用改进的模型对能量采集器的负载电阻和输出功率进行了优化,得到了负载短路和负载开路时能量采集器的最优输出特性。仿真结果与实例对比验证了提出模型的正确性,表明改进的力电耦合模型具有较高的预测精度。     

Design and optimization of MEMS piezoelectric energy harvester for low frequency applications

Microsystem Technologies - Piezoelectric vibrational energy harvester (PVEH) suits best for harvesting vibrational energy from the environment due to the simplicity in design, operation, and...     

Determination of soil attribute contents by means of reflected electromagnetic energy

Remote sensing involves huge data bases of spectral reflectance in developing a new soil analysis method. The objective of this work was to use spectral reflectance data to determine the contents of physical, chemical, and mineralogical attributes of 9 soil classes with a sensor in the laboratory. To that end, a database was organized containing information on 3,300 soil samples and their respective analyses and radiometry, from the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Paraná. With the use of spectral data, multiple regression equations were obtained for 20 soil attributes. The physical and mineralogical attributes presented had, for the most part, coefficients of determination higher than 0.70, while for chemical attributes this value was, in general, smaller than 0.50. Attributes whose models obtained R² > 0.50 were tested on unknown samples that did not take part in the generation of the model. The model‐estimated soil content values of those samples were then compared with values determined in the laboratory through traditional chemical analysis. Sand, silt, clay, Fe₂O₃, SiO₂, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, Ki, and Kr presented results that were statistically similar between the estimated and determined data. The results indicated that it is possible to determine the content of these soils attributes with spectral analysis, which minimizes cost and time.