红外导引头对中段战术弹道导弹目标的探测距离估算

针对战术弹道导弹(TBM)中段的弹道特性,建立了TBM在中段的温度计算模型和红外辐射计算模型.在红外辐射的大气传输理论基础上,综合考虑大气吸收和散射因素,分析了大气衰减对红外辐射的影响,得到了大气衰减作用下的目标辐射模型.在此基础上,建立了红外导引头对目标的探测距离计算模型;最后,在假定的仿真条件下,利用模型计算得到采用3～5 μm和8～12 μm双频段的红外导引头对中段TBM目标的作用距离为810 km,该结论可为反导拦截弹的设计提供数据支持.     

凝视型红外搜索跟踪系统对巡航导弹作用距离分析

红外探测系统对巡航导弹进行探测预警,是拦截巡航导弹的首要条件。通过分析在3~5μm波段内,作为巡航导弹主要辐射源的蒙皮、发动机喷口和羽流的红外辐射特性,建立了凝视型红外搜索跟踪系统（IRST）对巡航导弹的作用距离模型,给出了求解距离方程的正确方法,并对实例计算的结果进行了分析。     

基于MODTRAN的红外系统对巡航导弹探测距离的估算

基于最小可分辨对比度准则,研究了在考虑背景环境下机载红外成像系统对目标最大探测距离的计算方法.分析了红外目标在3～5μm与8～12μm两个波段上的红外辐射特征和背景辐射、大气透过率等因素对探测距离的影响,给出了探测距离的推导公式.最后用MODTRAN软件对大气透过率进行了模拟计算,得到了波数间隔为1cm-的光谱大气透过率数据.计算了各微小波长区间内辐射到探测器上的辐照度.考虑到大气透过率与距离的关系,取消了传统算法中用常数或者拟合函数来代替大气透过率的方法.以巡航导弹为例,对红外系统探测距离进行了数值计算.仿真结果表明,该计算方法具有可行性.     

利用红外焦平面器件对常规弹丸的跟踪测量研究

文中探讨了利用红外跟踪测量技术对常规快速弹丸目标的跟踪与测量。对靶场试验中常用弹丸目标的光谱辐射特性、背景辐射特性以及大气透过率进行了综合分析,结合试验结果,指出响应工作波段为3－5μm的红外器件最适于作该类目标的成像探测器。在此基础上计算了利用3－5μm红外焦平面探测器对122mm火箭弹进行探测的作用距离,以及红外两站交汇测量系统对122mm火箭弹的交汇测量精度。     

地表背景条件下红外低温点目标探测距离研究

点目标的探测距离受目标与背景温差、红外系统分辨率和系统噪声等效通量密度限制,基于此建立了地球背景条件下的点目标探测距离模型。分析了点目标和典型背景(冰盖、海水和植被)在2.6~2.8μm波段、3~5μm波段、8~14μm波段的红外辐射特性,计算了不同背景和不同视场分辨率条件下点目标的探测距离,研究表明,以地球为背景探测点目标应当选择2.6~2.8μm波段,对某典型尺寸目标的理论探测距离可以达到700km以上。     

高速飞机红外成像特性数值模拟研究

文中建立了高速飞机红外特性的物理模型，在考虑收音机内部传热、气动加热和太阳、天空、地面等背景辐射、以及大气衰减的基础上计算理得出了飞机8-14μm波段的辐射特性。分析对比了不同飞行速度、不同探测路径等条件下飞机的辐射特性，并进一步利用计算结果生成了模拟的红外图像。     

临近空间飞行器红外探测距离估算

传统的红外探测距离模型主要用于地面目标的检测, 载机飞行高度也比较低。在凝视型红外热探测器的基础上, 对临近空间的大气环境进行了详细分析, 建立了背景辐射模型。在此基础上提出了临近空间飞行器的红外探测距离模型, 对红外波段适用范围进行了讨论。计算结果表明, 在临近空间环境下, 红外波段都有较好的探测结果, 在短波下探测时, 背景辐射对其探测结果影响很大。     

尾焰红外辐射特性的反向蒙特卡罗法模拟

以发动机尾焰的红外探测为主要应用背景,利用反向蒙特卡罗法计算了液体火箭发动机尾焰红外辐射特性。首先计算了尾焰红外辐射在2.7μm下的轴向分布特性及空间不同角度分布特性,计算结果较为合理。重点计算了尾焰2~5μm的光谱辐射特性,并考虑了大气衰减的影响,与TheAerodyne Radiation Code的计算结果趋势吻合良好。实际探测时,探测器只能接收到尾焰辐射的小部分能量,因此对一定距离下探测器接收辐射进行计算,进而获得尾焰在探测器视场内的红外光谱辐射分布特性,具有重要的理论意义和实际应用前景。     

复杂环境背景下典型飞行器表面红外反射特性研究

飞机蒙皮对于背景辐射的反射可以作为红外目标识别的辐射源,但背景辐射通常来源于太阳辐射和地面背景辐射等辐射的综合作用,其复杂性和多变性也可能使飞机的红外反射辐射严重干扰红外制导的准确性,因此,研究复杂环境背景下的飞机蒙皮红外反射特性对于红外目标识别和红外导弹制导等应用具有重要意义。本文基于Schlick双向反射分布函数(BRDF)模型,结合有限元方法,利用反向蒙特卡洛法计算辐射遮挡因子,在MODTRAN软件环境下计算大气光谱透过率,针对不同条件下的飞机红外反射辐射特性进行研究。结果表明,不同探测角度和探测波段对飞机红外反射特性具有很大影响,且飞机蒙皮的反射辐射具有分布非均一性特点。     

临近空间对地探测目标与背景红外特性研究

红外辐射特性是红外探测系统进行目标识别的主要依据。基于辐射传输原理,面向临近空间对地探测目标与背景的红外特性进行研究。利用全球大气廓线反映全球大气状况先验知识,设计了一套临近空间对地探测红外特性研究的辐射传输仿真方案。利用MODTRAN模型进行仿真,量化临近空间对地探测目标与背景的红外特性差异,分析传感器最优透过率波段以及红外辐射特性的影响因素。结果表明,大气透过率以及目标与背景的红外辐射差异随着临近空间传感器高度的增加而减小,且与大气状况密切相关;得出了传感器在3~14 μm范围内的最优透过率波段;季节、大气能见度与传感器观测角度对目标与背景的亮温差异造成的影响不可忽略。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.