Modeling of the Effect of Temperature, Frequency, and Phase Transformations on the Viscoelastic Properties of AA 7075-T6 and AA 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloys

The viscoelastic response of commercial aluminum alloys 7075-T6 and 2024-T3 as a function of temperature is presented. Experimental data are obtained with a dynamic-mechanical analyzer (DMA) at different loading frequencies and compared with the available transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data. The effect of successive microstructural transformations (particle precipitation and redissolution) is revealed. An analytical model is developed, which fits the mechanical response up to 573?K (300?°C). The model takes into account the concentration of Guinier-Preston Zones (GPZ) and metastable precipitates (???? in AA 7075-T6 and ????/S?? in AA 2024-T3), allowing us to determine the kinetic parameters of these transformations. The activation energies were previously obtained by several authors from DSC measurements and other techniques, showing considerable dispersion. The presented data, obtained with a completely different technique, allow us to reduce the uncertainty on these data and show the potential of DMA measurements in the study of microstructural transformations.     

7075合金的双级时效 节能减排新工艺

分析了7075合金的成分与状态,并对等温时效及双级时效进行了研究,得出采用双级时效处理7075合金,节省能源,减少污染,提高生产率。     

Effect of Welding Parameters on Microstructure,Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Friction-Stir Welded Joints of AA7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy

A high-strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy AA7075-T6 was friction-stir welded with various process parameter combinations incorporating the design of the experiment to investigate the effect of welding parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties. A three-factors, five-level central composition design (CCD) has been used to minimize the number of experimental conditions. The friction-stir welding parameters have significant influence on the heat input and temperature profile, which in turn regulates the microstructural and mechanical properties of the joints. The weld thermal cycles and transverse distribution of microhardness of the weld joints were measured, and the tensile properties were tested. The fracture surfaces of tensile specimens were observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the formation of friction-stir processing zone has been analyzed macroscopically. Also, an equation was derived to predict the final microhardness and tensile properties of the joints, and statistical tools are used to develop the relationships. The results show that the peak temperature during welding of all the joints was up to 713 K (440 °C), which indicates the key role of the tool shoulder diameter in deciding the maximum temperature. From this investigation, it was found that the joint fabricated at a rotational speed of 1050 rpm, welding speed of 100 mm/min, and shoulder diameter of 14 mm exhibited higher mechanical properties compared to the other fabricated joints.     

Effects of Initial Temper Condition and Postweld Heat Treatment on the Properties of Dissimilar Friction-Stir-Welded Joints between AA7075 and AA6061 Aluminum Alloys

In this study, dissimilar AA7075-O/6061-O and AA7075-T6/6061-T6 butt joints were produced by friction stir welding (FSW), and postweld heat treatment (PWHT) was applied to the joints obtained. The effects of initial temper condition and PWHT on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the dissimilar joints were thus investigated. It was demonstrated that sound dissimilar joints can be produced for both temper conditions. A hardness increase in the joint area (i.e., strength overmatching) was obtained in the joints produced in the O-temper condition, whereas a hardness loss was observed in the joint area of the joints obtained in the T6 temper condition. It was also well demonstrated that PWHT could be used in order to improve the joint properties for both O and T6 joints provided that the joint is defect-free prior to subsequent heat treatment.     

The Effect of Pitting on Fatigue Lives of Peak-Aged and Overaged 7075 Aluminum Alloys

Fatigue lives at high peak stresses for peak-aged (T6) and overaged (T73) 7075 aluminum alloy were compared in the uncorroded and precorroded (pitted) states. Absolute fatigue lives of T73 samples were much higher than that of T6 in the virgin as well as precorroded condition, but the normalized life of T73 was less than that of T6, indicating an intrinsic crack initiation resistance in the former, borne out by fractography, which showed that fatigue cracks almost always initiated at pits for T73 but not for T6. The various crack initiation methodologies observed and the effect of pitting on fatigue lives in the two aging conditions are discussed.     

Dissimilar friction stir welds in AA5083-AA6082. Part II: Process parameter effects on microstructure

The aim of this study is to explore the bounds of the so-called processing window, within which good-quality welds can be produced, for the friction stir welding of AA5083 to AA6082 using a systematic set of rotation and traverse speeds. The first paper in this series examined the thermal and macroscopic aspects. In this paper, several microstructurally related characteristics, including hardness, grain size, and precipitate distribution, have been examined in greater detail. The observed variations are correlated and contrasted with the observed and predicted thermal distributions. In addition, the thermal model developed in part I has been coupled to hardness models based on classical isothermal aging studies for each alloy to predict the hardness variations across the welds.     

Modeling the Effect of Finite-Rate Hydrogen Diffusion on Porosity Formation in Aluminum Alloys

A volume-averaged model for finite-rate diffusion of hydrogen in the melt is developed to predict pore formation during the solidification of aluminum alloys. The calculation of the micro-/macro-scale gas species transport in the melt is coupled with a model for the feeding flow and pressure field. The rate of pore growth is shown to be proportional to the local level of gas supersaturation in the melt, as well as various microstructural parameters. Parametric studies of one-dimensional solidification under an imposed temperature gradient and cooling rate illustrate that the model captures important phenomena observed in porosity formation in aluminum alloys. The transition from gas to shrinkage dominated porosity and the effects of different solubilities of hydrogen in the eutectic solid, capillary pressures at pore nucleation, and pore number densities are investigated in detail. Comparisons between predicted porosity percentages and previous experimental measurements show good correspondence, although some uncertainties remain regarding the extent of impingement of solid on the pores. This article is based on a presentation made in the symposium “Simulation of Aluminium Shape Casting Processing: From Design to Mechnacial Properties” which occured March 12–16, 2006, during the TMS Spring meeting in San Antonio, Texas, under the auspices of the Computational Materials Science and Engineering Committee, the Process Modelling, Analysis and Control Committee, the Solidification Committee, the Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee, and the Light Metal Division/Aluminium Committee.     

Calorimetric Studies of Precipitation and Dissolution Kinetics in Aluminum Alloys 2219 and 7075

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the kinetics of precipitation and dissolution of metastable and stable phases in aluminum alloys 2219 and 7075. A comparison of DSC scans obtained at heating rates of 1, 5, 10, and 20 K per minute showed that, during a DSC scan, the rates of precipitation of θ′ and θ in 2219 and η′ and η in 7075 were limited by their reaction kinetics. Likewise, the rates of dissolution of GP zones, θ′ and η′, were found to be dominated by kinetics. In contrast, the dissolution of θ and η was dominated by the thermodynamic equilibrium between these phases and the matrix. Analysis of the kinetically dominated reaction peaks and their dependence on heating rate and particle size showed that the GP zone dissolution reaction could best be described by a three-dimensional volume diffusion limited rate expression with an activation energy equal to that for diffusion. The rate of formation of θ′ was best described by an Avrami expression withn = 1.1, indicating that nucleation was not the rate controlling step. A pronounced dependence of the θ′ formation rate on prior plastic deformation was observed and ascribed to the influence of the matrix dislocation density on diffusivity.     

镁、锰、铁元素含量对5083铝合金超塑性行为的影响

采用金相、扫描电镜等检测手段，对不同镁、锰及铁元素含量5083铝合金超塑性变形后微观组织与结构进行观察。结果表明，在相同的应变率下，镁、锰、铁含量高的合金（合金A）形成了由Al-Mg-Fe及Al-Mg-Mn金属间化合物组成的第二相粒子，这些金属间化合物为超塑性变形中空洞的形核提供了条件。     

化学成分对6082铝合金晶间腐蚀的影响

研究化学成分对6082铝合金晶间腐蚀的影响。结果表明合理控制Mg、Si及Cu元素的含量,能够很好的控制合金的晶间腐蚀。     

Dissimilar friction stir welds in AA5083-AA6082. Part I: Process parameter effects on thermal history and weld properties

The aim of this study was to explore the so-called processing window, within which good-quality welds can be produced, for the friction stir welding of AA5083 to AA6082. To that end a systematic set of nine instrumented welds were made using rotation speeds of 280, 560, and 840 rpm and traverse speeds of 100, 200, and 300 mm/min with AA5083 on the advancing side and another nine with the materials reversed. For comparison a smaller series of AA5083-AA5083 and AA6082-AA6082 welds were also made. Thermocouple measurements, tool torque, extent of material mixing, and macrostructural observations all indicate that the temperature under the tool is more strongly dependent on the rotation than the traverse speed. It was found that in the current case, the power (energy/s) and heat input (energy/mm) do not correlate simply with the weld temperature. As a result, such metrics may not be suitable for characterizing the conditions under which welds are produced.     

Chloride Ion Activity and Susceptibility of Al Alloys 7075-T6 and 5083-H131 to Stress Corrosion Cracking

The influence of chloride ion activity on the susceptibility of aluminum alloys 5083-H131 and 7075-T6 to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) was investigated by conducting slow strain-rate tensile tests at a strain-rate of 10^?7 s^?1 in naturally aerated aqueous solutions with varying NaCl mass fraction (0.001 to 20 pct) and in a 3.5 pct mass fraction NaCl solution with varying strain-rates (10^?8 to 10^?4 s^?1). This study found that both alloys exhibited reduced strengths and failure strains (times) in the solutions compared with laboratory air. The extent of these reductions was greater in alloy 5083 for the conditions examined. The strength and ductility of both alloys decreased with chloride ion activity in a manner that indicates a chemical reaction is responsible. The strength and ductility of both alloys decreased with strain-rate in a sigmoidal manner, but the transition in alloy 7075 occurred at slower strain-rates of approximately two orders of magnitude. It was deduced that the chloride ion interacts chemically with the passivated surface in the potential gradient at the crack tip to cause SCC. While no mechanism of cracking can be eliminated on the basis of these results alone, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that the absorbed hydrogen causes cracking in alloy 7075 while cracking in 5083 is the result of a dissolution mechanism.     

Investigations on the Effect of Cyclic Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloys (AA5052 & AA6061)

Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals - Friction stir welding is one of the promising techniques to join dissimilar aluminum alloys. In this study, the friction stir welding technique is...     

形变热处理对7075铝合金组织和性能的影响

研究了形变热处理对7075合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：形变热处理工艺可大幅提高合金板材的强度,且合金板材保持了较好的塑性。金相观察发现,预时效析出的沉淀相可为合金板材冷变形后的终时效强化相均匀析出的优先成核提供条件;形变处理引入大量的位错,促进了终时效时高密度均匀细小过渡强化相η/的析出。     

Microstructural characterization of dissimilar friction stir welds between AA2219 and AA5083

Fusion welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys is very challenging. In the present work, Al-Cu alloy AA2219-T87 was friction stir welded to Al-Mg alloy AA5083-H321. Weld microstructures, hardness, and tensile properties were evaluated in as-welded condition. Microstructural studies revealed that the nugget region was primarily composed of alloy 2219, which was placed on the advancing side. No significant mixing of the two base materials in the nugget region was observed. Hardness studies revealed that the lowest hardness in the weldment occurred in the heat-affected zone on alloy 5083 side, where tensile failure were observed to take place. Tensile tests indicated a joint efficiency of around 90%, which is substantially higher than what can be achieved with conventional fusion welding. Overall, the results show that satisfactory butt welds can be produced between AA2219-T87 and Al-Mg alloy AA5083-H321 sheets using friction stir welding.     

Grain Boundary Sliding and Strain Rate Sensitivity of Coarse and Fine/Ultrafine Grained 5083 Aluminum Alloys

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - The viscoplastic behavior of coarse and bimodal fine/ultrafine grained (F/UFG) Al5083 alloy was investigated between 20 °C and...     

热处理工艺对6082铝合金挤压棒材组织和力学性能的影响

研究热处理工艺（包括挤压温度、淬火和人工时效等）对6082铝合金挤压棒材组织和力学性能的影响,总结出热处理工艺及停放时间与力学性能的关系,应用于生产现场后取得良好效果。