凝固速度对奥氏体不锈钢定向凝固组织及其固液界面稳定性的影响

本文研究了凝固速率对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢定向凝固组织及其固液界面稳定性转变规律的影响.结果表明,在某特一定的温度梯度下,随着凝固速度的增加,定向凝固的固液界面由平面转变为胞状晶,再转变为树枝晶.研究发现,随着凝固速率的增大,定向凝固组织枝晶形貌逐渐细化,枝晶间距减小.     

An asymptotic approach to the mathematical modeling of Ohno continuous casting of cored rods

A model is presented to simulate Ohno Continuous Casting (OCC) of cored rods. Equations describing the axisymmetric transport of heat in the mold and cored rod are discussed. Heat transfer between the system and the surrounding environment is assumed to take place via convection. If the velocity of casting, the external temperature profile, the mold temperature, and the mold-cooler distance are given, asymptotic solutions for the temperature profile in the rod are found and expressions for the solidifying interfacial shapes are developed in the limit of a small melt slenderness ratio (mold radius/mold length). The effect of process parameters on the shape of the cored rod system is investigated.     

Determination of boundary condition of a multi-crystalline silicon billet during continuous casting

Boundary conditions are always complicated and not readily available during continuous casting, especially for the multi-crystalline silicon materials. In order to improve the situation, the temperature variation curves for certain points in the multi-crystalline silicon have been obtained using the experimental apparatus under different cooling conditions. Based on the temperature measurements, the heat transfer coefficients in the second cooling zone and the interface between the multi-crystalline silicon and mould or bottom block have been calculated applying the inverse method and numerical simulation. The calculated results have been validated by comparing the predicted temperatures with the measured ones.     

Solidification control in continuous casting of steel

An integrated understanding of heat transfer during solidification, friction/lubrication at solid-liquid interface, high temperature properties of the solidifying shell etc. is necessary to control the continuous casting process. The present paper elaborates upon the knowledge developed in the areas of initial shell formation, mode of mould oscillation, and lubrication mechanism. The effect of these issues on the caster productivity and the quality of the product has been discussed. The influence of steel chemistry on solidification dynamics, particularly with respect to mode of solidification and its consequence on strength and ductility of the solidifying shell, has been dealt with in detail. The application of these basic principles for casting of stainless steel slabs and processing to obtain good quality products have been covered.     

Prediction of spatial distribution of the composition of inclusions on the entire cross section of a linepipe steel continuous casting slab

In the current study, the transformation in the composition of non-metallic inclusions from the molten steel to the solidified steel was studied and the composition distribution of inclusions on the cross section of a linepine continuous casting slab was predicted. During cooling and solidification of the continuous casting strand, Al₂O₃-CaO inclusions reacted with the bulk steel and transformed to CaS-Al₂O₃-MgO-(CaO) ones in the continuous casting slab. The composition of inclusions on the cross section of the slab varied with locations due to the varied cooling rate. A model was established to predict the distribution of the composition of inclusions on the cross section of the continuous casting slab, coupling solidification and heat transfer of the continuous casting slab, the kinetic mass transfer of the dissolved elements in the solid steel, and thermodynamic calculation of inclusion transformation at different temperatures. The composition transformation of inclusions mainly occurred at the temperature between the liquidus and solidus of the linepipe steel. Inclusions were mainly CaS-Al₂O₃-MgO-(CaO) in slab center and were MgO-Al₂O₃-CaO-CaS within the subsurface of the slab. In the slab, the transformation fraction of inclusions was less than 10 % at corners while it reached 70 % at 50 mm below the surface of the slab.     

The microstructure and property of Al-Si alloy and Al-Mn alloy bimetal prepared by continuous casting

The Al-10%Si alloy and Al-1%Mn alloy bimetal slabs are prepared by continuous casting. The microstructures around the interface are investigated, chemical composition distributions across the interface are detected, and tensile strengths are evaluated at the top, center and bottom regions of the bimetal slab. The results show that the Al-1%Mn alloy serves as a substrate of heterogeneous nucleation of Al-10%Si alloy at the bimetal interface. The metallurgical bonding is excellent without any discontinuities along the interface due to the diffusions of Si and Mn elements. The thickness of diffusion layers is about 40 μm on average. The tensile strengths of the top, center and bottom regions of the bimetal slab tend to be uniform.     

金属相变储能与技术的研究与发展

相变储能是有效的储热方式.其中,金属相变储热因吸放热过程中,储能密度大,过冷度小,导热率高,反复相变后长期性能稳定,过程易控制,因而在高温储热方面具有广泛的用途.从金属相变储热材料、传热分析、金属相变材料与容器材料的相容性和应用4个方面,回顾了金属固液相变储热的发展.     

电磁场对铅黄铜水平连铸坯组织及偏析的影响

研究了铅黄铜在无磁场、低频交变电磁场下水平连铸得到的铸坯横截面宏观组织、微观组织形貌及合金元素Pb的分布,并对其机理进行了分析。试验结果表明,在铅黄铜水平连铸的过程中施加低频交变电磁场能有效地细化晶粒及影响合金元素在横截面上的分布,并且电磁场有效地抑制了在常规水平连铸过程中出现的铸坯横截面上中下部位组织分布不均匀的现象。表现在铸坯横截面的凝固组织由上方主要为细小柱状晶、下方为粗大柱状晶变为均为细小的等轴晶,铸锭上部凝固滞后的现象消除;合金元素Pb的宏观偏析得到抑制,并且电流为30Hz、100A的组织优于30Hz、80A的组织。     

An Effective Inverse Heat Transfer Procedure Based on Evolutionary Algorithms to Determine Cooling Conditions of a Steel Continuous Casting Machine

The inverse modeling of heat transfer is a useful tool in analyzing contact heat transfer at the ingot surfaces during the continuous casting process. The determination of the boundary conditions involves an experimental work consisting in the evaluation of the thermal history, generally at the casting surface, experimentally provided by infrared pyrometers. Additionally, numerical simulations, based on the solution of the 2D transient heat conduction equation, are performed in order to be inversely solved in response to the measured thermal data furnished by the sensor. Due to computational time consumption during simulations in searching cooling conditions, this work proposes an interaction between natural inspired algorithms, called evolutionary algorithms, and the numerical model in order to speed up the searching process. The present work aims to compare three algorithms, namely genetic algorithm, improved stochastic ranking evolutionary strategy, and evolutionary strategy with Cauchy distribution. The latter develops a metaheuristic version of an evolutionary strategy workflow, using a Cauchy random number function to generate each individual, instead of the usual uniform distribution function available in almost all programming languages. The surface temperature, solid shell, and molten pool profiles from the determined cooling conditions are analyzed in terms of casting quality.     

热处理对10CrNiMnMo钢连铸连轧板组织的影响

不同厚度的10CrN iMnMo低合金高强钢连铸连轧并热处理后,强度变化不大,但冲击韧性值却相差较大.采用金相显微镜和透射电子显微镜等手段对低合金钢10CrN iMnMo轧制态及热处理后的组织和性能进行研究.结果表明,轧制态的低合金钢板材上有大量的纳米级碳化物弥散分布于铁素体基体上,但其组织由于板厚的不同而不同.厚板≥12 mm其组织为铁素体+贝氏体;而薄板的组织为铁素体+贝氏体+马氏体+残余奥氏体.在后续热处理中,厚板的强度降低,而冲击韧性变化很大.薄板的强度变化较厚板小,并且冲击韧性变化不明显,这主要是由于马氏体的存在和碳化物析出强化的作用.     

Enhanced room-temperature tensile ductility of columnar-grained polycrystalline Cu-12 wt.%Al alloy through texture control by Ohno continuous casting process

The Ohno continuous casting (OCC) process is a practical way to control the solidification texture of Cu-12 wt.%Al alloy with a perfect < 001>β fiber texture along the solidification direction. Compared with the conventional randomly oriented polycrystalline Cu-12 wt.%Al alloy, the reorientation of β₁′ martensite and stress-induced phase transformation occurred at the same time within every columnar grain sharing the same [001]β orientation during tensile test, which would reduce the elastical and phase-transformational incompatibility and enhance the intergranular accommodation. As a consequence, a high tensile ductility up to 28% with transgranular fracture can be obtained for OCC columnar-grained Cu-12 wt.%Al alloy instead of intergranular fracture due to the incompatible stress at the grain boundary for randomly oriented polycrystalline Cu-12 wt.%Al alloy.     

Effects of Mg17Al12 phase on microstructure evolution and ductility in the AZ91 magnesium alloy during the continuous rheo-squeeze casting-extrusion process

In this study,a high-ductility AZ91 magnesium alloy was fabricated by the novel continuous rheo-squeeze casting-extrusion(CRSCE)process.The semi-solid slurry was prepared by ultrasonic vibration(UV)treat-ment,then solidified under pressure,and finally hot extruded.UV treatment can reduce the Al element content in primary grains and increase it in secondary grains.The refined Mg17Al12 phase was scattered along secondary grain boundaries and then stretched into narrow,fibrous bands during the hot extrusion.The fibrous bands with proper separation distances can accelerate the dynamic recrystallization(DRX)process and suppress the growth of DRXed grains.Microcracks were initiated inside the brittle Mg17Al12 phase and tended to propagate along the continuously distributed Mg17Al12 phase during the tensile test.Thus,the tiny Mg17Al12 phase in the billet and narrow,fibrous bands in as-extruded rods can prevent cracks from spreading and enhance ductility.Therefore,excellent comprehensive mechanical properties were obtained,with an ultimate tensile strength of 326.3 MPa and an elongation of 16.46％.The CRSCE method offers a novel way to fabricate high-ductility and high-alloyed magnesium alloys without ho-mogenization.Microstructure regulation mechanisms of CRSCE,microstructural hereditary laws,and the effect of the Mg17Al12 phase on mechanical properties were further discussed.     

Generalized numerical modelling of unsteady heat transfer during cooling and freezing using an improved enthalpy method and quasi-one-dimensional formulation

A numerical solution of a generalized Stefan problem is presented. It covers a great variety of unsteady heat conduction cases accompanied by phase transformations. A mathematical model is developed for determination of the unsteady-state temperature and enthalpy fields (as well as the space-time evolution of the phase content) and of the cooling and freezing (heating and thawing) times of food materials and other bodies of various configuration (representing multicomponent two-phase systems having one freezable component). An improved enthalpy method is proposed by which all non-linearities, caused by the temperature dependence of the thermophysical coefficients, are introduced in a functional relationship between the volumetric specific enthalpy and the Kirchhoff function. Thus the non-linearities are eliminated as a factor making the solution difficult. The applied approach possesses great adaptivity and flexibility in solving complicated moving boundary problems: it is suitable for both isothermal and non-isothermal phase change, reaches a high degree of correspondence between the real physical phenomenon and its mathematical formalization, uses uniform and easy fixed-grid computational techniques, makes it possible to avoid complications and to eliminate possible errors caused by ‘jumping’ of the equivalent specific heat capacity peak at the maximum of the latent heat effect, etc. Efficient procedures and algorithms for computer simulation of complex refrigerating technological processes are created. Experimental verification demonstrating the applicability and accuracy of the model is carried out.     

沉积Ag纳米层改善定型相变复合纤维膜的传热性能

以癸酸(CA)、月桂酸(LA)和肉豆蔻酸(MA)为原料制备了新型的脂肪酸三元低共熔物(CA-LA-MA),并将其作为固-液相变材料,以沉积2 h银(Ag)纳米颗粒的静电纺聚丙烯腈(PAN)纳米纤维膜为支撑材料,通过物理吸附法制备了新型的CA-LA-MA/PAN和CA-LA-MA/PAN/Ag定型相变复合纤维膜。研究了磁控溅射Ag纳米层对定型相变复合纤维传热性能的影响。结果表明,沉积Ag纳米层后定型相变复合纤维膜的储热和放热时间分别缩短了31%和25%。制备的CA-LA-MA/PAN/Ag定型相变复合纤维膜的融化温度和结晶温度分别为19.87℃和11.63℃,融化焓值和结晶焓值分别为123.1 kJ/kg和121.5 kJ/kg。