A biomechanical study of osteoporotic vertebral trabecular bone: The use of micro-CT and high-resolution finite element analysis

Osteoporosis is one of the most dangerous skeletal diseases in relation to the highest fracture risk in vertebral bones. A considerable amount of work has been done to investigate the biomechanical characteristics of osteoporotic vertebral trabecular bone. Previous researchers studied the elastic characteristics using a micro-finite element (micro-FE) model, used to analyze realistic trabecular architectures in full detail, based on micro-computed tomography (μCT). Since osteoporotic compression fracture is closely associated with the mechanical characteristics of the vertebral trabecular bone and there were few micro-FE models to account for all of the elastic and plastic characteristics in vertebral trabecular bone, this study analyzed the effect of voxel resolution on the plastic characteristics as well as the elastic characteristics of three-dimensional (3D) osteoporotic lumbar trabecular bone models. Also, we evaluated the effect of specimen geometry on this problem. It has been reported that a cubic specimen with side length 6.5mm was suggested as standard specimens for the experimental test of trabecular bone. Current study examined whether or not the effect of the specimen geometry on the experimental test may be also applied to the simulated compression test of trabecular bone specimens. The experimental test employing the rapid prototyping (RP) technique and INSTRON test machine is performed to indirectly validate the results of the simulated compression test by micro-FE analysis. The review finished with the verification about the effects of the simulated compression test.     

Discussion of the Definition for Acoustic Emission Event in the Time Series of Concrete Damage Process

Acoustic emission signals from concrete compression damage process are non-stationary and their arrival time is unknown. Therefore, the definition on the acoustic emission event in the time series is not clear. In this paper, the acoustic emission signals associated with concrete specimen under uniaxial compression are acquired by full-digital acoustic emission system. The overlapping phenomenon of acoustic emission signal is presented and discussed by the analysis of time interval between adjacent hits. Acoustic emission signals are classified into three categories according to their waveform characteristics. And the result shows that as the loading process continues, more and more amount of continuous type of acoustic emission signals appeared, indicating the acoustic emission signal does not carry the features of burst type, which will introduce obvious errors in the calculation of acoustic emission event. In contrast, the average signal level used in the analysis of continuous type of acoustic emission signal shows a good regularity with the damage process of concrete.

     

Non-destructive and non-invasive observation of friction and wear of human joints and of fracture initiation by acoustic emission

Quality control in orthopaedic diagnostics according to DIN EN ISO 9000ff requires methods of non-destructive process control, which do not harm the patient by radiation or by invasive examinations. To obtain an improvement in health economy, quality-controlled and non-destructive measurements have to be introduced into the diagnostics and therapy of human joints and bones. A non-invasive evaluation of the state of wear of human joints and of the cracking tendency of bones is, as of today's point of knowledge, not established. The analysis of acoustic emission signals allows the prediction of bone rupture far below the fracture load. The evaluation of dry and wet bone samples revealed that it is possible to conclude from crack initiation to the bone strength and thus to predict the probability of bone rupture.     

An experimental evaluation of pre-yield and post-yield rheological models of magnetic field dependent smart materials

The rheological behavior of field-dependent smart fluids in both the pre-yield and post-yield regimes is investigated. Typical viscoelastic and viscoplastic models are employed to model the fluids behavior. Viscoelastic models are used widely in the pre-yield regime. Viscoplastic models are also used extensively in both the pre-yield and post-yield regimes. Two smart fluids including a ferromagnetic nanoparticle fluid and an MR fluid are examined here. Using an MCR300 rheometer, the rheological properties of the fluids in both oscillation and rotational mode are measured. In the oscillation mode, the storage and loss moduli versus frequency are measured. In the rotational mode, shear stress, shear rate, viscosity and torque are measured. In the frequency domain, the pre-yield behavior of the ferromagnetic nano-particle fluid is modeled by Kelvin-Voigt solid model. Also, the three-parameter fluid model is used to model the pre-yield behavior of the MR fluid. Two viscoplastic models including Bingham-plastic and Herschel-Bulkley models are selected to model the rheological behavior of fluids in the time domain. Which model is more appropriate depends on the external magnetic field and the shear rate. Both models are used here to model the fluids’ behavior. The models properly predict the results observed in the experiments.     

Developing and testing a laboratory system for recording and analysis of acoustic emission

A laboratory system for recording and analyzing acoustic emission was designed and experimentally investigated (tested). A block diagram and the operation algorithm of the system are presented. The relationship between the results of low-frequency, high-frequency, and statistical processing of recorded data and the physical features of input signals is shown using as an example simulated acoustic signals in the various units of the designed system. The system was tested on real test objects in the case of three-point bending of nitrided steel specimens with various thicknesses of the hardened surface layer. It is shown that crack formation leads to emission of signals with an amplitudes of up to 4 V, whereas during deformation in the absence of pronounced cracking, the amplitude of the amplified signal does not exceed 0.5 V.     

电流变材料抑振机构动态性能测试与分析

电流变材料在振动控制中表现出优良的阻尼抗振性能,但由于电流变材料在振动结构中随振动幅度、振动频率和施加电场强度的变化,其动态性能表现出明显的差异,使控制模型难于准确制定。通过对含有电流变材料的抑振机构进行动态性能测试试验,获取在不同电场强度和不同激振频率下的迟滞曲线,并结合所建立的迟滞曲线数学模型将电流变材料在结构振动控制中所表现出来的动态性能分为牛顿粘性液体、屈服前弹性体、屈服前粘弹体、非线性体和屈服后粘性体,同时,分析了电流变材料不同动态特性出现的条件及其对整个结构动态性能的影响。这种试验分析方法为有效制定电流变抑振机构的控制策略提供了科学依据。     

Analysis of experimentally generated friction related acoustic emission signals

Acoustic emission signals generated by sliding friction between two flat steel surfaces are characterized. A test fixture to simulate the reciprocating motion between the two surfaces under controlled conditions is developed. Sliding friction under several combinations of surface roughness, relative velocity, and normal pressure was examined. Wideband AE sensors and instrumentation were used for acquiring and analyzing the acoustic emission signals. Acoustic emission events occurred primarily during the slip portion of the stick-slip cycles. AE waveform features obtained during these experiments were indicative of the tribological conditions. Frequency components in excess of 700 kHz were seen during these experiments. The characteristics of the experimentally observed acoustic emission signals were in general agreement with earlier numerical predictions. Friction related acoustic emission signals were distinguishable from those from other sources such as fatigue crack growth. The characterization of friction related acoustic emission signals is likely to be of value in many tribological and structural health monitoring applications.     

Application of Hilbert–Huang Transform to acoustic emission signal for burn feature extraction in surface grinding process

This paper presents a sensor system using motor current sensors, voltage sensors, accelerator and acoustic emission sensor for grinding burn feature extraction. The new method, Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT), was applied as a signal processing tool to digest the raw acoustic emission and accelerator signals and to extract grinding burn features. A filtering criterion using average energy percentage of IMF components was proposed in order to simplify the calculation. Five IMF components were selected based on this criterion and their marginal spectra were calculated. The marginal spectral amplitude of the first three IMF components and the spectral centroid of the last two IMF components clearly reflected the occurrence of grinding burn. Results indicate that the application of HHT to acoustic emission signals in grinding burn detection is of great potential. Besides, the wheel rotation speed can be successfully uncovered through the intrinsic mode function (IMF), which verified the physical meaning of the EMD method.     

基于小波包变换的FRP容器爆破声发射信号分析

对FRP复合材料容器进行水压爆破的力学性能实验,采集FRP复合材料容器在受压损伤和爆破过程中的声发射信号。基于小波包变换对复合材料容器爆破声发射信号进行时频对比分析,由能量在频段上的分布情况,得出爆破信号特征。     

Use of the acoustic emission method in detecting the fracture process in specimens made of composite materials

Experimental results on the localization of acoustic emission (AE) signals obtained in stress-cycling tests of specimens made from the Organit-10T composite material (CM) are considered. The technique developed for collecting prompt information on the changes in the shape of the AE amplitude distribution is analyzed. This distribution characterizes the flow of arriving signals and allows one to determine the beginning of destruction for CM specimens.Translated from Defektoskopiya, Vol. 40, No. 7, 2004, pp. 34–41.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Stepanova, Lebedev, Kareev, Chaplygin, Katarushkin.     

批量钻削监测信号双谱特征融合研究及应用

基于钻削工步质量波动与监测信号特征变化之间的耦合现象,提出一种基于监测信号双谱特征的高精度批量钻削工步质量一致性控制检测方法。认为正常钻削过程的声发射和三向加速度振动监测信号可视为随机过程,满足或近似高斯分布,信号偏离高斯分布的程度与各钻孔加工质量波动间存在对应关系;以各钻孔声发射和加速度振动监测信号为研究对象,提取各钻孔监测信号的双谱幅值平均值为特征,对不同钻削情况下信号偏离高斯分布的程度进行定量分析;采用基于ReliefF算法的特征加权模糊聚类分析,进行基于监测信号双谱幅值均值特征矩阵的钻孔质量分类,并与人工检测的工步质量一致性结果对比分析。计算和分析结果表明,监测信号双谱特征与各钻削工步质量之间存在有机联系,对信号双谱特征进行融合聚类可分析批量钻削工步质量的一致性。     

基于CEEMD与小波阈值的机械密封声发射信号自适应降噪方法

针对机械密封声发射信号容易受到环境噪声干扰,难以有效地从背景噪声中分离的问题,提出将互补集合经验模态分解(CEEMD)与改进小波阈值降噪方法相结合的声发射信号自适应降噪方法。根据白噪声经经验模态分解(EMD)后其固有模态函数分量的能量密度与其平均周期的乘积为一常数的特性,自适应地判定CEEMD信噪分量的分界点;为避免小波原阈值函数的缺陷,应用改进小波阈值函数对高频IMF分量进行降噪处理,然后同其余的IMF分量进行信号重构,完成降噪过程。对仿真信号和采集的机械密封声发射信号的降噪结果,证明了该降噪方法的有效性和可行性。     

较小样本动态声发射信号多元统计分析技术

利用多传感信息集成系统,以两组平均年龄对应的受试对象往复运动过程中获取的动态声发射信号和角度信号为对象,研究了适用于较小样本的动态声发射信号多元统计分析技术.通过同步记录的角度信号,将往复运动分解为若干个独立运动周期和运动过程;利用累计概率分布,选取具备较显著差异的特征;结合多元统计技术,减小数据量,建立动态声发射信号的可视化模型,证实了使用较小样本声发射信号实现膝盖骨关节诊断的可行性.     

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy for evaluation of order/disorder in bone structure

A comparative characterization of the structure of normal and abnormal (osteoporotic) human lumbar and thoracic vertebrae samples was carried out to reveal the type of possible disorder. Samples from the bone fragments extracted during the surgery due to vertebra fractures were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), conventional and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM and HRTEM), and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Contrary to what might be expected in accordance with possible processes of dissolution, formation and remineralization of hard tissues, no changes in phase composition of mineral part, crystal sizes (length, width, and thickness), and arrangement of crystals on collagen fibers were detected in abnormal bones compared to the normal ones. The following sizes were determined by HRTEM for all bone samples: 相似文献   

压力容器用钢氢致开裂的声发射试验研究

氢致开裂是在役压力容器一种常见的失效形式。声发射技术是监测动态破坏过程的有效手段。为了研究压力容器用钢氢致开裂过程的声发射特征,对电解充氢过程中的20R钢进行了监测。试验结果表明,碳钢表面电解充氢并腐蚀的过程和内部氢致裂纹的产生均会对材料的声发射活动产生影响。氢致裂纹的发展过程可分为孕育期和扩展期两个阶段,随着裂纹的生长,高幅声发射信号的数量明显增多。试验结果为压力容器现场检验提供了参考。     

V形切口复合材料试件拉伸破坏声发射监测

通过对V形切口复合材料试件单向拉伸、分级加卸载拉伸试验及声发射实时监测,研究含切口缺陷复合材料拉伸损伤破坏及其声发射响应特征.结果表明:复合材料切口试件拉伸损伤破坏与声发射特征参量相关;切口尖端的高应力状态导致该区域过早损伤破坏并扩展,且对应较高的声发射相对能量、幅度和急剧增加的撞击数;声发射定位源主要集中在位于试件中部的切口尖端及其扩展区域.     

气体管道泄漏声源特性声发射试验研究

对气体管道泄漏孔处声源进行了声发射检测试验,分析了气体泄漏产生声发射的原因,通过对不同泄漏孔直径、不同泄漏内压情况下的声发射信号处理与分析,得出气体管道泄漏声源的频率范围及幅度随管道内部压力、泄漏孔径的变化影响规律,并与管道气体泄漏的数值模拟结果进行了对比分析,试验研究结果为气体管道泄漏声发射检测提供依据。     

裂纹长度和位置影响下声发射信号传播特性

针对再制造毛坯闭合裂纹检测较困难,采用声发射技术,从仿真和实验两个方面研究裂纹长度和裂纹位置对声发射信号传播特性的影响。根据裂纹中波的传输理论,采用时域有限差方法,仿真两个因素对声信号的影响,实验结果表明,裂纹长度对于信号衰减影响比裂纹位置明显;裂纹长度小于3 mm时信号的能量和幅值衰减系数(分别为-0.28和-0.15)明显大于裂纹长度大于6 mm的信号衰减系数(分别为-1.48和-0.9);裂纹长度为3 mm比裂纹长度为0.5 mm时能量和幅值相对衰减率分别大0.62 d B和0.2 d B,而其比裂纹长度为15 mm的能量和幅值相对衰减分别小14.7 d B和8 d B;裂纹位置的能量相对衰减率位于-6.4~-6.6 d B,幅值相对衰减率位于-1.4~-1.7 d B。实验研究了裂纹长度对声发射信号的影响,得出裂纹长度小于2 mm时的衰减系数明显大于裂纹长度超过6 mm的衰减系数,与仿真结果相符。因此,声发射参数与裂纹长度有明确的对应关系,声发射技术可有效检测再制造毛坯中的裂纹,尤其是长度小于3 mm的微裂纹。     

Using Amplitude Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals under Cyclic and Static Loading of Steel Samples

Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing - The results of amplitude analysis of discrete acoustic emission signals from developing sources such as fatigue cracks are presented. The studies were...