平板太阳能集热器强化传热应用研究进展

集热器作为平板太阳能热水器的关键部分,其传热性能决定着热水器集热效率的高低。介绍了平板太阳能集热器的典型结构以及传热方式,综述了平板太阳能集热器目前所采用的强化传热方式及今后强化传热技术的发展趋势。     

CPC热管真空管式热水器实验研究

研制了一种CPC(复合抛物面聚焦)热管真空管式太阳能热水器。该热水器在普通玻璃真空管热水器的基础上耦合热管技术,并增加了CPC聚光板。对该热水器与全玻璃真空管太阳能热水器进行了热性能对比实验研究。结果表明,在300 W/m2~800 W/m2日照条件下,该新型热水器单位面积集热功率最高可达610 W/m2;平均集热效率约为80%,比全玻璃真空管太阳能热水器的瞬时效率高10%~20%;导热介质的最高温度达到103℃。证明增加CPC聚光板及运用导热油可有效提高集热品位,利用热管技术可解决严寒地区的抗冻问题,所以,CPC热管真空管式太阳能热水器将具有较广阔的市场前景。     

Low-temperature solar-plate-assisted heat pump: A developed design for domestic applications in cold climate

Solar energy and wasted heat in buildings are capable of supplying enough energy to answer the total demand of energy in dwellings. However, fluctuation in fuel prices and gas emissions are the main driving forces behind efforts. In this experimental study, a direct expansion solar-assisted heat pump system (DX-SAHP) using a bare ternary “retrofitted collectors with black paint” is investigated at the laboratory with a solar simulator and tested for domestic hot water (DHW) and space heating under quasi-static conditions. Unglazed solar collector absorber plates are used as an evaporator, and these are composed of two aluminium plates which are placed externally whilst another plate is mounted internally in the loft space of the house, where operating liquid from the heat pump is directly evaporated. The influence of outside temperature, solar irradiation and/or waste heat on the heating performance of DX-SAHP is investigated. The impact of the parameters such as the inlet temperature and the mass flow rate of the heat transfer fluid is also assessed. Preliminary results elucidate that the refrigeration cycle can be a promising substitute for space heating and hot water when compared to the heat pump systems. This design technique results in higher solar collector/evaporator efficiency and lower system losses due to low evaporating temperature.     

Solar absorption system for air conditioning

This Paper presents a new continous operating solar desiccant absorption system in which CaCl₂-H₂O is used as the absorbent. The flat-plate solar collector is utilized as the desorber where water from the solution is evaporated to ambient air in passing over the collector above the solution film. The plant is equipped with a latent heat accumulation system which is extremely compact in size and very efficient. The coefficient of performance—solar collector efficiency product, indicating the grade of solar energy utilized, is estimated as being the highest of all presently known systems.     

基于垂直U型埋管换热器的圆柱源理论及其应用研究

基于经典常热流圆柱源理论,引入叠加原理与负荷累积思想将其发展为能够适用于长时期短时间步长变热流地源热泵系统模拟的变热流圆柱源模型,并引用实例从理论与实验两方面对改进模型的有效性进行了验证。将圆柱源理论模型应用于太阳能-土壤源热泵系统联合供暖运行性能的数值模拟,结果表明：对于青岛地区,太阳能-土壤源热泵联合供暖运行模式相比地源热泵单独运行节能8．3％。14．5％,就各运行模式而言,带有蓄热水箱的联合运行模式二效果最佳;通过优化进一步得出：其设计可按能量比例63％与37％或尺寸比例13．8m（埋管）/m^2（集热器）来分别确定盘管长度与集热器面积的大小;至于系统经济性,只有当单位面积集热器价格小于5．81m埋管所需费用时,SESHPS在经济上才是可行的。     

Energy and exergy evaluation of an integrated solar heat pipe wall system for space heating

In this paper, an integrated solar heat pipe wall space heating system, employing double glazed heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector and forced convective heat transfer condenser, is introduced. Thermal performance of the heat pipe solar collector is studied and a numerical model is developed to investigate the thermal efficiency of the system, the inlet and outlet air temperatures and heat pipe temperature. Furthermore, the system performance is evaluated based on exergy efficiency. In order to verify the precision of the developed model, the numerical results are compared with experimental data. Parametric sensitivity for design features and material associated with the heat pipe, collector cover and insulation is evaluated to provide a combination with higher thermal performance. Simulation results show that applying a solar collector with more than 30 heat pipes is not efficient. The rate of increasing in temperature of air becomes negligible after 30 heat pipes and the trend of the thermal efficiency is descending with increasing heat pipes. The results also indicate that at a cold winter day of January, the proposed system with a 20 heat pipe collector shows maximum energy and exergy efficiency of 56.8% and 7.2%, which can afford warm air up to 30°C. At the end, the capability of the proposed system to meet the heating demand of a building is investigated. It is concluded that the best method to reach a higher thermal covered area is to apply parallel collectors.     

Thermal and exergoeconomic analysis of a novel solar driven combined power and ejector refrigeration (CPER) system

In the present study, a novel solar driven combined power and ejector refrigeration system (CPER) of 50 kW power capacity composed of an ORC (organic Rankine cycle) and an ejector refrigeration system is investigated. Solar driven CPER system is composed of two main cycles: collector cycle and refrigeration cycle. The collector cycle is made of a U-tube ETC and circulation pump and the ejector refrigeration cycle consists of generator, turbine, ejector, heat exchanger, condenser, evaporator, expansion valve, and pump. Thermodynamic performance of the proposed CPER system is evaluated and a thermo-economic analysis is conducted using the SPECO (specific exergy costing) method. A parametric study showed the effects of condenser temperature, evaporator temperature, generator pressure, turbine back pressure and turbine extraction ratio. The genetic algorithm optimization analysis is conducted which shows 25.5% improvement in thermal energy, 21.27% in exergy efficiency, and 7.76% reduction in the total cost of the CPER system. The results reveal that the performance of the CPER system is considerably improved at higher temperatures of generator and evaporator.     

太阳能辅助集热型水源热泵设计及特性分析

水-水源热泵机组在冬季温度较低的条件下运行一段时间后,会出现制热性能下降并频繁转入保护工况现象。为改善水-水源热泵性能,在负荷匹配的情况下提高其经济性,设想在原热泵系统中增设太阳能辅助集热装置。简要介绍太阳能辅助集热型热泵系统的形式和组成,包括太阳能集热器形式选择、贮热水槽的要求等,同时着重进行冬季供暖工况的热力设计计算。设计计算表明,冬季供热循环时增设太阳能辅助系统之后供热系数有较大提高。在夏季只需将太阳能集热系统与制冷系统分离,即可作生活热水系统使用。     

Modeling evaluation of a direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump water heater using R410A

A direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump (DX-SAHP) system by using R410A as refrigerant is described, which can supply domestic hot water during the whole year. Based on the distributed parameter and homogeneous flow models of collector/evaporator and condenser, the lumped parameter models of compressor and electronic expansion valve, and the refrigerant charge model, a numerical model is developed to estimate the thermal performance of the system. Given the structure parameters, meteorological parameters, initial and final water temperatures, for a fixed superheat degree, the effects of the refrigerant charge quantity on the performance parameters of the system are analyzed, such as compressor power, heat gain of collector, heating time, collector efficiency and system COP. Furthermore, for a fixed refrigerant charge quantity, the effects of various parameters, including solar radiation, ambient temperature, compressor speed and initial water temperature, have been simulated and analyzed on the thermal performance of the system.     

Pompes de chaleur à transferts thermiques sans auxiliaires, à convection naturelle et rayonnementHeat pumps operating without power for auxiliaries by using natural convection and radiation heat transfer

With many conventional heat pump systems the energy absorbed by auxiliary equipment (fans, defrosters, pumps) can be higher than the power used by the compressor. For example, with a particular air-air heat pump system the annual energy consumption of the compressor and its crankcase heater is 11 240 kWh, whilst 21 501 kWh of energy are consumed by auxiliary fans, the defrost unit, back-up heating and system heat losses. Some savings can be made by monitoring the interior unit fan to correspond to the running time of the compressor or by increasing the size of the heat pump in order to reduce back-up heating, but the latter solution has proved to be costly.Laboratory experiments since 1976 have been to reduce power consumption of auxiliaries, particularly air-air and air-water systems, by using a solar collector as the heat pump evaporator. The collector is made up of flat plates oriented in such a manner as to receive direct solar radiation, with both faces of the plates absorbing energy from the surrounding air by natural convection. The faces of the plates exposed to solar radiation are preferably painted black, but other colours with a low coefficient of reflection (eg brown, brick red, dark green, etc.) can be used if the evaporator-collector is to be architecturally pleasing. Glazing is not necessary, as is usually the case with solar panels. The collector-evaporator plates, and associated piping, are precharged with refrigerant and ready for connection to the heat pump circuit.A heat pump equipped with this collector-evaporator will provide an annual energy saving of 30% as compared to a standard air—water system. Additional benefits are no defrosting cycles, simplified installation, greater operational reliability, and an increased system COP. A table sets out the performance parameters of this system to show the incidence of back-up solar energy during the months of lesser solar radiation, ie outside the months of June to September, eg the COP during daylight hours (a minimum of about 7 h in December, to a minimum of 14 h in May) averages out at 3.89, and 3.27 during nocturnal hours.The article also describes a water heating system (200 and 300 I) using this collector-evaporator, an air-air heat pump with static (no forced ventilation) heat exchangers, and an air-water system using a static evaporator which will provide a 25% energy saving over its conventional counterpart.     

太阳能低温水源热泵辅助供暖系统模拟研究

为了使太阳能低温水源热泵辅助供暖系统可以在西藏地区充分发挥水源热泵和平板集热器的潜力，本文采用matlab的simulink仿真技术对该系统进行建模，通过模拟来预测该太阳能系统系统的运行情况，可以使设计人员，在设计阶段可以对该系统的动态特性有一个较全面的了解。最后利用本文建立的仿真程序对拉萨市某一实例进行模拟，并对模拟结果进行较详细的分析，得出了一些对于拉萨地区该系统运行的一般性结论     

The potential of solar energy use in desiccant cooling cycles

The use of heat produced by solar thermal collectors is an interesting option for thermal driven air conditioning processes. A thermal driven cooling technique which fits well to non-tracking solar collectors is the desiccant cooling technique. Recently several projects have been carried out which focus on the connection of desiccant cooling systems with solar thermal energy for regeneration of the sorbents. This communication deals with three main topics: (1) experiences achieved in a realized system which is coupled to a solar collector are discussed, (2) a new concept is presented, in which a solar air collector is integrated into the desiccant cooling cycle as the only heat source and (3) a comparative study is presented which compares system performance for different system configurations and different climatic situations.     

太阳能辅助空气源跨临界二氧化碳热泵热水与空调系统初探

提出一种结构与控制均非常简单的太阳能辅助空气源跨临界CO2热泵空调热水系统，包括太阳能集热系统、CO2热泵系统以及室内室外换热系统；针对不同气候条件，可采用制热、制冷、热水、制热十热水、制冷十热水五种运行模式，实现热水和空调两大功能，具有节能环保的优点。     

高性能SS-AlN金属陶瓷真空太阳集热管的制备

采用真空磁控溅射沉积SS-AlN金属陶瓷太阳选择性吸收涂层.涂层光学功能层的制备,先采用铜靶溅射Cu红外反射层;再采用不锈钢(SS)和铝两金属靶在Ar和N2的混合气体中同时溅射沉积SS-AlN金属陶瓷吸收层;最后采用Al靶在Ar和N2中反应溅射沉积AlN减反射层.金属陶瓷吸收层由高、低SS体积份额的两吸收子层组成.优化溅射镀膜工艺参数获得高性能吸收涂层,太阳吸收比α(AM1.5)高达0.956±0.003(国标GB:α≥0.86),比GB高10％;红外发射比ε仅为0.043±0.003(GB:ε≤0.08).制备成φ58×2100 mm全玻璃真空太阳集热管,80℃平均热损系数ULT仅为0.47±0.01 W/m2℃ (GB:ULT≤0.85 W/m2℃),比GB低0.38W/m2℃,性能提高45％.制备的真空集热管具有良好的真空品质,集热管内管加热350℃恒温480 h后,吸气镜面轴向长度平均消失率仅为2～3％,集热管真空品质优于GB高达100倍以上(GB:350℃恒温48 h,镜面消失率≤50％).     

太阳能热水系统与跨临界二氧化碳热泵系统双向优化组合

太阳能是可再生能源。它资源丰富,既可免费使用,又无需运输,对环境无任何污染。为了促进节能与环境保护,太阳能热水系统已得到广泛应用。二氧化碳作为制冷工质具有一些独特的优势:环境友好物质(ODP=0,GWP=1),无回收问题;良好的安全性和化学稳定性;具有与制冷循环和设备相适应的热力学性质;具有良好的输运和传热性质。与常规制冷剂相比,二氧化碳跨临界循环的压缩比较小,约为2.5～4.0。介绍一种太阳能热水系统与跨临界二氧化碳热泵系统的组合系统,包括太阳能热水系统,二氧化碳热泵系统。针对不同气候条件,本系统分别采用制冷、热水、制热运行模式,从而实现热水、空调与热泵三大功能。     

Identification of materials in a hyperbolic annular fin for a given temperature requirement

This article deals with the prediction of parameters in an annular hyperbolic fin with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity. Three parameters such as thermal conductivity, variable conductivity coefficient and the surface heat transfer coefficient have been predicted for satisfying a prescribed temperature distribution on the surface of fin. This is achieved by a hybrid differential evolution-nonlinear programming optimization method. The effect of random measurement errors is also considered. It is observed from the present inverse analysis that many feasible materials exist satisfying the given temperature distribution, thereby providing engineering flexibility in selecting any material from the available choices. For a given material, this is possible by regulating the surface heat transfer coefficient.     

Supply of cooling and heating with solar assisted absorption heat pumps: an energetic approach

The primary energy consumption of two kinds of solar assisted absorption systems (solar assisted absorption chiller during summertime and heat pump during wintertime or solar assisted absorption chiller with direct gas combustion for heating during wintertime) is compared with the primary energy consumption of a compression chiller which can work as a heat pump during wintertime. For the absorption systems three technical options were considered: a single effect machine; a double effect machine with the solar energy delivered to the lower temperature desorber and combustion heat of a gas burner delivered to the higher temperature desorber; a double effect machine with both solar energy and combustion heat delivered to the higher temperature desorber. The analysis performed in this article shows that solar assisted absorption chillers, absorption heat pumps and direct solar heating systems even with low and intermediate solar fractions can operate with considerably less primary energy consumption than compression systems. Further, the necessary solar collector area to achieve that goal is compatible with roof area available in buildings. It was also verified that, for the double effect absorption machines, there is no advantage in delivering the solar energy to the higher temperature desorber, thus establishing as preferable the solution in which it is delivered to the lower temperature desorber.     

Performance evaluation of single stand and hybrid solar water heaters: a comprehensive review

In this review, flat plate and concentrate-type solar collectors, integrated collector–storage systems, and solar water heaters combined with photovoltaic–thermal modules, solar-assisted heat pump solar water heaters, and solar water heaters using phase change materials are studied based on their thermal performance, cost, energy, and exergy efficiencies. The maximum water temperature and thermal efficiencies are enlisted to evaluate the thermal performance of the different solar water heaters. It is found that the solar water heaters’ performance is considerably improved by boosting water flow rate and tilt angle, modification of the shape and number of collectors, using wavy diffuse and electrodepositioned reflector coating, application of the corrugated absorber surface and coated absorber, use of turbulent enhancers, using thermal conductive working fluid and nanofluid, the inclusion of the water storage tank, and tank insulation. These items increase the heat transfer area and coefficient, thermal conductivity, the Reynolds and Nusselt numbers, heat transfer rate, and energy and exergy efficiencies. The evacuated tube heaters have a higher temperature compared to the collectors with a plane surface. Their thermal performance increases by using all-glass active circulation and heat pipe integration. The concentrative type of solar water heaters is superior to other solar heaters, particularly in achieving higher water temperatures. Their performance improves by using a rotating mirror concentrator. The integration of the system with energy storage components, phase change materials, or a heat pump provides a satisfactory performance over conventional solar water heaters.

Graphical abstract

Modification of solar water heaters

     

Numerical and experimental study of a closed loop for ground heat exchanger coupled with heat pump system and a solar collector for heating a glass greenhouse in north of Tunisia

This work emphasizes the exploitation of renewable energy sources for heating a greenhouse, which requires the use of a horizontal heat exchanger, a heat pump associated with a solar collector in numerical and experimental investigations. This study demonstrates the performance of a heat pump system assisted by solar and geothermal energy under the climatic conditions of Tunisia. This system was designed and installed in Thermal Process Laboratory; Research and Technology Centre of Energy CRTEn Borj Cedria. The surface area and of the glass greenhouse used in the experimental model are 14.8 m² as surface area. We precede several experimental data for realizing a numerical model based on TRNSYS software. For this point of view a numerical model was improved using 100 m² and 229.5 m³ as surface and volume areas. The water-air heat pump is coupled with a ground heat exchanger (GHE) with 1m of depth. The distance between two consecutive tubes is 0.3 m. The surface area of the solar collector is 8 m².     

基于Al2O3纳米流体的槽式太阳能热发电集热器传热建模及性能分析

基于计算流体动力学中的有限体积法,研究了Al₂O₃/Syltherm800导热油纳米流体作为传热介质时槽式太阳能热发电集热器的性能,建立了真空管集热器的三维模型,进行了光学模拟和传热数值模拟,并通过实验进行了验证。在非均匀热流密度分布的情况下,研究了进口温度、进口流速等运行参数对采用纳米流体的槽式集热器传热性能的影响规律。结果表明:随着Al₂O₃体积分数的增加,槽式集热器的换热性能及热效率均有所提高;进口温度、进口流速等运行参数对集热器的传热性能影响很大,随着进口温度的上升和进口流速的减小,纳米流体对传热性能的影响程度逐渐增大。