无线传感器网络路由中的能量预测及算法实现

基于无线传感器网络中路由协议高效合理利用能量的要求,提出一种基于剩余能量预测的地理位置路由(EPGR,energy prediction and geographical routing)算法。算法通过建立传感器网络节点运作模型,及相邻节点剩余能量预测机制,优化路由选择。仿真和分析表明,EPGR算法能够有效地优化数据传输路径,均衡传感器网络节点的能量消耗,延长网络寿命。     

DTN中基于泛模板运算的运动模式发现机制

DTN(Delay-Tolerant Network) 用于描述Ad hoc等无线网络中频繁发生长时间网络分割情形。DTN不假设端到端路径一定存在,因此其主要关注点是如何提高成功投递率,而不是延时等QoS参数。运动模式,例如聚类性等对DTN很重要;本文关注于一种宏观的节点运动模式,并提出一个发现和使用运动模式的框架TOM2D(Template-Operation based Mobility Model Discovery)。其基本思想是：节点利用路由信息交互机制维护一个包含所有节点(或相关节点)三维链路容量矩阵,利用图像处理中的模板运算机制从中提取出可能的运动模式,最后用一个通用的数据结构存储这些信息并用于路由决策过程中。由于TOM2D并不依赖于特定的路由协议,本文最后给出了一个基于OLSR和DSDV的例子,仿真结果显示TOM2D确实为路由决策给出了有价值的信息,提高了路由成功率。     

容迟网络中基于节点间亲密度的分组路由方法

借鉴MANET中通过分簇来减少冗余副本和社交网络中有关挖掘社交圈的思想,通过分析节点的移动规律,定义了基于节点间亲密度的拓扑结构,并将该亲密度在拓扑图中量化为可以比较的边的权值,依据边的权值大小进行拓扑裁剪,挖掘出相互亲密度较高的节点分组,并且针对源节点和目的节点所在的分组对spray and wait路由方法进行改进,来决定本身的报文副本的分配情况,进而提出了基于节点间亲密度的分组路由方法(PBI)。实验结果表明,该路由方法能够明显地提高投递成功率并且减小网络时延。     

节点缓冲区大小对城市部署的DTN网络的影响分析

容延迟网络DTN(Delay Tolerant Networks)在基于城市部署下具有区域密度差别大,局部节点聚集停顿时间较长的特征,节点缓存大小对数据投递率具有较大的影响。文章利用工作日模型WDM(Working Day Movement)设置趋向于真实城市的场景,分析Prophet路由算法与Direct Delivery路由算法对移动节点的影响。实验结果表明,Prophet路由性能明显优于Direct Delivery路由性能,数据包大小在500k~1M的基础上,节点缓存在10M左右,DTN网络投递率与数据包时延均值获得最优效果。     

DTN网络环境下基于蚁群算法的数据编码分发

提出了一种DTN多源多宿网络的数据编码分发机制(Data Dissemination Mechanism with Network Coding Based on Ant Colony Algorithm,DDM-NC).在发布/订阅机制的基础上,通过对主题数据的编码运算和传输,充分利用网络容量进行数据多播,使得数据传输具有更好的安全性和传输效率;同时,针对编码包洪泛传输过程中信息冗余大,无效投递较多等问题,设计了基于蚁群算法的编码包路由策略,引导编码包向信宿聚集,降低编码投递过程中的数据冗余,减少投递延迟.仿真实验表明,相比传统的DTN传染病路由策略和随机网络编码传输方法,DDM-NC方法有更好的数据投递性能.     

无线mesh网络中编码感知且负载均衡的组播路由

提出一种新的基于网络编码的负载均衡路由量度CRM-LB(coding-aware routing metric with load balancing),CRM-LB在CRM(coding-aware routing metric)的基础上增加了对路径p上所有节点通信密集程度与网络拥塞程度的考虑。进一步提出了基于CRM-LB的无线mesh网络多播路由CLR(coding and load-balancing routing)。该协议可以增加网络编码机会,同时考虑到网络中的负载均衡。通过性能分析和仿真实验表明,该协议在提高多播吞吐量的前提下,不仅能更好地支持网络编码,而且网络负载基本均衡。     

AED: 一种用于DTN的增强型Earliest-Delivery算法

DTN(Delay-Tolerant Network)是人们在近年出现的众多网络实例中抽象出来的网络模型。在这种网络模型中,经常出现长时间的网络分割,以至于在给定的时间段内端到端的路径不一定存在。由于DTN这种独特的拓扑性质,其路由机制和传统的网络模型有很大不同。该文详细研究了DTN的一种路由算法ED(Earliest-Delivery)算法,然后引入了对节点运动精确性(相对于时间)的考虑,给出了精确性因子p()的定义,并以之作为ED算法中链接(contact)1)代价的权重,进而提出一种更稳健的路由算法AED(Advanced ED)。实验表明,当节点运动不确定性增加时,AED维持较好的性能,而ED的性能则明显下降。     

改进的可靠信道路由算法在认知无线电Ad-hoc网络中的应用

针对认知无线电网络中传统路由可靠性较低的问题,提出了一种改进的可靠信道路由算法(Improved reliable channel routing,IRCR)。算法根据认知无线电网络频谱的动态性,利用相邻节点间信道利用率,选择可靠邻节点,并根据可靠邻节点建立可靠路由。仿真结果表明,与传统频谱感知按需路由协议(spectrumaware on-demand routing protocol,SORP)相比,IRCR具有较高的数据包投递率和较低平均时延。     

一种战场短距离通信环境下容断网络路由算法

文章在对DTN（容断网络）单播路由的研究现状进行深入研究的基础上,综合考虑DTN的交换机制、缓存管理、路由算法、能量消耗等因素,提出了一种基于RULH（链路连通历史信息）的路由算法,并通过Glomosim仿真工具验证了该算法具有较高的数据传输率、较低的时延、较小的能耗,能够在战场短距离通信环境下明显改善网络性能。     

DTN 网络环境下动态随机网络编码方法简

容迟容断网络的移动性、间歇连通性和动态拓扑等动态特性使得当前应用于静态网络拓扑和固定多播容量的静态随机网络编码难以适应DTN网络环境的网络编码传输,为此提出了一种DTN网络环境下动态随机网络编码传输方法。该方法以马尔科夫信道模型为基础,根据节点的数据状态动态监测信道速率,在信源节点构造了带信道容量的网络流图,并计算和预测当前网络多播容量,最后根据多播容量的变化动态扩展和裁剪随机网络编码方案,实现DTN网络环境下数据的动态网络编码传输。仿真结果表明,相比传统的固定多播率编码方法,动态随机网络编码方法降低了数据的平均传递延迟,提高了数据投递率。     

An optimized trusted‐cluster–based routing in disruption‐tolerant network using experiential learning model

Disruption‐tolerant network (DTN) implementation is subject to many routing constraints like limited knowledge of the network and intermittent connections with no end‐to‐end path existence. In this paper, the researchers propose trusted‐cluster–based routing protocol (TCR) for routing in DTN. TCR uses the experiential learning model that integrates neural network‐based bipolar sigmoid activation function to form trusted‐cluster DTN. TCR works in two phases: firstly to form a trusted‐cluster and secondly to identify cluster heads to direct network traffic through them. After the formation of the trusted‐cluster, a cluster head is chosen for a set period, thus instigating stability in the network. These trust values are attached to the node's route cache to make competitive routing decisions by relaying a message to the other trusted intermediate nodes only. With negative trust value, any node is deprived of participation in the network. This way, TCR eliminates malicious or selfish nodes to participate in the DTN network and minimizes the number of messages forwarded in a densely populated DTN. Also, this implementation conserves sufficient buffer memory to reach the destined node. The TCR's performance with other DTN routing schemes, namely, epidemic and trust‐based routing, is compared using multiple simulations runs. The proposed work is verified using mobility traces from Community Resource for Archiving Wireless Data At Dartmouth, and the experimental result shows the elimination of selfish nodes participating in the DTN. The simulation result shows an increase of 19% in message delivery by forwarding only to a trusted intermediate node possible.     

Evaluating performance of two-hop routing in DTN based on Home-MEG model

Performance analysis in delay tolerant networks (DTN) is often based on unrealistic mobility models. Recently, the Home-MEG model is proposed. This model is able to accurately reproduce the power law and exponential decay distribution of inter-contact times between mobile nodes which has been observed in many real motion traces. This letter proposes a theoretical framework to evaluate the performance of two-hop routing based on Home-MEG model for the first time. Simulation results show the accuracy of our theoretical model. Using the model, we explore the impact of some parameters (e.g. the number of relay nodes) on the routing performance.     

Directional routing and scheduling for green vehicular delay tolerant networks

The vehicle delay tolerant networks (DTNs) make opportunistic communications by utilizing the mobility of vehicles, where the node makes delay-tolerant based “carry and forward” mechanism to deliver the packets. The routing schemes for vehicle networks are challenging for varied network environment. Most of the existing DTN routing including routing for vehicular DTNs mainly focus on metrics such as delay, hop count and bandwidth, etc. A new focus in green communications is with the goal of saving energy by optimizing network performance and ultimately protecting the natural climate. The energy–efficient communication schemes designed for vehicular networks are imminent because of the pollution, energy consumption and heat dissipation. In this paper, we present a directional routing and scheduling scheme (DRSS) for green vehicle DTNs by using Nash Q-learning approach that can optimize the energy efficiency with the considerations of congestion, buffer and delay. Our scheme solves the routing and scheduling problem as a learning process by geographic routing and flow control toward the optimal direction. To speed up the learning process, our scheme uses a hybrid method with forwarding and replication according to traffic pattern. The DRSS algorithm explores the possible strategies, and then exploits the knowledge obtained to adapt its strategy and achieve the desired overall objective when considering the stochastic non-cooperative game in on-line multi-commodity routing situations. The simulation results of a vehicular DTN with predetermined mobility model show DRSS achieves good energy efficiency with learning ability, which can guarantee the delivery ratio within the delay bound.     

A link contact duration-based routing protocol in delay-tolerant networks

Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) provide message delivery services to users via intermittently connected nodes. In DTNs, routing is one of the most challenging issues since end-to-end connectivity between nodes may not be available most of the time. Although many routing protocols for DTNs have been proposed, they do not achieve satisfactory performance, since they exploit only some of the network characteristics. In this paper, we present a new DTN routing protocol, called the Link Contact Duration-based Routing Protocol (LCD). Like existing protocols, LCD uses the disconnect duration of a link between two nodes to find the routing path with the shortest end-to-end delay. In addition, LCD uses the contact duration of a link and the number of buffered messages to deliver as many messages as possible in a short time. Our simulation results show that LCD has better performance than existing DTN routing protocols.     

Optimal mobility control with energy constraint in delay tolerant networks

Owing to the uncertainty of transmission opportunities between mobile nodes, the routing in delay tolerant networks (DTNs) exploits the mechanism of store‐carry‐and‐forward. In this routing mechanism, mobility plays an important role, and we need to control the mobility of nodes around the network to help with carrying messages from the source to the destination. This is a difficult problem because the nodes in the network may move arbitrarily and it is difficult for us to determine when the nodes should move faster to help the data transmission while considering the complicated energy consumption in such a network. At the same time, for most DTNs, the system energy is limited, and energy efficient algorithms are crucial to maximizing the message delivery probability while reducing the delivery cost. In this paper, we investigate the problem of energy efficient mobility speed control in epidemic routing of DTN. We model the message dissemination process under variable mobility speed by a continuous‐time Markov model. With this model, we then formulate the optimization problem of the optimal mobility control for epidemic routing and obtain the optimal policy from the solution of this optimization problem. Furthermore, extensive numerical results demonstrate that the proposed optimal policy significantly outperforms the static policy with constant speed, in terms of energy saving. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

容延容断网络路由算法及其存在问题的探析

容延容断网络(delay/disruption tolerant network,简称DTN)是一种新型网络体系结构.在这一类网络中,节点与节点之间不存在端到端的路径,因此节点之间的通信一般使用"存储-携带-转发"的模式来进行,也就是节点需要先将信息存储起来再携带信息,直到遇到能够将消息转发到目的节点的时候才将消息转发出去.因此在容延容断网络中路由算法的关键性问题是如何以较高的发送成功率和较低的延迟将消息转发到目的节点.DTN网络的应用场景通常由手机、蓝牙设备以及具备WiFi功能的手持电子设备等组成的移动自组网络.本文主要研究DTN路由算法及其存在的问题.     

Adaptive Spraying for Routing in Delay Tolerant Networks

Message delivery in Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) is challenging due to the fact that the network is intermittently connected. Mobility can be exploited to improve DTN performance. In this paper, we propose a DTN routing scheme Adaptive Spraying. Adaptive Spraying exploits mobility pattern and encounter history to predict the number of nodes with no copy a node will encounter within the expected delay. The number of nodes encountered can be viewed as the number of copies disseminated. Each node with copies dynamically chooses the number of copies by itself, instead of a fixed number determined at the source node. We present an analysis of the scheme and validate the analytical results with simulations. Simulation results show that Adaptive Spraying performs well over a variety of environmental conditions such as transmission range and traffic load.     

Leader Based Group Routing in Disconnected Mobile Ad Hoc Networks with Group Mobility

When there is disconnection in mobile ad hoc network under group mobility, it falls into the delay-tolerant network (DTN). However, most existing research in DTN targets entity mobility. In this paper, we consider the routing strategy for DTN with group mobility, and propose the leader based group routing (LBGR) by making full use of group structure in group mobility. Three major mechanisms closely related to the group mobility are proposed in LBGR. First, we treat each group as one individual unit during routing execution to substantially reduce the routing overhead and the resource requirement. Second, we consider the resource allocation in each group and propose the leader-dominating routing in LBGR to reduce the impact of the group dynamics on network performance. Third, to make better use of the rare contact opportunities in DTN, we propose the group based packet exchange, in which the contact of any two nodes from two groups will trigger the packet exchange between the two groups. By extensive simulation we show that LBGR outperforms two traditional routing protocols, epidemic routing and DSR, in various network conditions. Especially, we will find that the impact of the group dynamics on LBGR is very limited.     

GeoDTN<Emphasis Type="Bold">+</Emphasis>Nav: Geographic DTN Routing with Navigator Prediction for Urban Vehicular Environments

Position-based routing has proven to be well suited for highly dynamic environment such as Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) due to its simplicity. Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) and Greedy Perimeter Coordinator Routing (GPCR) both use greedy algorithms to forward packets by selecting relays with the best progress towards the destination or use a recovery mode in case such solutions fail. These protocols could forward packets efficiently given that the underlying network is fully connected. However, the dynamic nature of vehicular network, such as vehicle density, traffic pattern, and radio obstacles could create unconnected networks partitions. To this end, we propose GeoDTN+Nav, a hybrid geographic routing solution enhancing the standard greedy and recovery modes exploiting the vehicular mobility and on-board vehicular navigation systems to efficiently deliver packets even in partitioned networks. GeoDTN+Nav outperforms standard geographic routing protocols such as GPSR and GPCR because it is able to estimate network partitions and then improves partitions reachability by using a store-carry-forward procedure when necessary. We propose a virtual navigation interface (VNI) to provide generalized route information to optimize such forwarding procedure. We finally evaluate the benefit of our approach first analytically and then with simulations. By using delay tolerant forwarding in sparse networks, GeoDTN+Nav greatly increases the packet delivery ratio of geographic routing protocols and provides comparable routing delay to benchmark DTN algorithms.