政府投资项目代建制下的责任追究机制

由于政府投资项目相关主体不都是民事主体,法律责任也包括民事、行政和刑事责任,不宜采用单一的过错责任原则或无过错责任原则来解决代建项目责任追究问题。建议将代建项目责任追究与风险分配结合起来考虑,事先在合同中约定不同风险由哪一方承担,一旦项目实施过程中出现偏差或损失,即可根据约定的风险分配确定归责机制和举证程序。为合理确定风险分配方案,选择与项目实施相关的32项风险因素,针对各项风险由哪一方承担设计问卷,对政府部门、代建单位的管理人员进行调查。根据调查数据的统计分析,将32项风险因素分为6类:政府承担、优先考虑由政府承担、双方分担、优先考虑由代建单位承担、由代建单位承担和视具体情况而定,并阐述每一类风险对应的归责机制和举证程序。     

Analysis of conflict and change in construction projects

Conflict and change can have considerable impact on the success or otherwise of construction projects. Examples of conflict and project change have been collected in structured interviews within a series of organizations which are clients of construction activities. A methodology which uses a process of hierarchical decomposition has been developed for classifying this data and rendering it suitable for subsequent analysis. The results presented in the paper are of a prelirninary investigation and lend weight to the hypothesis that the creative management of conflict and change can benefit construction industry clients.     

Value engineering in public construction projects in Saudi Arabia

It was found that value engineering was in limited use since it has been introduced in 1981. The main reason for the lack of adoption being unfamiliarity with the concept among public sector organizations, as well as local architectural/engineering firms in the Kingdom.     

Enhancing submittal review and construction inspection in public projects

Execution results of public construction projects are a critical concern for the general public. However, submittal review for public construction projects is currently conducted using the push system, resulting in significant submittal inventory. Under this system, change orders require amendments to the submittal inventory, resulting in waste through unnecessary resubmission and re-review. Furthermore, the current construction inspection method uses hold points, thus design or construction problems may be hidden in the inspection inventory, producing defective work and resulting in further waste. The purpose of this research is to develop an Integrated Review and Inspection System (IRIS) using a pull system and Concurrent Engineering (CE). IRIS integrates the requirements of submittal review and construction inspection standards for government quality regulations including the Three Levels Quality Management System (TLQMS). A stable construction flow is established by removing waste from current review and inspection processes. Concurrent submittal review is pulled by the construction status to reduce submittal inventory, with the knock-on effect of reducing the impact of change orders on construction flow, while concurrent construction inspection shortens inspection intervals. Design and construction errors are immediately revealed and amended to avoid defective construction and its ensuing rework. To verify the feasibility of the proposed IRIS, eM-Plant simulation software is used to analyze a construction case. The conventional review/inspection systems and IRIS are compared using computer simulations. Simulation results show that the proposed IRIS could reduce submittal inventory, decrease the impact of change orders on project duration, establish an on-site culture of quality control, and create a stable construction flow. This research presents one of the first attempts to apply pull systems and CE to improve submittal review and construction inspection processes. Research results could provide guidance for the establishment of a collaboration platform for project stakeholders.     

Changes and change management in construction and IT projects

Modelling for change management in construction might benefit from experiences from other industries. This study compares reasons for change as well as change practices in interorganizational relationships in construction and information technology. Sixteen contractual relationships have been studied through a questionnaire and interview survey conducted among both clients and providers. Project-type relations are contrasted with more continuous service support contracts. More than their providers, clients tend to ascribe high change frequencies to an increase in technical understanding during projects. Early provider participation is associated with lower change frequencies, while the strength of incentives is less influential. The ease of transforming changes into new projects varies between technologies. Irreversibility is important, as well as relations between pre-investigations and the successive revealing of initial conditions, together with the life-cycle of formal and informal communication. Findings can be used for transfer of agile practices.     

Reasons for overrun in public sector construction projects in Nigeria

Construction activity requires major investment outlays in most developing countries, yet most construction projects in these countries are characterized by overruns in cost and time. In an attempt to identify the reasons for such overruns, an extensive survey was carried out in a typical developing country, Nigeria. An interim report is presented on the survey, suggesting that the major underlying problems are the lack of prompt payment by agencies to contractors and fluctuations in material, labour and plant costs.     

Forecasting construction durations for public housing projects: a Hong Kong perspective

The past thirty years have seen a great surge of international attention and discussion in the domain of construction time performance of building projects. Demand for residential construction has been continually increasing in Hong Kong since the 1950s, while an accelerated demand has been envisaged in the next few years up to 2001. This paper is based on the findings of the third survey in an investigation which aimed at determining a group of critical factors that affect construction durations of building projects in Hong Kong. This stage of the study attempted to generate standards (norms) for overall completion periods of public housing blocks, by modelling the durations of the primary work packages in the building construction process, i.e. piling, pile caps/raft, superstructure, EandM services, finishes and their respective sequential start-start lag times, in terms of the identified sets of critical factors (significant variables). Data from 15 case studies of standard New Cruciform type housing blocks was collected from the client and contractors. Multiple Linear Regression was applied in analyzing the project data and formulating a construction duration model. The forecasting performance of the model was next evaluated using an independent (new) set of project information from the client, in terms of a relative measure known as the Percentage Error. Both the general applications and drawbacks of the model are briefly presented and examined herein. The low values of percentage error (less than about ±10%) for overall construction durations confirmed that the model can be a reliable tool for predicting the construction durations of public housing projects in Hong Kong; and the research methodology used could well be extended to similar studies and duration forecasts in other sub-sectors in Hong Kong, as well as in other countries.     

完善政府公共投资项目代建制管理模式的思考

本文结合我国政府公共投资项目代建制管理模式的运行实际,借鉴国外先进项目管理经验,从合同管理、风险控制、主体培育和制度建设等方面进行深入分析论证,提出了具有可操作性的建议,形成了较为完备的代建制度框架,对制度建设和项目实施具有较强的指导意义.     

Strategic change and organizational learning in two 'Swedish' construction firms

The two largest construction companies in Sweden, NCC and Skanska, previously have acted according to what here is called a multi-domestic strategy. Such a strategy implies that each market is treated essentially in isolation. Due to perceived pressures for local responsiveness, the firms have focused on utilizing local knowledge and experience, while failing to obtain economies of scale and to learn from the different localities. A combination of changing perceptions of being local and a growing number of home markets makes possible a strategic approach that is inter-domestic in nature. This approach stresses the importance of learning and of coordinating the experience a construction firm achieves in many different localities. Therefore learning is seen not only as a process of adaptation to the environment, but also as an evolutionary process built on an organization's identity, which is created by both structural and individual factors. The identity of an organization helps us to understand its ability to learn.     

变更和签证在建设项目跟踪审计中的应对策略

结合建设项目跟踪审计的定义,针对建设项目跟踪审计过程中存在的不良现状,探讨了工程变更和签证的控制要点,并提出了相应的应对策略及注意事项,以期指导实践,保障承包商利润和建设单位的利益。     

浅谈市政设施建设工程企业如何加强成本管理

从合理设置项目管理机构，建立项目经理成本责任制，制定科学、经济的施工方案，做好现场安全文明施工管理，控制人工费、材料费及机械使用费方面等对建设工程企业如何做好成本管理工作进行了阐述，以使施工企业获得较大的经济效益。     

Quantitative effects of drivers and barriers on networking strategies in public construction projects

Past studies have found that network strategies can contribute to better company and project performance. The adoption of network strategies is motivated by a set of factors (i.e., drivers), but also faces numerous challenges (i.e., barriers). The appreciation of the factors motivating and deterring networking strategies is beneficial to the successful implementation of network strategies. In the context of public construction projects, this study aims to examine the quantitative effect of drivers and barriers on three network strategies (i.e., trust, information sharing and joint problem solving). The results of a questionnaire-survey of 104 public projects show that the adoption of network strategies in public construction is mainly cost-driven. The results indicate that four barriers impede network strategies in public projects: (i) a lack of continuity and (ii) ethos of public services are harmful to trust; (iii) institutional constraints hinder information sharing; and (iv) a lack of capability is a hurdle to information sharing and trust. It is also found that one barrier (i.e., ethos of public services) has a positive influence on trust between clients and consultants. Recommendations on enhancing network strategies through the appreciation of drivers and barriers are provided.     

浅谈建设工程施工索赔

分析了我国建筑市场的现状,并从承包商角度阐述了造成索赔的原因、索赔程序和时限以及索赔中应注意的其他问题,以指导施工企业重视并做好索赔管理工作,降低经营风险,提高经济效益。     

Cost overruns in public projects

The effects of cost overruns are not confined to the construction industry but are reflected in the state of the overall economy of a country. This is particularly so in Turkey, where construction investments account for almost half of all investments. A large number of Turkish public agencies and contractors were surveyed to identify the causes of such cost overruns in public projects undertaken in the decade 1970–1980. The results indicate that inflationary pressures, increases in material prices and workmen's wages, difficulties in obtaining materials at current official prices, construction delays and errors in first estimates were the most important sources for cost overruns.     

谈建设工程施工合同管理

基于施工合同在项目中的重要性,从合同策划、实施计划、实施控制、索赔管理及合同后评价五方面,分析了建设工程施工合同管理的策略,从而提升合同的管理水平,实现工程建设目标。     

建设工程项目的施工成本管理

针对建设工程项目的施工成本管理进行了探讨,从施工准备阶段、施工阶段、工程竣工阶段三方面入手介绍了施工成本管理的内容及要点,并着重阐述了如何更好地进行施工成本控制和管理,以指导实践。     

Implementing strategic change through projects

Senior managers spend a lot of time and effort trying to change their organisations. All too often it turns out to be a waste of time. Somewhere along the way, the force behind their ideas and objectives drains away. This paper looks at what gets in the way of strategic change. It shows how using projects, programmes and the associated management processes can guarantee a greater level of success. This paper does not propose that project management is a simple solution. Indeed, this is one of the most commonly-cited reasons for failure of ‘business process re-engineering’ initiatives.     

建筑工程的三控制

从建筑工程项目质量、进度、造价控制的意义出发,对其质量控制、进度控制及工程造价控制的手段及措施进行了分析总结,通过采取有效的措施,达到了工程项目预期的控制目标。     

谈建设工程招投标

结合我国招投标制度在建筑工程实行中的重要性进行分析,介绍了工程招投标的概念及意义,针对工程招标的公开与邀请两种方式,提出了建设工程应当具备的招标条件,以期促进我国的建筑安装工程能够稳步的发展。