Investigations on pullout behavior of geogrid-granular trench using CANAsand constitutive model

Experimental and numerical investigations have been carried out on behavior of pullout resistance of embedded circular plate with and without geogrid reinforcement layers in stabilized loose and dense sands using a granular trench.Different parameters have been considered,such as the number of geogrid layers,embedment depth ratio,relative density of soil and height ratio of granular trench.Results showed that,without granular trench,the single layer of geogrid was more effective in enhancing the pullout capacity compared to the multilayer of geogrid reinforcement.Also,increasing the soil density and embedment depth ratio led to an increase in the uplift capacity.When soil was improved with the granular trench,the uplift force significantly increased.The granular trench improved the uplift load in dense sand more,as compared to the same symmetrical plate embedded in loose sand.Although it was observed that,in geogrid-reinforced granular trench condition,the ultimate pullout resistance at failure increased as the number of geogrid layers increased up to the third layer,and the fifth layer had a negligible effect in comparison with the third layer of reinforcement.Finite element analyses with hardening soil model for sand and CANAsand constitutive model for granular trench were conducted to investigate the failure mechanism and the associated rupture surfaces utilized.The response of granular material in the proposed model is an elastoplastic constitutive model derived from the CANAsand model,which uses a non-associated flow rule along with the concept of the state boundary surface possessing a critical and a compact state.It was observed that the granular trench might change the failure mechanism from deep plate to shallow plate as the failure surface can extend to the ground surface.The ultimate uplift capacity of anchor and the variation of surface deformation indicated a close agreement between the experiment and numerical model.     

加筋风砂土扩展基础的抗拔试验与位移控制计算

承受上拔荷载的扩展基础,可以用上拔位移或上拔荷载作为设计控制条件。在典型沙漠地区进行调研和现场采取土样,进行土工格栅与风砂土的摩擦特性试验,通过室内模型试验研究了上拔荷载作用下土工格栅加筋风砂土地基扩展基础的力学性能,包括荷载、位移、变形、破坏机理和承载能力的研究,提出了有效的土工格栅加筋形式:平铺一层和二层土工格栅。在上述研究基础上,对上拔位移机理进行了分析研究,提出了上拔位移计算模型和上拔位移控制的分析计算方法。     

砂土中锚板上拔三维物质点法模拟研究

土体中锚板的上拔过程存在复杂的锚土相互作用,掌握其变形及破坏机制对于确定锚板的极限承载力和优化设计具有重要的意义.采用三维物质点法(MPM)模拟了砂土中圆形锚板的上拔过程,探究了不同埋深条件下土体的位移场分布及锚板的上拔破坏机制,并结合极限平衡法研究了砂土密实度、锚板尺寸和埋深等因素对其极限承载力的影响.结果 表明,临...     

多层加筋垫层刚性桩网复合地基的承载特性

为研究多层加筋垫层刚性桩网复合地基的承载特性,将设置有多层土工格栅的加筋垫层视为大挠度薄板进行分析,运用层合板理论,模拟多层土工格栅与碎石垫层之间的相互作用,建立加筋垫层抗弯刚度矩阵的计算方法。考虑刚性桩网复合地基的三维应力和位移边界条件,根据静力平衡条件,建立加筋垫层应力函数和挠度微分控制方程,并利用伽辽金方法进行求解。在此基础上,利用Winkler地基梁理论和大挠度薄板理论对桩土应力比和格栅拉力进行计算。最后,运用实际工程对计算方法进行验证,并综合分析格栅总层数、铺设间隔和位置等因素对桩土应力比及格栅拉力的影响。研究结果表明:理论计算结果与实测结果较为吻合;随着格栅总层数的增大,桩土应力比增大而格栅拉力降低,铺设2～3层格栅效率最高;随着铺设格栅间隔和底层格栅距桩帽距离的增大,桩土应力比降低,而格栅拉力增大。     

加筋风砂土抗拔试验研究(II)——抗拔载荷能力计算分析

通过对典型沙地土样的分析试验和室内模型试验,对未加筋风砂土和土工格栅的15种不同加筋条件下风砂土地基扩展基础的上拔承载性能进行了试验研究.根据试验结果,确定了加筋风砂土地基扩展基础承受上拔荷载的计算模式和理论计算公式.研究了分别由风砂土和土工格栅引起的上拔承载能力,按计算值和实测值分项进行了对比分析,提出了有效的土工格栅加筋形式,即平铺一层和二层土工格栅.提出了进一步需要研究的"锚固长度"问题.     

Physical and numerical modelling of strip footing on geogrid reinforced transparent sand

This paper presents the results of laboratory scale plate load tests on transparent soils reinforced with biaxial polypropylene geogrids. The influence of reinforcement length and number of reinforcement layers on the load-settlement response of the reinforced soil foundation was assessed by varying the reinforcement length and the number of geogrid layers, each spaced at 25% of footing width. The deformations of the reinforcement layers and soil under strip loading were examined with the aid of laser transmitters (to illuminate the geogrid reinforcement) and digital camera. A two-dimensional finite difference program was used to study the fracture of geogrid under strip loading considering the geometry of the model tests. The bearing capacity and stiffness of the reinforced soil foundation has increased with the increase in the reinforcement length and number of reinforcement layers, but the increase is more prominent by increasing number of reinforcement layers. The results from the physical and numerical modelling on reinforced soil foundation reveal that fracture of geogrid could initiate in the bottom layer of reinforcement and progress to subsequent upper layers. The displacement and stress contours along with the mobilized tensile force distribution obtained from the numerical simulations have complimented the observations made from the experiments.     

Effect of geogrid reinforcement on soil - structure – pipe interaction in terms of bearing capacity,settlement and stress distribution

In this study, the contribution of single and multiple layers of geogrids to bearing capacity and stress behavior was determined by laboratory experiments. The effects of parameters such as the depth of the first geogrid, the vertical spacing between the geogrid layers and the number of geogrid layers on the bearing capacity and settlement behavior of soil and stress distribution on geogrid and pipe by using strain gauges have been investigated. The results of experiments were given in dimensionless form of bearing capacity ratio (BCR), settlement reduction factor (SRF) and stress capacity ratio (SCR). As a result of experiments, the contribution of the geogrid on the soil-structure-pipe interaction has been observed together with the stress distribution on the geogrid contributed to the efficient use of the appropriate geogrid capacity.     

Experimental investigation on the accumulated strain of coarse-grained soil reinforced by geogrid under high-cycle cyclic loading

In this study, a series of cyclic triaxial tests were conducted to study the accumulated strain of coarse-grained soil reinforced with geogrids, and the effect of the number of geogrid layers, confining pressure and cyclic stress amplitude was investigated in detail. The test results show that the final accumulated axial strain of the soils reinforced with geogrids is less than that without reinforcement, and less accumulated axial strain is generated for the specimens with more geogrid layers under identical cyclic loading. The results also show that a higher confining pressure or a lower cyclic stress amplitude yields less accumulated axial strain for the reinforced soils. Furthermore, the plastic shakedown limits are determined by the criterion proposed by Chen et al. It indicates that the plastic shakedown limit increases significantly when one layer of geogrid is incorporated into the specimen and then tends to level off with a continuous increase in the number of geogrid layers. Moreover, a higher confining pressure yields a higher plastic shakedown limit for the soils reinforced with geogrid. The results demonstrated that the use of geogrid can be an effective method to reduce the accumulated deformation of subgrade filling materials under high-cycle traffic loading.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of the uplift capacity of plate anchors in geocell-reinforced sand

Plate anchors are frequently used to provide resistance against uplift forces. This paper describes the reinforcing effects of a geocell-reinforced soil layer on uplift behavior of anchor plates. The uplift tests were conducted in a test pit at near full-scale on anchor plates with widths between 150 and 300?mm with embedment depths of 1.5–3 times the anchor width for both unreinforced and geocell-reinforced backfill. A single geocell layer with pocket size 110?mm?×?110?mm and height 100?mm, fabricated from non-perforated and nonwoven geotextile, was used. The results show that the peak and residual uplift capacities of anchor models were highest when the geocell layer over the anchor was used, but with increasing anchor size and embedment depth, the benefit of the geocell reinforcement deceases. Peak loads between 130% and 155% of unreinforced conditions were observed when geocell reinforcement was present. Residual loading increased from 75% to 225% that of the unreinforced scenario. The reinforced anchor system could undergo larger upward displacements before peak loading occurred. These improvements may be attributed to the geocell reinforcement distributing stress to a wider area than the unreinforced case during uplift. The breakout factor increases with embedment depth and decreased with increasing anchor width for both unreinforced and reinforced conditions, the latter yielding larger breakout factors. Calibrated numerical modelling demonstrated favorable agreement with experimental observations, providing insight into detailed behavior of the system. For example, surface heave decreased by over 80% when geocell was present because of a much more efficient stress distribution imparted by the presence of the geocell layer.     

Laboratory investigation of bearing capacity behaviour of strip footing on reinforced flyash slope

The paper presents the results of laboratory model tests on bearing capacity behaviour of a strip footing resting on the top of a geogrid reinforced flyash slope. A series of model footing tests covering a wide range of boundary conditions, including unreinforced cases were conducted by varying parameters such as location and depth of embedment of single geogrid layer, number of geogrid layers, location of footing relative to the slope crest, slope angles and width of footing. The results of the investigation indicate that both the pressure–settlement behaviour and the ultimate bearing capacity of footing resting on the top of a flyash slope can be enhanced by the presence of reinforcing layers. However the efficiency of flyash geogrid system increases with the increasing number of geogrid layers and edge distance of footing from the slope. Based on experimental results critical values of geogrid parameters for maximum reinforcing effects are established. Experimental results obtained from a series of model tests have been presented and discussed in the paper.     

Visualisation and quantification of geogrid reinforcing effects under strip footing loads using discrete element method

Geogrids have been commonly used in reinforced soil structures to improve their performance. To investigate the geogrid reinforcement mechanisms, discrete element modelling of unreinforced and geogrid reinforced soil foundations and slopes was conducted under surface strip footing loads in this study. For unreinforced and reinforced soil foundations, the numerically obtained footing pressure-settlement relationships were validated by experimental results from the literature. In the numerical modelling of unreinforced and reinforced soil slopes, identical models and micro input parameters to those used in the numerical modelling of unreinforced and reinforced soil foundations were used. The geogrid reinforcing effects under strip footing loads were visualised by the qualitative contact force distributions in the soil structures, as well as the qualitative and quantitative tensile force distributions along the geogrids. In addition, the qualitative displacement distributions of soil particles in the soil structures and the quantitative vertical displacement distributions along soil layers/geogrids also indicated the geogrid reinforcing effects in such practical reinforced soil structures. The discrete element modelling results visualise and quantify the load transfer and spreading behavior in geogrid reinforced soil structures, and it provides researchers with an improved understanding of geogrid reinforcing effects at microscopic scale under strip footing loads.     

上拔与水平力组合作用下加筋风积沙斜柱扩展基础试验

在土工格栅加筋风积沙、土工网垫加筋风积沙以及未加筋风积沙地基条件下,开展了3个不同尺寸斜柱扩展基础上拔水平力组合荷载作用下9个工况的现场试验。根据基础的顶部荷载与位移、基底土压力变化以及地表裂缝分布情况,分析了基础尺寸、加筋材料及其铺设方式对风积沙斜柱扩展基础承载性能的影响规律,研究了加筋风积沙地基的破坏机理。结果表明：加筋风积沙斜柱扩展基础上拔水平力组合荷载作用下①其承载机理是基础底板上方地基压缩挤密-塑性区出现并进一步发展-局部剪切破坏的渐进破坏过程,且地基破裂面具有不对称性;②土工格栅提高了风积沙地基的抗拔和抗倾覆的承载能力和抗变形能力,且铺设层间距越小,改善效果越好;土工网垫由于其易变形特点,不能提高甚至降低了风积沙地基承载能力;③降低基础露头高度、增加基础埋深、扩大基础底板尺寸均可有效提高基础上拔和水平承载力。     

土工格栅加筋边坡优化设计研究

基于加筋材料的拉拔试验结果和极限平衡理论,针对具体边坡工程进行了不同加筋方案的计算与分析,对比了计算模型和设计方法的适用性,给出了满足边坡稳定条件的最佳设计方案。计算结果表明:采用改进瑞典法或荷兰法的计算结果相近且较原瑞典法有明显的提高,更能体现加筋效果;地震效应和地下水对加筋结构有较大影响;水利法应用于稳定地基上加筋边坡目的性强,能获得满足稳定性条件的合理布筋量;当地下水位较高时,筋材宜通铺。双层加筋效果较单层加筋有明显提高,但并非后者的简单叠加。单层加筋时,铺设位置对于边坡稳定性的影响有限,若铺设于坡身更能减少布筋量,降低造价。对比分析还表明,无论采用何种加筋方式,加筋前后的最危险滑弧位置均会发生改变,后者会向边坡中心和地基深处发展,对于提高其稳定性有明显作用。     

条形荷载作用下加筋土边坡稳定性分析

建立了用于模拟和分析3个大型室内足尺加筋与不加筋边坡稳定性的数值计算模型。数值计算采用基于强度折减技术的连续介质快速拉格朗日分析方法,分别对条形荷载下的位移响应、节点位移速度向量、塑性区和剪应变速率分布进行计算,获得3个边坡在条形荷载下的极限承载力和双楔体破坏机制,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,验证了模型的可行性。在此基础上,对影响边坡稳定性的各主要因素进行分析。研究结果表明,经过格栅加固的边坡承载能力和稳定性明显提高,且随加筋层数、格栅刚度和强度的增加而增大;条形荷载越大或荷载位置离坡顶越近,边坡的稳定性越低;土体强度增大,边坡的稳定性明显增加,但土体摩擦角对安全系数的影响比黏聚力更为敏感;此外,顶层筋材埋深与条基荷载宽度比值大小与边坡的安全性密切相关,其最佳比值随加筋层数不同而改变。     

静动载下筋材变化对加筋土挡墙性能影响分析

为了研究动静荷载下,加筋长度及筋材类型变化对加筋土挡墙工作性能的影响,进行了7种工况下的加筋土挡墙模型试验,对比分析了加筋土挡墙的水平土压力、水平土压力系数、墙面水平位移和加载板竖向沉降及筋材应变等参数的发展规律。试验结果表明:动载下加筋土挡墙筋材应变随着加载时间的增长、加筋长度的减小、位置高度的增加而增大,且顶层筋材应变远远大于其他层;加筋长度及筋材横肋的减少明显降低挡墙的承载性能,格栅横肋减少导致挡墙极限承载力降低18% ,加筋长度减少使面板水平位移最大增大了2.2倍;与静载作用下相比,动载下土工格栅的侧向约束作用及网兜效应能够得到更好地发挥。     

砂土中锚板拉拔模型试验及其抗拔力计算

锚板基础因其具有良好的抗拔特性而广泛应用于各类岩土工程问题中。在不同密实程度砂土中采用不同几何形状的锚板进行小比尺拉拔模型试验,分析锚板型式及尺寸对上拔承载特性的影响。试验结果表明,相同直径和埋深比的螺旋锚与平板锚上拔承载特性无明显差别;相同埋深比时,直径为50 mm的锚板上拔承载力系数略小于直径为20mm锚板的上拔承载力系数,而其上拔破坏位移比明显高于小直径锚板。进一步根据破坏位移比与埋深比关系曲线确定中密及密砂中浅、深破坏模式的临界埋深比,同时结合已有试验结果假设两种破坏模式的滑裂面,利用极限平衡分析推导并给出两种破坏模式下上拔承载力公式;通过与41个拉拔试验数据进行比较,验证了所提理论公式的适用性及准确性。     

加筋形式对桩承式路堤工作性状影响的试验研究

对无加筋和采用不同加筋材料、加筋层数下桩承式路堤的工作性状进行了三维模型试验研究,侧重分析了桩土应力比、应力折减系数、填土中竖向应力分布、地基沉降等内容。结果表明加筋材料的设置有利于荷载向桩顶的转移,可有效减小沉降,但不同加筋形式下桩承式路堤的工作性状有所不同。使用单层或双层土工布时,路堤的荷载传递机理主要是填土的土拱效应和加筋材料的拉膜效应,但拉膜效应发挥相对较晚。使用双层格栅时,加筋材料与周围砂土形成半刚性平台。单层格栅的作用介于两者之间。试验结果与常规拉膜效应设计方法的对比表明,若假设荷载只由相邻桩间的加筋材料条带承担,计算的拉力将偏大,过于保守。     

土工格栅纵横肋的筋土承载特性分析

为研究土工格栅纵横肋与砂土的界面受力特性,进行了不同法向压力的格栅拉拔试验,分别设计了横向与纵向剪除横肋的6种拉拔试验工况,研究横肋减少对格栅受力、拉拔阻力峰值和位移及似摩擦系数的影响,并分别对比了整体剪切和刺入剪切破坏模式下的格栅拉拔阻力,揭示格栅筋土界面的相互作用机理。结果表明,随着横肋的减少,格栅拉拔阻力和似摩擦系数不断地变小;横肋沿横向减少的格栅最大拉拔阻力大于横肋沿纵向减少的最大拉拔阻力,完整横肋有助于筋土界面的加筋作用的充分发挥。理论计算格栅界面摩擦力约为18%~19%的试验拉拔阻力,而试验获得的格栅界面摩擦力与试验拉拔阻力的比值为29%~33%,横肋与土体挤压咬合产生的承载力分量占了总拉拔阻力的67%~71%,横肋极大提高了土工格栅的拉拔阻力。     

基于块体集上限法的砂土中条形锚板抗拔承载力分析

运用块体集上限法详细分析了砂土中条形锚板的抗拔承载特性。首先分析了砂土中水平条形锚板的抗拔承载力，并与已有文献中的极限分析上限解、极限平衡解和模型试验结果等进行了详细对比，验证了本文分析的有效性。对比结果表明本文块体集上限分析的求解精度要高于多块体上限法和极限分析有限元法，具有较大的优越性。运用块体集上限法分析了条形锚板的破坏面特性，对不同土体内摩擦角和不同锚板埋深比（H/B）条件下砂土中条形锚板的破坏模式及其变化规律进行了详细的分析研究。     

柔性与硬性地工格网在砂土与风化泥岩围压下之力学特性

地工格网（以下称格网）用於加劲土壤时，除考虑无围压下的张力行为之外，围压下之力学性质更是设计考量的重点。实际工程应用而言，基於经济考虑，期以现地土壤作为回填材料。本研究分别以拉出、围压抗张与直剪三种试验来探讨格网放土壤中之力学行为；并利用凝聚性泥岩与非凝聚性细砂作为回填材料，评估两种回填材料对加劲成效之影响。结果显示，柔性格网之肋条在拉出过程中易扭曲，造成主应力面旋转的现象，以致拉出阻抗大放硬性格网；围压下格网抗张的应力-应变行为可分为三阶段，即束制阻抗期、张力发展期与破坏期。束制阻抗期大都於3％应变内即已完成；在低围压情况拉出阻抗达20％～60％之拉出强度（相同应变），在高围压下达150％。由直接剪力试验结果可以预测：（a）格网／泥岩加劲结构-低围压时，剪力破坏面应通过格网／泥岩之界面；而高围压时，剪力破坏面应通过泥岩上体。（b）格网／细砂加劲结构-低围压与高围压下剪力破坏面应通过格网／细砂之界面。