钙质砂剪切特性试验研究

 对取自南沙群岛永暑礁附近海域的钙质砂进行了不同围压下的三轴排水剪切试验,试验结果表明,钙质砂在三轴剪切试验中的应力–应变关系随围压而发生变化,在低压时与普通陆源砂相近,而在中、高围压时表现出陆源砂高围压时的力学性质。在剪切过程中由于颗粒破碎导致封闭的内孔隙释放,体积应变要比石英砂大得多,剪切过程中发生的变形几乎全为不可恢复的塑性变形,其剪胀性与峰值应力比与围压密切相关,峰值应力比与剪胀性随着围压的升高而下降。     

堆石料剪切过程中的颗粒破碎研究

颗粒破碎直接改变堆石料本身结构,影响土体的剪胀、内摩擦角、峰值强度、渗透系数和流变变形。但是,目前对于堆石料在剪切过程中的破碎规律尚不明确。通过室内固结排水三轴试验,研究了古水面板坝玄武岩堆石料在制样、固结和剪切过程中的颗粒破碎规律。研究结果表明:堆石料在制样过程中会产生较为显著的颗粒破碎现象;在等向固结过程几乎不产生颗粒破碎。低围压下,颗粒间的翻越和滑移受围压约束较弱,剪切过程中的颗粒破碎不明显。髙围压下,颗粒间的翻越和滑移受到限制,颗粒间的咬合力显著提高,随着剪切应变的增大,土体颗粒不断发生破碎。在颗粒破碎过程中,大粒径颗粒首先破碎,破碎的颗粒从大粒径逐渐向小粒径扩展。粒径在0.5 mm以下颗粒的含量始终随剪应变的增大而增多,且增长幅度随着围压的增大而增大。土体颗粒破碎同时受围压和剪切变形的影响,相同围压下剪切过程中的相对破碎参量Br和剪应变之间的关系可采用双曲线公式描述。     

Strength enhancement of geotextile-reinforced carbonate sand

The mechanical behavior of carbonate sand reinforced with horizontal layers of geotextile is invetigated using a series of drained compression triaxial tests on unreinforced and reinforced samples. The main factors affecting the mechanical behavior such as the number of geotextile layers, their arrangement in specimens, confining pressure, particle size distribution, geotextile type and relative density of samples were examined and discussed in this research. To make a precise comparison between the behavior of reinforced siliceous and carbonate sand, triaxial tests were performed on both types of sands. Results indicate that geotextile inclusion increases the peak strength and strain at failure, and significantly reduces the post-peak strength loss of carbonate specimens. The amount of strength enhancement rises as the number of geotextile layers increases while two other parameters including confining pressure and particle size affect adversely. The strength enhancement of reinforced carbonate sand is greater than the corresponding siliceous sample at high axial strains. Reinforced and unreinforced carbonate specimens exhibit more contractive behavior than their corresponding siliceous samples and tend to dilate at higher axial strains. By increasing the relative density of the samples, the peak strength of reinforced specimens rises due to enhanced interlocking between geotextile layers and sand particles. This process continues as long as the geotextile is not ruptured. The utilization of geotextiles with high mass per unit areas was found to be uneconomical due to slight differences between the strength augmentation of geotextiles with high and low mass per unit areas. It should be noted that geotextile layers limit the lateral expansion of specimens which leads to changing the failure pattern from a shear plane to bulging between the adjacent layers of geotextile.     

堆石料的颗粒破碎规律研究

粗颗粒土剪切过程中的颗粒破碎现象已被广泛认识,并且在试验和理论方面进行了大量研究。利用大型三轴仪开展了一系列不同级配、不同密度、不同围压条件下堆石料的排水剪切试验,并对试验前后的试样分别进行了颗粒分析,以探讨堆石料的颗粒破碎规律及其影响因素。试验结果表明:密度对颗粒破碎影响较小,而级配和围压的影响较大,围压越高则颗粒破碎越严重。对比试验前后的粒径分布曲线发现,颗粒破碎主要集中在粒径20 mm以上的颗粒范围内,粒径变化幅度随粒径的减小呈减小趋势。基于分形理论,建立了颗粒破碎分形维数与围压和颗粒级配之间的关系表达式,为进一步研究堆石料的强度、变形及剪胀特性提供依据。     

循环三轴应力路径下钙质砂颗粒破碎演化规律

钙质砂广泛分布于中国南海区域,是吹填造陆的重要材料。钙质砂颗粒容易破碎,使得其力学特性相比于普通的陆源硅质砂有显著差异。对取自中国南海西沙群岛某岛礁的钙质砂开展了三轴排水循环剪切试验,研究了围压、循环应力比、循环振次对钙质砂颗粒破碎发展过程的影响。在试验所采用的围压范围内,钙质砂在固结过程中产生的颗粒破碎较少,但是在随后的循环剪切过程中产生了显著的颗粒破碎。在循环剪切作用下,钙质砂的颗粒破碎形式主要是尖角的磨损,剪切后试样的颗粒中出现了一些碎屑和微细颗粒,大颗粒的棱角有一定程度的磨圆,但粒径无明显减小。在常围压下的等幅循环剪切中,颗粒破碎程度随着循环剪切次数的增大而增加,增长速率逐渐降低,可以采用对数曲线来描述相对破碎指数的发展过程。再考虑围压和循环应力比的影响规律,初步建立了一个描述颗粒破碎演化过程的数学模型。     

红砂岩粗粒土剪胀效应大型三轴试验研究

 采用大型三轴试验仪,进行不同应力状态下的红砂岩粗粒土三轴试验,研究粗粒土在不同应力状态下的剪胀性和剪胀趋势影响因素。试验研究表明围压对粗粒土的剪胀性具有明显影响,在不同围压状态下,红砂岩粗粒土整体表现为高压剪缩低压剪胀,并且低围压下表现出先剪胀后剪缩趋势。当围压＜200 kPa时,体积增量比dev/de1为负值,土样表现为剪胀趋势;当围压＞400 kPa时,体积增量比dev/de1在整个剪切过程中为正值,土样表现为剪缩趋势。粗粒土剪胀趋势还随着轴向总应变发展而改变,开始时剪胀明显,随着轴向应变增加剪胀趋势缓减。粗粒土Rowe模型剪胀参数K值离散性较大,充分反映粗粒土剪切过程中粗、细颗粒间变形不协调性,并且随着总应变值e1的增加,K值离散性减小。本试验结果认为红砂岩粗粒土的Rowe剪胀模型参数K = 20～25。     

常压至高压下砂土强度、变形特性试验研究

 砂土材料常压至高压下的强度、变形特性是构建砂土模型的首要问题。开展3种粒组砂土8 MPa围压范围内的等向压缩试验以及0.2～6.4 MPa围压范围内的三轴剪切试验,将砂土常压至高压范围内的力学特性进行系统分析,以获得能够将常压至高压范围内的强度、变形特性进行统一描述的力学参数。通过研究发现：(1) 砂土在高压下出现一定量的颗粒破碎,改变了砂土的剪切耗能机制,使得砂土三轴压缩剪切由剪胀软化特征向剪缩硬化特征转变;(2) 砂土材料的三轴压缩剪切峰值应力比受砂土粒径、围压共同影响,M-C强度准则在高压条件下不再适用;而残余应力比则基本不受粒径、围压的影响,是典型的无黏性摩擦型岩土力学参数,应作为砂土基本力学特性指标;(3) 砂土材料在常压至高压范围内的剪切过程中存在较明显的临界状态现象,临界状态曲线与等向压缩曲线形态相同均呈指数衰减型并在高压条件下产生交叉,两者共同构成砂土材料的状态区间能够体现常压至高压范围内的剪胀与剪缩特征。     

微生物温控加固钙质砂动强度特性研究

利用微生物温控加固技术对南海某岛钙质砂进行了MICP加固砂柱试验,并通过循环三轴试验开展了MICP加固钙质砂的动强度特性试验研究,探讨了不同MICP加固程度、相对密实度以及有效围压对钙质砂动强度与液化特性的影响.研究发现,经过MICP加固后松散钙质砂的动力液化特性由"流滑"逐渐演变为"循环活动性";相较于未加固中密砂试...     

土工合成材料大型直剪界面作用宏细观研究

利用大型直剪模型试验设备，在不同竖向压力下进行一系列的土工合成材料直剪试验，应用数码可视化跟踪技术，结合土体变形无标点量测技术来研究双向土工格栅与砂土直剪界面作用的宏细观特性，同时分析界面附近土压力分布规律，并研究界面颗粒运动变化规律和细观组构演化特征与宏观特性的关联。分析结果表明，直剪筋土界面附近竖向压力分布从前端依次向后端减少；直剪界面位移达25 mm时，形成了稳定的剪应变集中带；在筋土界面（6～8）D₅₀粒径厚度范围内，界面颗粒以旋转和平动方式同时位移，该范围外颗粒以平动方式沿剪切方向位移，且位移较小；在剪切过程中，界面颗粒发生旋转，土体发生剪胀，孔隙率增大，平均接触数减小，颗粒重新被压密，孔隙率减小，平均接触数增多，颗粒长轴排列趋于水平方向，各细观组构处于相对稳定状态。     

考虑颗粒破碎影响的珊瑚砂临界状态与本构模型研究

临界状态是土力学中一个非常重要的概念,是许多土体本构模型建立的基础。对于珊瑚砂,由于显著的颗粒破碎,其变形特性和临界状态值得深入探讨。通过不同密度和不同围压组合的一系列三轴试验,研究了颗粒破碎对土体变形特性和临界状态的影响,建立了考虑颗粒破碎影响的珊瑚砂临界状态数学表达式,并将其引入砂土状态相关剪胀方程,提出了考虑颗粒破碎影响的珊瑚砂状态相关剪胀方程和本构模型。该模型仅采用一套模型参数就能较好地反映珊瑚砂在不同密度、不同围压条件下的应力变形特性,并且可以考虑珊瑚砂的颗粒破碎特性。     

Behavior of geogrid–reinforced sand and effect of reinforcement anchorage in large-scale plane strain compression

This paper presents experimental investigations on the behavior of geogrid–reinforced sand featuring reinforcement anchorage which simulates the reinforcement connected to the wall facings in numerous in-situ situations. A series of large plane strain compression tests (the specimen 56 cm high × 56 cm wide × 45 cm long) was conducted. Standard Ottawa sand and 4 types of PET geogrids exhibiting 5% stiffness in the range of 750–1700 kN/m were used in this study. The specimens were tested by varying the relative density of sand, confining pressures, geogrid types, and reinforcement-anchorage conditions. Experimental results indicate that relative to unreinforced specimens, both anchored and non-anchored geogrid reinforcements can enhance the peak shear strength and suppress the volumetric dilation of reinforced soil. The studies on anchorage revealed that anchoring the reinforcement can restrain the lateral expansion of reinforced specimens, resulting in a substantial increase in shear strength and a reduction in volumetric dilation. The strength ratios of non-anchored specimens appeared to be insensitive to the reinforcement stiffness, whereas the strength ratios of the anchored specimens increased markedly with increases in soil density, reinforcement stiffness, and system deformation (i.e., axial stain). Geogrid anchorage contributed a large percentage of the total shear-strength improvement, nearly 3-times more than the contribution of the soil–geogrid interaction in non-anchored specimens. Lastly, an analytical model was developed based on the concept that additional confinement is induced by reinforcement anchorage, and the predicted shear strength of the anchored soil was verified based on the experimental data.     

Strength enhancement of clay by encapsulating geogrids in thin layers of sand

Large size direct shear tests (i.e.300 × 300 × 200 mm) were conducted to investigate the possibility of strength enhancement of clays reinforced with geogrids embedded in thin layers of sand. In this paper test results for the clay, sand, clay–sand, clay–geogrid, sand–geogrid and clay–sand–geogrid samples are presented and discussed. Thin sand layers with thicknesses of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 mm were used to quantify their effect on the interaction between the clay and the geogrids. In this regard effects of sand layer thickness, normal pressure (i.e. confinement) and transversal members of geogrids were investigated. All the tests were conducted using saturated clay with no drainage allowed. Test results indicate that provision of thin layers of sand for encapsulating the geogrids is very effective in improving the strength and deformation characteristics of saturated clay. Maximum strength enhancement was derived at an optimum sand layer thickness of 10 mm which proved to be independent of the magnitude of the normal pressure used. For a particular sand layer thickness, increasing the normal pressure resulted in enhanced strength improvement. Results also showed that removal of the geogrid transversal members resulted in reducing the strength of the reinforced samples by 10% compared to geogrids with transversal members. Encapsulating geogrids in thin layers of sand not only will improve the performance of clays if used as backfill it would also provide drainage paths preventing pore water pressure generation on saturation of the backfill.     

冻结砂土三轴试验中颗粒破碎研究

压力作用下颗粒发生破碎是引起砂土力学特性变化的重要因素之一,冻结砂土也是如此。对冻结砂土进行了不同温度和围压下的三轴剪切试验,并筛分得到三轴试验前后的颗粒大小分布曲线。通过引入Hardin定义的颗粒破碎率Br,分析了围压与颗粒破碎的关系及颗粒破碎对冻土抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:在温度为-0.5℃,-1℃,-2℃,-5℃和围压为0.5,2,5,10 MPa的条件下,三轴剪切过程中会产生较为可观的颗粒破碎;颗粒破碎率Br随围压增大,到达一定围压后Br不再随着围压的增大发生明显变化,即存在一个颗粒不再发生明显破碎的临界围压σr。结合前人研究发现,-5℃下一般工程关心的围压范围内压融对冻土力学特性没有显著影响,而颗粒破碎起控制性作用。分析表明:-5℃条件下在不同的围压范围颗粒破碎对抗剪强度具有不同的影响。试验所采用的围压范围内,随着围压的增大,颗粒破碎率增大使得冻土的抗剪强度降低;破碎率达到极限以后,由于破碎的颗粒重排列又导致抗剪强度有所提高。     

Experimental investigation on the accumulated strain of coarse-grained soil reinforced by geogrid under high-cycle cyclic loading

In this study, a series of cyclic triaxial tests were conducted to study the accumulated strain of coarse-grained soil reinforced with geogrids, and the effect of the number of geogrid layers, confining pressure and cyclic stress amplitude was investigated in detail. The test results show that the final accumulated axial strain of the soils reinforced with geogrids is less than that without reinforcement, and less accumulated axial strain is generated for the specimens with more geogrid layers under identical cyclic loading. The results also show that a higher confining pressure or a lower cyclic stress amplitude yields less accumulated axial strain for the reinforced soils. Furthermore, the plastic shakedown limits are determined by the criterion proposed by Chen et al. It indicates that the plastic shakedown limit increases significantly when one layer of geogrid is incorporated into the specimen and then tends to level off with a continuous increase in the number of geogrid layers. Moreover, a higher confining pressure yields a higher plastic shakedown limit for the soils reinforced with geogrid. The results demonstrated that the use of geogrid can be an effective method to reduce the accumulated deformation of subgrade filling materials under high-cycle traffic loading.     

基于数字图像测量技术的加筋土三轴试验研究

通过加筋土固结排水三轴试验,结合三轴试验土样变形数字图像测量系统,研究加筋中砂试样在三轴试验条件下的变形场。加筋材料采用玻璃纤维土工格栅,分别在4种不同布筋位置、3种不同围压下共进行45组试验。试验结果表明:在应变达到一定程度的情况下,土工格栅对中砂的强度和抵抗变形的能力的增强效果随布筋层数的增加而增大,单独布一层筋的加筋土的三轴试验中,围压越大加筋效果越明显,三层加筋的加筋土三轴试验中情况则相反;土工格栅对中砂的横向变形有很大的约束作用,这一约束作用随着围压的增大而增大,且随着围压从100kPa增大到300kPa的过程中水平约束作用增加28%～50%。     

粗粒土强度和变形的级配影响试验研究

开展了不同细粒含量的无黏性和含黏粒粗粒土的共8组大型三轴排水剪切试验,研究了级配对粗粒土强度、变形、剪胀特性和颗粒破碎的影响。试验结果表明细颗粒含量的大小、是否含泥是粗粒土力学特性的重要影响因素;分析了无黏性粗粒土的颗粒破碎率随围压大小、级配的变化;研究了剪切峰值随围压、细颗粒含量的变化规律,讨论了不同围压、不同级配特征情况下粗粒土的剪胀特性。根据含黏粒粗颗粒土的试验结果,分析了含泥量对强度和变形特性的影响,并从机理上分析了细粒含量对无黏性和含黏粒粗粒土的力学特性影响的差异性。试验结果表明对于土石坝工程良好的坝体填筑料级配、严格控制小于0.075 mm颗粒含量,有利于提高坝体的稳定性和减小坝体沉降。     

柔性与硬性地工格网在砂土与风化泥岩围压下之力学特性

地工格网（以下称格网）用於加劲土壤时，除考虑无围压下的张力行为之外，围压下之力学性质更是设计考量的重点。实际工程应用而言，基於经济考虑，期以现地土壤作为回填材料。本研究分别以拉出、围压抗张与直剪三种试验来探讨格网放土壤中之力学行为；并利用凝聚性泥岩与非凝聚性细砂作为回填材料，评估两种回填材料对加劲成效之影响。结果显示，柔性格网之肋条在拉出过程中易扭曲，造成主应力面旋转的现象，以致拉出阻抗大放硬性格网；围压下格网抗张的应力-应变行为可分为三阶段，即束制阻抗期、张力发展期与破坏期。束制阻抗期大都於3％应变内即已完成；在低围压情况拉出阻抗达20％～60％之拉出强度（相同应变），在高围压下达150％。由直接剪力试验结果可以预测：（a）格网／泥岩加劲结构-低围压时，剪力破坏面应通过格网／泥岩之界面；而高围压时，剪力破坏面应通过泥岩上体。（b）格网／细砂加劲结构-低围压与高围压下剪力破坏面应通过格网／细砂之界面。     

考虑围压效应的大理岩弹塑性耦合力学模型研究

以锦屏T2b和 深埋大理岩循环加卸载试验结果为基础,进行如下研究：(1) 分析不同围压下锦屏大理岩的弹性参数随内变量的演化规律,得到弹性模量与围压和内变量的定量关系;(2) 基于Mohr-Coulomb 屈服准则,得到其强度参数随内变量的演化规律;(3) 考虑非关联流动法则,分析剪胀角随围压和内变量的演化规律,得到锦屏大理岩的剪胀角与围压和内变量的定量关系;(4) 最终建立考虑围压效应的大理岩弹塑性耦合力学模型,并在有限差分软件FLAC3D中进行数值实现,用于模拟分析T2b大理岩的室内常规三轴压缩试验,结果表明,数值模拟与试验结果吻合很好,该模型可以很好地反映大理岩的主要力学特性。所提研究方法和研究结果对于提高深部工程围岩(特别是具有小变形破坏特性的硬脆性围岩)变形计算和稳定性分析的准确性具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

围压对冻土强度特性的影响

在高围压条件下，对冻结兰州砂土进行了三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明，围压的增大明显增强了冻土的塑性性能；同时，随围压的增大冻土的强度增加，但随围压的进一步增加，强度出现降低趋势。即围压的增加可以抑制冻土的膨胀软化效应，也可以诱导膨胀软化现象。随围压的增大，强度变化过程可分为三个区：强度增加区、强度缓慢降低区和强度急剧下降区。在此基础上，给出了冻结兰州砂土的融化压力。     

基于细观数值试验的非饱和土石混合体力学特性研究

 从土石混合体细观结构出发,融合细观结构模型生成技术、主–从接触面模型及非饱和土渗流与强度理论,建立非饱和土石混合体的细观数值模拟方法。通过与非饱和土石混合体室内试验结果进行对比,验证所建立的细观数值模拟方法的可行性和合理性。利用该细观模拟方法,分析土–石界面接触特性、含石量及饱和度等因素对非饱和土石混合体力学特性与破坏机制的影响。结果表明：(1) 非饱和土石混合体在低围压下表现出明显的剪胀性,且受含石量和饱和度影响显著;在较高围压下基本上表现为剪缩变形,随含石量的增大其剪缩变形减小,饱和度对剪缩性的影响较小。(2) 土石混合体的峰值强度和变形模量随土–石界面摩擦因数的增大呈非线性增长,在界面摩擦因数大于0.6以后,两者基本趋于稳定值。(3) 含石量越大,非饱和土石混合体的峰值强度和变形模量越大,应变硬化特征更为显著,在含石量增加到58%后峰值强度和变形模量趋于稳定值。在低围压下剪胀变形随含石量的增加而增大;在较高围压时,剪缩变形随含石量的增大而减小。(4) 饱和度越大,基质吸力越小,非饱和土石混合体的峰值强度越低,但变形模量变化不大。