可断键均三嗪脂肪磺酸盐表面活性剂的泡沫性能研究

采用改进的Ross-Miles法研究了4种不同烷基链长的可断键均三嗪脂肪磺酸盐表面活性剂(OSEAT、DSEAT、TSEAT、HSEAT)的泡沫性能,考察了质量浓度、温度、Ca2+浓度对它们泡沫性能的影响。结果表明,OSEAT的抗钙能力最强,其起泡性和稳泡性几乎不受Ca2+浓度的影响;DSEAT的起泡性最好,在0.46 g/L时达到最大发泡力185 mm,且抗温能力强,当Ca2+浓度小于200 mg/L时,其抗钙能力比较强;TSEAT的起泡性较好,且具有一定的抗温、抗钙能力;HSEAT在水溶液中稳泡性最优,其发泡力随温度的升高而增大,55℃时达到最大值144 mm。与普通表面活性剂C12-LAS的泡沫性能比较,DSEAT发泡能力比C12-LAS强,泡沫稳定与C12-LAS接近。     

磺酸盐Gemini表面活性剂的合成与表面活性

以单链表面活性剂SCT及1,3-丙二胺为原料,通过一步取代反应,合成了4种含三嗪环的磺酸盐Gemini型表面活性剂Cn-3-Cn(n=6,8,12,14),测定了25℃时4种表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度CMC。结果表明,Cn-3-Cn的临界胶束浓度CMC均随着疏水烷基链长度的增加而减小,C12-3-C12(实际疏水基碳原子数为14)达到最小值7.23×10-5mol/L,当实际疏水基中碳原子数增加到16时,CMC有所增加。同传统单烷基离子型表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)相比,该类表面活性剂的CMC值低1～2个数量级,显示出很高的表面活性。此外,表面张力随着疏水烷基链长度的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势,最低γcmc为35.48 mN/m。     

均三嗪类磺酸盐两性表面活性剂的合成与性能研究

以三聚氯氰和十二胺为主要原料,经过三步亲核取代、一步季胺化等反应步骤合成了十二胺基均三嗪类磺酸盐两性表面活性剂。通过单因素和正交试验确定了季胺化反应的最佳工艺条件:反应温度75℃,反应时间5 h,n(氯乙磺酸钠)∶n[1,2-N,N-(2-十二胺基-4-(N,N-二甲基-1,3-丙二胺)-1,3,5-均三嗪)乙二胺(TA)]=1.2。采用IR对目标产物进行了分子结构表征。结果表明:合成的最终产物的分子结构与所设计的分子结构相符。通过电导率法确定表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度为0.002 mol/L。通过析水时间法和显微成像法确定表面活性剂质量分数为0.1%时乳化能力和乳化稳定性最好。     

磺酸盐型三聚表面活性剂的合成及其表面活性

以三聚氯氰,脂肪胺和氨基乙磺酸为原料,合成了4种不同碳链长度的磺酸盐型三聚表面活性剂[N,N,N-(2-脂肪胺基-4-胺基乙磺酸钠)-1,3,5-均三嗪[-三(二亚乙基)胺.通过IR谱、1HNMR谱、ESI-MS对其结构进行了表征.并在温度为30℃时,测定四种表面活性剂的表面张力,探讨了它们的表面活性.结果表明,临界胶...     

低聚表面活性剂--两亲分子表面活性的突破

Ｇｅｍｉｎｉ表面活性剂将两个单链单头基普通表面活性剂在离子头基处通过化学键联接在一起,从而阻抑了表面活性剂有序聚集过程中的头基分离力,极大地提高其表面活性。针对当前为提高表面活性而进行的大量尝试而言,Ｇｅｍｉｎｉ表面活性剂是概念上的突破,因而被誉为新一代的表面活笥剂。由于这种特殊的分子结构,Ｇｉｍｉｎｉ表面活性剂通常生成比其单链单头基表面活性剂更低曲率的分子聚集体,这造成Ｇｅｍｉｎｉ表面活性剂水溶     

磺酸型Gemini表面活性剂的合成及表面活性

以壬基酚、1,4-二溴丁烷和氯磺酸为主要原料,通过三步反应合成了新型的磺酸型Gemini表面活性剂9BA-4-9BA,讨论了合成反应时间、温度以及催化剂对产物纯度和产率等因素的影响,优化了反应过程。利用核磁共振谱和红外光谱表征了产物结构,并通过DCTA21表面/界面张力仪测试其水溶液中的表面张力。和传统表面活性剂相比,合成的Gemini表面活性剂9BA-4-9BA具有更高的表面活性,其临界胶束浓度和C20分别为6.2×10-4mol/L和1.1×10-5mol/L。     

季铵盐双子表面活性剂的合成和表面活性

以吗啉和溴代烷为原料,合成了两种季铵盐双子表面活性剂(m-6-m,m=10,12),并用IR和1HNMR表征了其结构。测得28℃时,12-6-12和10-6-10的表面张力(γCMC)分别为26.45 mN/m和25.55 mN/m;临界胶束浓度(CMC)分别为1.0 mmol/L和3.1 mmol/L;pC20值分别为3.48和3.03;比表面过剩(Γmax)分别为2.72×10-6mol/m2和2.80×10-6mol/m2;分子最小截面积(Amin)分别为0.611 nm2和0.593 nm2。结果表明,该季铵盐双子表面活性剂与相同离子头基及烷基链的单季铵盐表面活性剂相比,CMC低一个数量级,γCMC相差不大。     

氨基葡萄糖月桂酰胺表面活性剂合成与表面活性

以甲壳素的单糖－氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐与月桂酰氯合成制备了表面活性剂氨基葡萄糖月桂酰胺,测定了其表面活性,并对产物进行了红外吸收光谱分析。     

磺酸盐型双子表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

以十二胺、1,6-二溴己烷和1,3-丙磺酸内酯等为原料,分别采用极性头基加入法和联结基加入法,合成了一种磺酸盐型双子表面活性剂1,6-双(N-十二烷基-N-丙基磺酸钠)-己烷（简称12-6-12(SO3)2 ）,对其中间体和产物结构进行表征,并对其表面活性进行测定。1H NMR和ESI-MS的结构分析证实了它们的结构。性能测试表明：该表面活性剂水溶液在30oC条件下,临界胶束浓度（CMC）为0.015 mmol/L ,表面张力为33.50mN/m,表面过剩吸附量（Γmax）为2.78× 10－6 mol∙m-2,分子最小截面积（Amin）为0.58 nm2。该磺酸盐双子表面活性剂是结构相似的传统单链表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS）CMC（25oC,8.0 mmol/L）的0.002倍,是结构相似的磺酸盐双子表面活性剂1,3-双(N-十二烷基-N-丙基磺酸钠)-丙烷（12-3-12(SO3)2）CMC（25oC,0.048 mmol/L）的0.31倍。     

Preparation and properties of sulfonate salt-type cleavable surfactants with a 1,3-dioxane ring

A series of di-anionic cleavable surfactants were prepared by the condensation of aldehydes with 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, followed by reaction with 1,3-propanesultone in the presence of sodium hydride. Surfactant 5a had a different¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in D₂O than products 5b−d. This was rationalized by its different conformation, which originates from the self-coiling of its alkyl chain. The critical micelle concentrations, Krafft points and hydrolysis properties of these surfactants were determined.     

Synthesis and surface activity of nonionic surfactants containing fluorocarbon hydrophobes

Nonionic surfactants having polydisperse polyoxyethylene chains and highly fluorinated hydrophobes were synthesized via a complex reaction route and their adsorption at water/air interfaces studied. They exhibit high surface activity and decrease both effectively and efficiently the surface tension of their aqueous solutions. The effect of the length of the polyoxyethylene chain upon surfactant surface activity is relatively low. Lower values of surface tension, below 30 mN m^?1, are obtained for surfactants having a low degree of ethoxylation. Surfactants having two terminal highly fluorinated hydrophobes are less surface active than analogues with one terminal hydrophobe.     

Ortho ester-based cleavable cationic surfactants

A new type of cleavable cationic surfactant, based on the ortho ester link, is described. Ortho ester amines with alkyl chain lengths from C₈ to C₁₆ were synthesized from a short-chain ortho ester, a fatty alcohol, and an amino acohol. The ortho ester amine was subsequently quaternized with methyl chloride, yielding a cationic surfactant. The structures were confirmed by ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance and the surface chemical properties were investigated by measuring both static and dynamic surface tensions. The results were compared to standard n-alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromides. The critical micelle concentrations were found to vary rather widely, whereas the surface tensions in some cases were comparatively low. The short alkyl chain ortho ester quaternaries were found to have low surface tensions at short surface ages and to induce rapid wetting of a hydrophobic surface in dynamic tests. Additionally, the new surfactants were found to hydrolyze rapidly under mild acidic conditions, as measured by both titation and monitoring of the dynamic surface tension. Further, they showed excellent long-term stability at pH 10 in dilute aqueous solutions. The effect of added electrolyte on rate of hydrolysis was also investigated. A marked enhancement in the hydrolysis rate was found when NaBr was added, whereas NaCl did not have the same effect. The new surfactants could potentially be used to provide temporary surfactant action in application areas such as disinfection, fabric care, personal care, chain lubrication, and mineral flotation as well as in textile processes such as dyeing or scouring.     

Synthesis and characterization of cleavable cationic surfactants with a 1,3-dioxane ring

A series of cationic cleavable surfactants was prepared by condensation of 2-alkyl-1,3-propanediols with 3-bromopropanal, followed by reaction with triethylamine. Each surfactant is a mixture of two diastereomers, and their precursors’ stereochemical assignments were based on¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and melting points. The critical micelle concentrations, Krafft points and destructibility of these surfactants were determined.     

Biodegradation of different carboxylate types of cleavable surfactants bearing a 1,3-dioxolane ring

The biodegradability of new carboxylate types of “acid-sensitive” cleavable surfactants bearing a 1,3-dioxolane ring was measured by the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) method in the presence of activated sludge. The result for sodium dodecanoate, measured under the same conditions, was used as a standard for evaluating the biodegradability of these cleavable surfactants. For cleavable surfactants derived from epoxides and oxocarboxylates, the biodegradation was considerably influenced by the length of the lipophilic alkyl chain, the presence of the oxymethyl moiety in the lipophilic group, and the number of methylene units between the dioxolane ring and the carboxylate group. For another type of cleavable surfactant, 2-(long-chain alkyl)-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dicarboxylate, the biodegradation rate for the compound, bearing a proton at position 2 in the dioxolane ring, is faster than that for the corresponding compound bearing a methyl group at position 2.     

Synthesis and characterization of cleavable surfactants derived from poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether

A series of noncyclic acetal-linked cleavable surfactants were simply prepared by condensation of aldehydes with poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ethers. All of the products were characterized by¹H nuclear magnetic resonance. Their hydrophile-lipophile balance, surface tension, cloud point, critical micelle concentration, and foam height were determined. Hydrolysis kinetic studies, followed by gas chromatography, showed that they had higher hydrolytic reactivity in acidic solution than cyclic acetal-linked cleavable surfactants.     

一种双磺酸盐表面活性剂的合成与表面性能研究

以无水对氨基苯磺酸、1,2-二溴乙烷、溴代十二烷等为主要原料制备了双阴离子(Gemini)表面活性剂N,N’-(十二烷基二对苯磺酸钠)乙二胺(HY-12)。采用IR光谱测试技术对目标产物的结构进行了初步鉴定,并考察了无机盐对HY-12表面活性的影响。该目标产物水溶液的cmc(5.0×10-4mol/L)是十二烷基磺酸钠的1/20,在临界胶束浓度下的γcmc(27.5 mN/m)比十二烷基磺酸钠(39.0 mN/m)低11.5 mN/m。目标产物与十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)复配产生了较好的协同效应。     

Preparation and properties of cleavable dianionic surfactants with a 1,3-dioxane ring

Some cleavable dianionic surfactants were prepared by the reaction of aldehydes with diethylbis(hydroxymethyl)-malonate, followed by saponification with sodium hydroxide. The critical micelle concentrations of the surfactants were determined.     

Synthesis and surface measurements of surfactants derived from dehydroabietic acid

Dehydroabietates with poly(ethylene oxide) chains of average m=12, 17, and 45 units [DeHab(E) _m ] were synthesized. The adsorption at the liquid-vapor interface was measured, and the adsorbed amount and critical micelle concentrations (CMC) were determined. The foamability, the foam stability, wetting properties, and cloud points, with and without salt content, were studied. The results were compared with common linear alkyl ethoxylates, nonylphenol ethoxylates, and cholesterol ethoxylates. The dehydroabietic acid as hydrophobe was found to result in the same CMC as a linear dodecyl chain. DeHab(E)₄₅ was found to be insoluble above 400 mg/L, but the surface tensions at lower concentrations were similar to those of the C_11–13E_38–40 surfactants, which exhibit CMC in aqueous media. The foaming behavior of the DeHab(E)₁₂ and DeHab(E)₁₇ surfactants was about the same as for common linear C _n E _m surfactants. The foamability as well as the foam stability increased with ethylene oxide (EO) chain length. The cloud point was depressed by increased salt concentration and increased with the number of EO units in the head group. The cloud point was significantly lower than for the corresponding surfactant with a dodecyl chain with similar EO chain length. The wetting results, obtained by measuring the contact angle at similar surface tensions, indicate that surfactants of the DeHab(E) _m type are more efficient wetting agents than both disaccharide sugar surfactants and C _n E _m type surfactants.     

Synthesis and properties of bis(sodium sulfonated ester) types of cleavable surfactants derived from 1-O-alkylglycerols

Novel sulfonated ester types of cleavable surfactants were easily prepared by acid-catalyzed esterification of 1-O-alkylglycerols with bromocarboxylic acids, followed by the Strecker reaction. These surfactants have good solubility in water. Though this series of cleavable surfactants are divalent in type, they show good micelle formation and the ability to lower surface tension. The solubility of these surfactants in hard water was more than 10 times higher than sodium 1-dodecanesulfonate. They decompose quickly and completely in 0.5 M NaOD. Their biodegradabilities were higher or almost the same as that of sodium 1-dodecanesulfonate.