陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮高速磨削钛合金TC4-DT

针对钛合金磨削温度高、磨削表面质量难以控制等特性,采用陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮开展了TC4-DT钛合金高速磨削实验研究,研究了磨削用量对磨削温度、磨削力和磨削表面形态影响规律及机制。结果表明:砂轮线速度和磨削深度对钛合金TC4-DT磨削力、磨削温度及表面粗糙度影响最为显著,而工作台速度对其影响不明显。砂轮线速度在60~80 m/s时,磨削温度较低,磨削表面质量良好;而砂轮线速度达100 m/s后,磨削温度急剧上升,磨削表面出现斑状涂覆物、微裂纹等热损失缺陷。选择合理高速磨削工艺可获得良好磨削表面质量并提高加工效率。     

ZrO2陶瓷平面磨削温度仿真分析与实验研究

目的研究工程陶瓷磨削参数对磨削温度的影响,磨削参数包括金刚石砂轮线速度、磨削深度及工件进给速度。方法以金刚石砂轮平面磨削ZrO_2陶瓷为例,运用ABAQUS建立单颗金刚石磨粒磨削ZrO_2陶瓷的有限元模型,分析磨粒磨削陶瓷过程。同时通过正交实验法设计多组关于金刚石砂轮线速度、磨削深度及工件进给速度的磨削组合参数实验,利用人工热电偶法对磨削温度进行测量,将实验结果与仿真结果进行对比分析。结果砂轮线速度由30 m/s增加到50 m/s,磨削深度由5μm增加到15μm,工件进给速度由1000 mm/min增加到3000 mm/min,磨削温度和磨削热分配比均增加,仿真结果与实验结果基本一致。结论磨削过程中磨削深度和工件进给速度对磨削温度的影响较大,随着金刚石砂轮线速度、磨削深度及工件进给速度的增加,磨削温度和磨削热分配比均增大。     

高速磨削对18CrNiM07-6表面完整性的影响研究

目的对试件表面粗糙度和残余应力进行分析,为研究高速磨削齿轮材料表面完整性提供试验依据,并对齿轮材料高速磨削工艺进行深入探讨。方法选择以平面磨削为主要研究方式,根据Salomon理论和高速磨削理论,提出以单因素法对齿轮材料18CrNiMo7-6进行高速磨削工艺试验,试验变量为砂轮线速度、磨削深度和工作台速度,以此得到了高速磨削工艺参数与表面完整性(主要为表面粗糙度和残余应力)之间的关系。结果齿轮材料18CrNiMo7-6的表面粗糙度随砂轮线速度的增大、磨削深度和工作台速度的降低而得以改善,用三维粗糙度表征法可以准确地评定工件表面形貌。试验得到砂轮线速度对残余应力的影响最大,磨削深度次之,工作台速度的影响较小。除V_s=160 m/s外,经高速磨削的渗碳淬火18CrNiMo7-6试件表面残余压应力值得到提升。结论通过分析高速磨削对表面完整性的影响,可得到该研究材料的最优磨削参数组合为:V_s=120 m/s,V_w=4 m/min,a_p=0.02 mm。在此磨削参数下,试件的残余压应力值最大,将有利于提高试件表面完整性。     

外圆磨削力测试方法及高速磨削特性研究

在砂轮线速度为30～120m/s的磨削条件下,基于陶瓷CBN砂轮,对40Cr进行了高速外圆磨削工艺实验。通过采集磨削力的实验数据,考察了砂轮线速度、工件转速、切深对磨削力的作用机制,以及比磨削能随比磨除率的变化规律,揭示了提高砂轮线速度、工件线速度可以有效地提高材料的去除能力或改善磨削工件的表面质量等高速磨削特性。     

工程陶瓷内圆磨削表面粗糙度研究

研究工程陶瓷内圆磨削表面粗糙度的影响因素。利用氮化硅陶瓷内圆磨削正交试验,分析了砂轮线速度、工件线速度与磨削深度对表面粗糙度的影响,并在此基础上进行了砂轮粒度单一因素影响试验,采用泰勒粗糙度测量仪测得了加工表面粗糙度从0.2646μm~0.5424μm的一系列磨削表面,分析试验结果建立了氮化硅陶瓷内圆磨削表面粗糙度经验公式预测模型。由试验结果得到表面粗糙度随砂轮粒度号的增大、砂轮线速度的提高及工件线速度的降低而减小,随磨削深度的增加整体上呈变大趋势,且砂轮线速度的影响较大,工件线速度次之,磨削深度的改变对表面粗糙度的影响作用不是很明显。经F检验表明预测模型具有较好的预测效果,最大相对误差为10.23%,为实际加工合理选择磨削参数提供了试验依据和参考。     

凸轮型面摆动磨削残余应力有限元建模及分析

为分析摆动磨削工艺参数对表面残余应力的影响规律,基于热-力顺序耦合理论,建立基于温度场的凸轮残余应力有限元仿真模型,研究摆动频率、摆动幅度、砂轮线速度、磨削深度、工件转速、砂轮宽度、砂轮直径等工艺参数对凸轮型面残余应力的影响规律。结果表明：残余应力随工件转速、磨削深度、砂轮线速度的增加而增加,随砂轮宽度的增加先增加然后趋于平缓,随砂轮直径的增加而减少,随摆动频率与摆动幅度的增加而缓慢增加。     

树脂金刚石砂轮磨削钒酸钇晶体中磨削参数对力和磨削表面质量的影响

本文用树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮对钒酸钇晶体进行了平面磨削实验,研究了砂轮线速度、工件进给速度和磨削深度对磨削力和磨削表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明:磨削力和磨削表面粗糙度都是随着砂轮线速度的增加而减小,随进给速度和磨削深度的增加而增加,其中磨削深度对磨削力影响最大,砂轮线速度对磨削表面粗糙度影响最大。钒酸钇晶体的磨削表面主要由断裂区域和光滑区域组成,当砂轮线速度为30m/s时,磨削表面存在宽度约100μm的裂痕,而随着砂轮线速度的上升,裂痕宽度降低到50μm以下,同时光滑区域所占的比例增加,这可能与发生塑性变形的机率增大有关。     

HIPSN陶瓷高效精密磨削工艺优化试验研究

目的针对HIPSN(热等静压氮化硅)陶瓷精密加工效率低、成本高、难度大的问题,对HIPSN陶瓷高效精密磨削加工工艺进行优化。方法利用高精度成形磨床对HIPSN陶瓷进行试验,分析砂轮线速度、磨削深度、工件进给速度等工艺参数对磨削后表面质量的影响规律。结果磨削深度由0.005 mm增加到0.050 mm,表面粗糙度值由0.2773μm减小到0.2198μm,并趋于稳定;工件进给速度由1000 mm/min增加到15 000 mm/min,表面粗糙度值由0.2454μm减小到0.2256μm,之后增大到0.2560μm,并趋于稳定;砂轮线速度由20 m/s增加到50 m/s,表面粗糙度值由0.2593μm减小到0.2296μm。随着工件进给速度的增大,表面波纹度平均间距Sw由0 mm直线增加到5.90 mm;随着砂轮线速度的提高,平均间距Sw由2.33 mm直线减小到0.68 mm。优化工艺参数组合:砂轮线速度50 m/s,磨削深度0.030 mm,工件进给速度3000 mm/min。结论表面粗糙度值与磨削深度和砂轮线速度呈负相关,随着工件进给速度的增大,表面粗糙度值先减小后增大,之后趋于稳定。减小工件进给速度、提高砂轮线速度有助于改善表面波纹度。     

小直径砂轮超声振动磨削SiC陶瓷的表面质量研究

用小直径砂轮超声振动磨削和普通磨削加工SiC陶瓷零件,对比研究砂轮线速度、工件进给速度、磨削深度和超声振幅对其磨削表面质量的影响。结果表明:与普通磨削相比,超声振动磨削的磨粒轨迹相互交叉叠加,工件表面形貌更均匀,表面质量更好。由于超声振动时的磨粒划痕交叉会使磨粒产生空切削,因而降低了其磨削力,使磨削过程更加稳定。超声振动磨削的表面粗糙度和磨削力随砂轮线速度和超声振幅的增加而降低,随工件进给速度和磨削深度的减小而降低。且砂轮线速度、工件进给速度较小时,超声振动磨削的效果更明显。      

金刚石砂轮磨削轴承用ZrO2 陶瓷表面质量研究

在氧化锆陶瓷磨削中为获得较高质量表面,采用单因素试验研究磨削深度、砂轮线速度、工件进给速度对氧化锆陶瓷精密磨削表面质量的影响规律及材料去除机理,通过超景深三维显微镜以及扫描电子显微镜,观察氧化锆陶瓷试件磨削后的表面形貌,最后用正交试验法进行优选并验证。结果表明:磨削表面的粗糙度随磨削深度、工件进给速度增大而增大,随砂轮线速度增大先减小、后增大。在磨削深度5 μm、砂轮线速度40 m/s、工件进给速度1 000 mm/min的优化组合条件下,磨削3组氧化锆陶瓷的平均表面粗糙度R_a为0.388 9 、0.417 0和0.403 7 μm。      

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。